eltr 1223 survey of renewable energy technology r.e. generators: hydropower prime movers and others...
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ELTR 1223Survey of Renewable
Energy Technology
R.E. Generators:Hydropower Prime Movers
and OthersUnit 9a
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Use Policy This material was developed by
Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786.
All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes.
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Author, Editors/Reviewers Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E.,
Kankakee Community College Editors/Reviewers / Modifiers: Chris Miller Heartland Community
College
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Objectives Students will be able to describe, in
very simple terms, the so-called hydrologic cycle, and its relationship to hydropower technology.
Students will be able to name a “kinetic” type of water turbine, and briefly describe, in very simple terms, how it operates.
Students will be able to name a “water-head” type of water turbine, and briefly describe, in very simple terms, how it operates.
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Objectives Students will be able to
mathematically convert feet of water head into pounds-per-square-inch of pressure
Students will be able to describe, in very simple terms, at least one method of extracting energy from the ocean.
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Hydro Power History
Hydropower History Hydropower used by the Greeks to
turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago.
Mid-1770s -- French hydraulic and military engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique, a four-volume work describing vertical- and horizontal-axis machines.
Hydropower History
Source: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/fleischmann/d_archsuse05/210_constable_mill.jpg
Hydropower History
Hydropower History
Hydro Electric Beginnings
Hydroelectric Beginnings 1880 -- Michigan's Grand Rapids
electricity (DC) generated by a dynamo belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 Brush-arc lamps.
Hydroelectric Beginnings 1881 -- Niagara Falls city street
lamps powered by a brushed dynamo connected to an old flour mill drive.
Hydroelectric Beginnings 1882 -- Hydroelectric power plant
operating on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin.
Source: http://kids.americancorners.or.kr/ENG/images/05_history_07_10_01.jpg
The War of the Currents
The Wizard Who Spat on the Floor
Source: http://images1.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20100410182815/uncyclopedia/images/thumb/c/ce/Edisonx2.jpg/150px-Edisonx2.jpg
The Eccentric Serb
Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Teslathinker.jpg/220px-Teslathinker.jpg
Source: http://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/images/390414_b.gif
Source: http://www.b92.net/news/pics/2006/07/118552926044aa6e07b13ae812180880_200x235.jpg
Source: http://api.ning.com/files/6Uhv8JceS2ky6Hdh4qxdKFytN5dyrB2D4O0CUpyZCHrOUKLK80jCdtyHeWAuJa945Y8s14QBfoB0pXnJA-cyJ-RXj6IiMqal/93033884.bin?width=136
“In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue…” The 1893
Columbian Exposition, World’s Fair, Chicago
Source: http://www.acenor.cl/acenor/pag.gral/documentos/historia_electricidad_archivos/Chicago1.jpg
Niagara Falls – Nov. 16, 1896 – Westinghouse and Tesla Send Electric Power to Buffalo, NY
Hydro Power Fundamentals
Solar Energy + Force of Gravity = Hydropower
Hydropower Fundamentals
Kinetic-type primer movers “Water Wheels” Extract energy from stream-flow
Head or Pressure-type Prime Movers High (inlet) Elevation – Low (discharge)
Elevation = “Head” PSI(pressure) = Feet of Water (head) X
0.433 “A pint’s a pound the world around.” 1 Ft3 = 7.48 gallons; 1 gallon = 8.34 pounds
8.34 lbs/gal x 7.48 gal/ft3 x 1 ft2 / 144 in2 = 0.433
Hydropower Fundamentals
Hydro Prime Mover Types:Head-type Turbines
Low-Head and High-Flow “Reaction Turbines”
Kinetic turbines (water wheels, and other flow converters)
Propeller turbines Francis turbines (like a squirrel-cage
centrifugal turbine)
High-Head and Low-Flow “Impulse Turbines”
Pelton Turbines Cross-flow Turbines
Turbine Types and Applications
300 Meters
984 Feet
30 Meters98 Feet
or5
Meters16 Feet
Hydro Prime Mover Types:Kinetic
Source: http://hydropower.navajo.cz/hydropower-2.jpg
Low-Head Propeller Turbine
Low-Head = less than 16
feetSource: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HydroelectricTurbineRunner.png/300px-HydroelectricTurbineRunner.png
Medium Head Francis Runner
Source: http://www.capture3d.com/Images/Applications/turbines-3DmeasureFig9.jpg
Tesla Designed a Total System
Bladeless hydro-frictional turbine 3-Phase alternator Distribution transformers Wireless transmission of electric
power, to all points on the earth World peace and harmony
Tesla’s Frictional Turbine
Source: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/tesla-turbine-4.jpg
Creating Water Head:Impoundment
Source: http://media.thesolarguide.com/i/illust_howworks.gif
Creating Water Head:Diversion
Source: http://gator787.hostgator.com/~reapmgmt/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/diversionhydro-280x213.jpg
Hydro Plant Sizes Large Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as a capacity of more than 30 MW.
Small Hydropower Although definitions vary, DOE defines
small hydropower as a capacity of 100 KW to 30 MW.
Micro Hydropower A micro hydropower plant has a capacity
of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or small village.
Micro-Hydro
Micro Hydro
Typically need at least 3 feet of head and 20 gpm of flow
Harris Micro-hydro
Source: http://www.firemountainsolar.com/pics/home_harrisCollageSM.jpg
Stream Engine Micro-hydro
Micro-hydro Installation
Head (feet) x Flow (gpm) / 10 = Watts
[For example, 30 gpm x 100 feet/ 10 = 300 watts]
Other Hydro-Related Prime Movers
Ocean Energy
The tidal forces and thermal storage of the ocean provide a major energy source
Wave action adds to the extractable surface energy
Major ocean currents (like the Gulf Stream) may be exploited to extract energy with rotors
Source: http://www.yourgreendream.com/images/articles/wp_wave.jpg
Ocean Energy: Tidal Energy Tides are produced by gravitational
forces of the moon and sun and the Earth’s rotation
Existing and possible sites: France: La Rance river estuary 240 MW
station England: Severn River Canada: Passamaquoddy in the Bay of
Fundy (1935 attempt failed) California: high potential along the
northern coast Environmental, economic, and
esthetic aspects have delayed implementation
Barage Tidal Power
Tidal-Stream Generators
Source: http://www.metaefficient.com/wp-content/uploads/seagen_marine_current_turbine.jpg
Tidal-Stream Generators
Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SeaGen_installed.jpg/200px-SeaGen_installed.jpg
Tidal-Stream Generators
Ocean Energy: Wave Energy
Salter “ducks” rock up and down as the wave passes beneath it. This oscillating mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy
A Wavegen, wave-driven, air compressor or oscillating water column (OWC) spins a two-way Wells turbine to produce electricity
Wave Power
Source: http://www.kitco.com/ind/Kirtley_Sam/images/may172007_2.jpg
Source: http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/wave/image002.gif
Ocean Energy: OTEC (Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion)
OTEC requires some 40°F temperature difference between the surface and deep waters to extract energy
Open-cycle plants vaporize warm water and condense it using the cold sea water, yielding potable water and electricity from turbines-driven alternators
Closed-cycle units evaporate ammonia at 78°F to drive a turbine and an alternator
A Final, Related Prime Mover
Energy from the Earth’s Forces
Winds, waves, tides, and thermal gradients are renewable energy sources that might be
valuable in some areas.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ner5tWA-4o&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MT-4ZMgDBNI