Q#1 what are the managerial functions involved in energy management? List down the objective of

energy management?

Managerial functions may be classified as:

Planning

Organizing

Staffing

Directing

Controlling

Planning: Planning is primary function of management. It is process of thinking in advance the future course of

actions. It involves what to do, when to do, where to do and by whom it is to be done. Thus it is actually thinking

before doing. Major activities in planning includes determination of organizational objectives, projects, setting policies

strategies and making rules, procedures and budgets.

Organizing: Organizing is process of dividing work into duties, grouping of these duties in the form of positions and

grouping of these positions in the form of departments. It is an important activity which brings together the man power

and resources for accomplishment of goals. It includes identification of activities, grouping them in logical positions,

assigning the duties to individual positions and delegating authority and responsibility to them.

Staffing:

Staffing involves manning the positions created by the organizing process. Hiring right kind of people and develop

them for well being of organization. Major activities are preparing inventory of available personnel, identifying required

manpower and resources from where people can be selected, selecting people training them for the work assigned,

fixing compensation etc.

Directing: Directing is called management in action. It is concerned with commanding the people at work for

achievement of desired organizational goals. Thus directing involves giving instructions or order to subordinates

guiding them motivating them and supervising them.

Controlling: Controlling is process of seeing whether the activities have been performed according to the plans or

not. It is checking actual performance against the agreed or given standards. It involves setting the standards,

identification of actual results, comparison of actual results with desired or standard results, identification of problems

if desired results are not achieved and taking corrective actions so that actual performance match with expected

results.

Q#2 what is energy audit? explain briefly the difference between preliminary and general audit?

Ans: An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation in a

building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively

affecting the outputs. In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in

identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprints. The term energy audit is

commonly used to describe a broad spectrum of energy studies ranging from a quick walk-through of a

facility to identify major problem areas to a comprehensive analysis of the implications of alternative

energy efficiency measures sufficient to satisfy the financial criteria of sophisticated investors

Principle: its principle is to work within operating limits but not effect on output.it based on 3 p principle

that is

1. People

2. Planet(environment)

3. Profit

Types of energy audit:

Following are the types of energy audit,

1. Walk-through or preliminary audit 2. General audit 3. Investment-grade audit

1. Walk-through or preliminary audit:

The preliminary audit (alternatively called a simple audit, screening audit or walk-through audit) is the simplest and quickest type of audit. Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to: Establish energy consumption in the organization Estimate the scope for saving Identify the most likely (and the easiest areas for attention Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings Set a 'reference point' Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data

2. General audit:

The general audit (alternatively called a mini-audit, site energy audit or detailed energy audit or complete site energy audit). A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems. This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.

In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based on an inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges. Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III. Phase I - Pre Audit Phase. Phase II - Audit Phase. Phase III - Post Audit Phase.

Q#3 what is the significance of knowing energy cost?

Ans: Understanding energy cost is vital factor for awareness creation and saving calculation. Cost saving will be associated with increased use. In many industries sufficient meters may not be available to measure all the energy used. In such cases, invoices for fuels and electricity will be useful.it is also useful in terms for measurement of fuel and power cost, it involves 3 categories: 1. Low cost - high return; 2. Medium cost - medium return; 3. High cost - high return Knowing of energy cost we also acknowledged with following factors, which are

1. Annual energy saving potential 2. Annual cost saving 3. Investment 4. Simple pay back period.

Q#4 what do you understand by term fuel substitution give example? Ans: fuel substitution means identifying the appropriate fuel for efficient energy conversion. Substituting existing fossil fuel with more efficient and less cost/less polluting fuel such as natural gas, biogas and locally available agro-residues. Fuel substitution has taken place in all the major sectors of any country economy. Kerosene and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) have substituted soft coke in residential use. Few examples of fuel substitution: Natural gas is increasingly the fuel of choice as fuel and feedstock in the fertilizer, petrochemicals, power and sponge iron industries. Replacement of coal by coconut shells, rice husk etc. Replacement of LDO by LSHS. Q#5 What types of SSM options do you think have the most environmental benefits while still offering an affordable electricity supply to the consumers of your country? Consider the current infrastructure and capability of the supply industry and the possible cost savings, or increases, due to the SSM program. Ans: Electricity is of course a secondary source of energy and is derived from a wide range of primary energy sources, such as: _ Coal _ Natural gas _ Petroleum-based fuels. _ Nuclear energy _ Hydropower _ Geothermal energy _ Renewable energy such as solar, wing, tidal, biomass

Following are the options of SSM: The most immediate options for SSM are:

Upgrading existing plants and networks Load aggregation Fuel switching Cogeneration and on-site generation

In our country due to running infrastructure of electricity we have to prefer the Power Generation and Energy Conversion strategy option which includes the generation as well as conversion process that are beneficial for our crises improvement & in generation of electricity from alternate resources. This strategy involves Operation improvement in existing plants, Upgrading Generation Units & Cogeneration. So from this we choose the Cogeneration option because this process is mostly used in thermal plants for better efficiency result. The Benefits of this option od SSM are:

Economic Environmental Enhanced reliability of electricity supply

Q#6 : Give four reasons why utility would embark on SSM program? Ans: These reasons are follows:

Ensure sustained availability of energy;

Meet increasing electricity demand and expanding supply infrastructure due to economic and population growth;

cover electrification programmers or industrial investment;

And mitigate the environmental impact of energy use. Q#7 Your government is faced with rising demand and approaching the limit of the reserve generating capacity. The cost of constructing new generating capacity is proving to be too high for the short term. While plans are being made for reducing the demand and raising funds for building additional capacity you have been asked to implement some key supply-side management strategies to increase the output of the existing capacity. You, in your country, have a few thermal generating stations with old transmission lines as well as an active sugar industry and an iron smelting plant. Some funds are available for SSM measures? Ans: supply side management is used to measure the :

Decrease supply costs Increase supply capacity Improve supply delivery

SSM strategies are: primary resources Mining or collection

resource preparation conversion to electricity.

Transmission

primary distribution

delivery to end-use

We use here the strategy of Power Generation and Energy Conversion this technique is used on existing plant to improve their efficiency. The one method of this technique is Operation Improvement in Existing Plants which is used for Improvements possible where equipment and systems are not run at top efficiency included as:

Housekeeping

Maintenance

Data and performance monitoring

Combustion - Fluid bed combustion control

Upgrading Existing Power Supply Q#8 WHAT IS DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT? Why DSM should be pursuit? What are the benefits of DSM? State that which DSM strategy would be prudent in sindh province? Ans: Demand Side Management is the modification of consumers demand of electricity through various methods such as financial incentives and consumer education. Usually the goal of DSM is to encourage the consumers to use less energy during peak hours or to move the time of energy use to the off-peak hours viz. night. Need for DSM

Increasing energy requirement Increasing threat of climate change and other environmental considerations Energy security Lack of other supply options Huge scope for energy efficiency measures

Benefits of Demand Side Management: It has benefits in 3 different stages that are, customer, utility & social.

Types of DSM measures: a. Load management b. Energy reduction programmers c. Load growth & conservation.

In sindh province mostly power plants are thermal so to improve the energy efficiency for demand side we have to prudent the load growth & conservation strategy because of this the customer get all benefits from supplier and the our outputs will also be satisfactory.