CONTENTS

REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES

(Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous,Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous)

1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANCE IN HER LIFE J

2. THE BOBOLINK . . 8

3. AVALANCHE 10

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET 12

5. URBAN LEGENDS 15

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS 18

7. SATIRE 22

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW 26

9. LEARN THESE 29

TEST YOURSELF 1 51

TEST YOURSELF 2 41

TEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS 51

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY 56

Değerli ELS Dostları,

Dergi'mizin ilk sayısıyla birlikte sizlere, "ENGLISH GRAMMAR INSIDE and OUT"adını verdiğimiz gramer kitabımızı gönderiyoruz. Bu yıl, farklı ve daha zengin bir ELSile sınava hazırlanacaksınız. Özellikle daha önceki yıllarda ELS'yi kullanan öğretmendostlarımız bu farklılığın ve zenginliğin ayrımına daha net varabileceklerdir.

Geçen yıl ELS ile sınava hazırlanan arkadaşlarımızdan, mektup, telefon ve e-mailile bize ulaşan başarı haberlerini aldıkça büyük kıvanç duyuyor, bu başarıları sizlerle deyaşamak için büyük bir hevesle bu yıla hazırlanıyoruz.

Biz, Temmuz - 2005'te sizlerden de başarı haberleri alacağımıza inanıyoruz.

Sevgili Öğrenciler,

"ENGLISH GRAMMAR INSIDE and OUT" ile dergi, birlikte çalışmak üzeredüzenlenmiştir. Kitapta yer alan konu anlatımları ile o konudaki eksik bilginizitamamlayacak, egzersizler ve testler ile bilginizi pekiştireceksiniz. Aynı konuda, dergideyapacağınız çalışmalar ise o konuyu tamamen içselleştirmenizi sağlarken,"vocabulary", "comprehension" ve "prepositions and phrasal verbs" alanlarındadağarcığınızı genişleterek İngilizce diline olan hakimiyetinizi artıracaktır.

Kitabın 1. ünitesi (The English Verb Tenses) kapsamlı bir konu olduğu için,derginin 1. ve 2. sayıları bu üniteye ayrılmıştır. Kitabın 46. sayfasına kadar incelenmişolan "tense"ler 1. sayının kapsamına girmektedir. Kitapla dergi arasındaki paralelliğisağlamak için, tanıtım sayımızda yer alan "Çalışma Takvimi"nden yararlanabilirsiniz.

Dergide karşılaşacağınız "Check What You know" bölümünde, YDS-İngilizceSınavı'ndaki soru tiplerinden biri olan paragrafta bırakılan boşlukları doldurmaçalışması yapacağız. Bu bölümde, henüz dergide konu olarak işlenmemiş ya daüzerinde özel olarak durulmamış gramer yapılarıyla ya da sözcüklerlekarşılaşacaksınız. Bu nedenle, yanlış yaparsanız, ya da yanlışınız çok olursa,moralinizi bozmayınız. Çünkü, "ENGLISH GRAMMAR INSIDE and OUT'un ilerleyenünitelerinde bu yapıların hepsini ayrıntılı olarak göreceksiniz. Bu soru tipini ilk sayıdanitibaren vermedeki amacımız, ileride karşılaşacağınız yapılara göz aşinalığı sağlamak,böylece bunların yer aldığı sayıları çalışırken öğrenmeyi hızlandırmaktır.

"Zorlu" görünen bir öğrenim yılının başında, sizlere "kolaylıklar" diliyoruz.

Ve yazımızı, büyük bilim adamı Einstein'ın, bu sayımızın ileriki bir sayfasında,ingilizce olarak karşılaşacağınız sözü ile noktalıyoruz.

"Güçlüklerin içinde fırsatlar yatar."

Sağlık, esenlik ve mutluluk dileğimizle...

ELS Yayın Kurulu

The English Verb Tenses (1)

REVISION OF THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES

1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANGE IN HER LIFE

Read the passage below, and then try to guess the meanings of the italicizedwords without using a dictionary.

Stephanie Baker is a writer who works from home, which is supposed to be free of thetension that is present in most workplaces. However, she often has difficulty focusing on herwork because the room which she uses as an office has lots of stuff in it and so it looks veryuntidy most of the time. This makes Stephanie feel bad and quite exhausted. Moreover, for thelast few months, she has had trouble submitting her manuscripts to her publisher punctually.Recently, she has heard about something called Feng Shui, and now, at the breakfast table onSunday morning, she is reading, in the newspaper, an article about this subject, and someinterviews with people who have reorganized their homes and offices according to theprinciples of Feng Shui. They all say that they have witnessed great betterments in their livessince they made some alterations in their surroundings. She is impressed with thesecomments, and feels that this is perhaps what she needs.

1. tensionA) pressC) stress

E) volume

2.

3.

4.

presentA) currentC) passing

E) gifted

focusingA) balancingC) producing

B) balanceD) density

B) momentD) existing

E) concentrating

B) clarifyingD) composing

stuffA) staffC) tasks

E) things

5. exhaustedA) tiredC) dropped

E) fallen

B) spaceD) preparations

B) completedD) expired

6. submittingM removingC) campaigning

E) interpreting

B) sendingD) admitting

7. manuscriptsA) any work done manuallyB)C)D)

material to write onliterary work not yet publishedwork requiring manual skills

E) ancient inscriptions

8. punctuallyM on time B) faultlesslyC) at length D) regularly

E) having a puncture

9. witnessedA)caughtC) considered

E) observed

10. bettermentsA)enhancersC) obstructions

E)increases

intendedD) estimated

classificationsimprovements

Complete the dialogue below with the correct form of the verbs given inparentheses. (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, PastContinuous, Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.)

(After breakfast, Stephanie phones a Feng Shui consultant, Anne, whose phone numbershe obtained from the newspaper.)

Stephanie: Nowadays, I (1. hear) a lot about Feng Shui. Can youplease tell me a little about it?

Anne: Well, first of all, I (2.wonder) why you (3.become)interested in Feng Shui.

Stephanie: I (4.work) at home, and my office is very messy andcramped. While I (5.read) the newspaper this morning, I(6.come) across an article about Feng Shui. Perhaps itcan help me fix the problem.

Anne: That's absolutely right! You see, Feng Shui (7.begin) inChina thousands of years ago, so people (8.use) it for along, long time...

Stephanie: Okay, but what is it?Anne: - Well, it's the Chinese art of placement, of creating harmonious surroundings...Stephanie: What (9.mean) that ?Anne: The Chinese (10.believe) that the way you (11.arrange)

, things in your home or office (12.contribute)greatly to making you more comfortable, peaceful,

organized, and even energetic.Stephanie: Ah, I see. So, how should I arrange things? What's the best way?Anne: Well, first, tell me about your office now. How (13.arrange) you

it in the first place? For example, where (14.be)your desk in relation to the door?

Stephanie: I (15.place) it in front of the window, across from thedoor, because I (16.like) looking outside when I (17.work)

Anne: So it (I8.face) the window.Stephanie: Yes, that's right.Anne: Oh, dear... You (19.violate) one of the most important

principles of Feng Shui: "Never sit with your back to the door!"

Complete the dialogue below with the correct form of the verb given inparentheses. (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, PastContinuous, Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous.)

(After talking a bit more on the phone, Stephanie decides to have Anne come over thenext afternoon to help her rearrange her home-office. Now they are in Stephanie's officetalking about the changes.)

Anne: Stephanie, what (l.think) you when you (2.arrange)this place?

Stephanie: Well, I (3.guess) I (4.think, not) at all- I just (5.put) things here and there without worrying aboutit much.

Anne: Stephanie, (6.hear) you ever of chi?Stephanie: No, I (7.not, hear) anything like that. What is it?Anne: According to the Chinese, it's a vital life energy that (8.flow)

throughout the entire universe. And in your office right now, the chi definitely(9.not, flow) !

Stephanie: So, how can we make it start flowing?Anne: First of all, we (10.have to) turn your desk so that it

(11.face) the door. If you (12.turn) thedesk away from the door, you (13.feel) very nervous andjumpy. Next, we (14.have to) tidy the room. An untidy room(15.stop) chi 'from flowing.

4

ELS YDS

Stephanie: That (16.sound) logical - if you (17.believe)in chi, anyway.

Anne: Now, this tall bookcase right behind your desk - why (18.put) youit there?

Stephanie: I (19.tell) you already-I (20.not, know)exactly why I (21.put) anything

anywhere!Anne: Well, when you (22.work) at the desk, how (23.feel)

you ?Stephanie: I always (24.feel) as if something (25.hang)

over me... And recently, I (26.suffer)from constant headaches.

Anne: Bingo! We're going to move the bookcase to the corner. And finally, (27.have)you anything red? Something small perhaps?

Stephanie: How about this little red paperweight here?Anne: Perfect! Let's put it on the left corner of your desk.Stephanie: Why?Anne: Because the left corner of your desk is the wealth corner, and if you (28.have)

something red there, it (29.bring)good luck.

Stephanie: So, after we (30.do) all this, the chi is going to flow just likemagic?

Anne: Yes! And trust me, you are going to feel a lot better and work a lot moreefficiently...

Complete the letter below with the correct form of the verb given in parentheses.(Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past Continuous, PresentPerfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous.)

(One month later, Stephanie writes a letter to thank Anne for what she has done tohelp.)

Dear Anne,

I (1.write) to thank you for everything. My office (2.look)wonderful now! And I (3.feel) the difference

indeed. Actually, I (4. begin) to feel the difference just a few daysafter we (5.complete) the alterations, and I (6.feel)

great ever since - who knows, maybe this chi thing is real, after all.Moving that bookcase away from the desk and into the corner (7. be)

a brilliant idea! It's nice to see the door while I (8.work)at my desk. It somehow (9.give) me a

feeling of security, so I am much less nervous these days, thanks to you. Also, I (lO.work)much more efficiently, and I (ll.have) a lot

more energy -1 (12.manage) to hand in all of my manuscripts ontime so far this month!

Also - and I (13.hope) you (14.not,get)angry about this -1 (15S.make) one small

adjustment of my own: the other day, I (I6.move) the desk just a bitfarther away from the window - don't worry, it (17.still, face) thedoor. I (I8.think) that this way, the chi (19.now,flow)

better around the desk.Anyway, I (20.want) to invite you round to the house

sometime. (We can see what you (21.think) of the desk's newposition!) So please call me sometime soon, okay?

I (22.look forward to) your visit.Yours,Stephanie

E Read the following passage and choose the correct answer according to thepassage.

What is Feng Shui?

Feng Shui, which literally translates from Chinese as "wind and water", is a four-thousand-year old system of analyzing and altering the flow of energy in any environment toproduce desired change. The principle behind Feng Shui is that every physical object in oursurroundings has an influence on our lives. By altering how energy, or "chi", flows around andthrough these surroundings, we can promote happiness, prosperity and good health, and feelmore energetic, positive and passionate about life. Because in its basic definition Feng Shui isthe "Art of Placement", Feng Shui practitioners believe that by arranging your furnishings anddecor in a way that aligns with nature, you invite positive energy (chi) to aid you in drawingharmony and good health into your life. According to Feng Shui practitioners, the easiest wayto begin, without hiring a trained Feng Shui consultant or totally transforming your home orwork place, is to include some strategically placed Feng Shui enhancers in your environment.There are numerous objects which have long been recognized as having the ability to enhancethe flow of chi and stimulate positive changes within the mind. If you add a few of these simpleobjects by following some basic Feng Shui placement guidelines, your space will look moreattractive and you will reap the many benefits of a more favourable life.

1. The passage tells us that, according to Feng Shui advocates

A) Feng Shui is best applied in its birthplace, ChinaB) it is possible to redirect the energy found in our surroundingsC) the flow of energy began four thousand years agoD) Feng Shui controls all aspects of our livesE) Feng Shui is a fine art

2. We understand from the passage that, before you place Feng Shui enhancers inyour own surroundings, you

A) need to get some knowledge about the basic Feng Shui placement guidelinesB) must hire a Feng Shui consultantC) must first make positive changes within your lifeD) have to be certain that you believe in chiE) should buy natural furnishings and decor

3. We can infer from the passage that

A) Feng Shui has supporters almost everywhere in the worldB) Feng Shui is not a cheap way of furnishing your houseC) not all objects have the same ability to affect the flow of energyD) Feng Shui enhancers are not affordable for most peopleE) having something red in your environment is a must in the Feng Shui style of furnishing

4. According to the passage, Feng Shui is a system of placement which

A) is most effective for writers, who need to be creative all the timeB) helps you furnish your house rather cheaply,C) requires you to change your way of life radicallyD) only trained consultants know how to use effectivelyE) emphasizes the harmony between furnishings and nature

F l Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given inthe box below.

about from in front of withoutof of into across fromthroughout away from as behindfrom

1. It is unthinkable to visit southern California spending a day atDisneyland, the most amazing amusement park in the world.

2. Have you ever heard The Mirage Spa and Resort? I'm going therenext month.

3. After the extremely busy year at work, I really need a relaxing vacation that is freestress.

4. You cannot stop me getting what I want; I will do whatever isnecessary to have my way.

5. Even though he is dead, Elvis Presley is still known the world.6. If you can remain a positive person, you will generally draw good things

your life.7. If you keep this plant the window, it'll get direct sunlight, which is not

good for it; let's put it somewhere the window.8. English is recognized one of the most important languages in the

world.9. Did you hear what happened to Sarah? Someone tried to steal her

cellphone when she was walking home late last night.10. I have read all of Tolstoy's books that have been translated Russian

into Turkish.11. When we are playing poker, sit me so that you can't see my cards.12. The game show contestant chose the prize curtain number three;

unfortunately, it was a goat instead of the car.

OUT of CLUTTER, FİNd sİMplicity. FROMdiscoRd, fİNd hARMONy. IN rhe Middle ofdifficulty, Lies oppoRTUNİry.

AlbERT EİNSTEİN

Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given inthe box below.

aboutofthroughoutfrom

fromofaway from

in front ofintoas

withoutacross frombehind

1. It is unthinkable to visit southern California spending a day atDisneyland, the most amazing amusement park in the world.

2. Have you ever heard The Mirage Spa and Resort? I'm going therenext month.

3. After the extremely busy year at work, I really need a relaxing vacation that is freestress.

4. You cannot stop me getting what I want; I will do whatever isnecessary to have my way.

5. Even though he is dead, Elvis Presley is still known the world.6. If you can remain a positive person, you will generally draw good things

your life.7. If you keep this plant the window, it'll get direct sunlight, which is not

good for it; let's put it somewhere the window.8. English is recognized one of the most important languages in the

world.9. Did you hear what happened to Sarah? Someone tried to steal her

cellphone when she was walking home late last night.10. I have read all of Tolstoy's books that have been translated Russian

into Turkish.11. When we are playing poker, sit me so that you can't see my cards.12. The game show contestant chose the prize curtain number three;

unfortunately, it was a goat instead of the car.

OUT of cluTTER, fİNd siftiplicİTy. FROM

discoRd, fİNd hARMONy. IN the Middle of

diFFiculty, Lies oppoRTunity.

ALBERT EİNSTEİN

ELS-YDS

2. THE BOBOLINK

In the. central and western parts of the North American continent there lives the bobolink,a songbird. Northerners love the bobolink for its beautiful song. They protect it because it eatsinsects and weed seeds. Southerners, however, consider the bird an enemy of the local ricecrop. The male birds even look different in the South. The spring plumage of the male is blackon the belly, the face, and the top of the head; brownish-yellow on the back of the head; andblack and white on the back. In winter, the male bird resembles the female in that it hasstripes.

The bobolink does not live in North America all year round, though. Every August orSeptember, the birds begin to fly in great flocks to South America, where they spend thewinter. They don't take a direct route, however. Instead, they fly first to Florida - in thesoutheastern United States - and then across the Atlantic Ocean to Brazil. When they do this,in fact they are retracing - backwards - the westward path which their ancestors took acrossthe continent. Originally, the bobolink spent its summers along the Atlantic coast, but in the19th century, as the Americans slowly moved westward, cultivating grain fields and clearingforest lands, the bobolink went with them.

The bobolink got its strange name from the Americans. When they tried to imitate themale's song, they produced instead the fanciful name "Bob O'Lincoln", which they latershortened to "bobolink".

Bobolinks build nests of grass and dried weed stems in a small hollow in an open field.The female lays from four to seven eggs, which are grayish-coloured with patches of brown orpurple. The birds take great care to hide the nest: they never fly directly towards or away fromit, and the male never sings near it. But by July, the male stops singing, and the tips of hisspring feathers wear thin, exposing his winter dress. And then, at the very end of summer - offto South America!

Read the passage above, and then try to guess the meanings of the italicizedwords without using a dictionary.

1. resemblesA) enviesC) gets over

B) reflectsD) looks like

E) compliments

2. flocksA) groupsC) excitement

E) expertise

3. retracingA) following againC) taking over

E) extending

4. originallyA) in a unique styleC) at the time

E) habitually

5. cultivatingA) trainingC) domesticating

E) farming

B) hurryD) volumes

B) rememberingD) retreating

B) in the first placeD) imaginatively

B) educatingD) producing

6. fancifulA) funnyC) imaginary

E) spiteful

7. hollowA) emptinessC) goal

E) hole

B) terrificD) catchy

B) plainD) well

8. patchesA) spotsC) shadows

E) tones

9. wear thinA) grow furtherB) fade suddenlyC) drop collectivelyD) diminish graduallyE) become denser

10. exposingA) hidingC) damaging

E) shortening

B) linesD) nuances

B) revealingD) straightening

8

ELS-YDS

Choose the correct answer according to the passage above.

1. The appreciation Northerners have for the bobolink partly comes from

A) its beautiful appearanceB) its temperamentC) its being weakD) its small sizeE) its usefulness

2. The contrast stated in the passage is that

A) the bobolink is liked in the north of America, but it isn't in the southB) the bobolink spends the summer in Florida, which is very hotC) the male bobolink cares for the chicks rather than the femaleD) the male bobolink builds and protects the nest, not the femaleE) the bobolink follows a different route in its migration than that of its ancestors

3. From the information given in the passage, we understand that the bobolink

A) has a very thin layer of plumage in springB) is on the list of birds becoming extinctC) is most abundant in FloridaD) is a migratory birdE) hides its nest in thick trees

4. It is stated in the passage that the bobolink

A) has an interesting method of scaring away its enemiesB) is careful about keeping the location of its nest secretC) is easily found by its enemies because its nest is in an open fieldD) does not sing near the nest until the eggs hatchE) is not very resistant to winter conditions

My father is a TV repairman, and when he comes home, he wants tothink about something else. My mother often says that everyone's

television works right except our own. Since one of the arms of the antennaon top of the house was broken off by a windstorm, it has never supplied asstrong a signal as it should.

Not long ago, a new family moved in next door, and soon the manappeared on his roof to install his own antenna. Knowing that my father is aTV technician, he drilled the lead-in hole in the same location, secured thebase, and turned the apparatus facing the same direction as Dad's. Then,examining my father's roof for a moment longer, he reached up and, with ayank, broke an arm off his brand-new antenna.

(from Reader's Digest")

. AVALANCHE

Complete the following passage choosing the correct answer given below.

On March 21, 2002, Steven Borg, a Swiss ski enthusiast, (1) near his hometown,when something unexpected (2) : "There was a terrible avalanche. Suddenly I (3)

through the air with my hands above my head and a sea of white all around me...Then, I (4) myself one foot deep under the snow. The snow (5) like cementand I (6) to free myself when I (7) some people trying to rescue me." This ishow he explained the disaster to his rescuers afterwards. Borg was lucky that he (8)the disaster, but not everybody is so lucky.

Every year, avalanches - or snowslides - (9) about 200 people worldwide, anddeaths are not the only part of the problem. Avalanches also (10) billions of dollars ofdamage annually to buildings, roads and livestock, and (11) many mountaincommunities. In Switzerland, for example, an estimated 65% of the population (12) inareas at risk for avalanches.

About two decades ago, most countries (13) establishing networks of centers tomonitor and forecast snowslides, an action which (14) to limit the number of victimssince. It so works that the centers (15) people when a high risk of avalanche (16)

and (17) skiers to avoid dangerous areas, and in the meantime, authorities(18) taking the necessary steps to protect people and infrastructure. So far, suchpassive defenses against avalanches (19) evacuating villages, bridges, roads and skiresorts. And over the past years, scientists (20) the possibilities of active prevention ofavalanches.

1.

2.

3.

4.

A) has been skiingB) skiedC) has skiedD) skiesE) was skiing

A) has happenedB) happensC) is happeningD) was happeningE) happened

A) was flyingB) am flyingC) have flownD) flewE) have been flying

A) have foundB) was finding

5.

6.

7.

C) foundD) findE) am finding

A) Was feelingB) has feltC) feltD) is feelingE) feels

A) am fightingB) was fightingC) have foughtD) fightE) have been fighting

A) heardB) can hearC) have heardD) hearE) was hearing

10

8.

9.

A) has survivedB) is survivingC) survivesD) survivedE) was surviving

A) killB) have killedC) killedD) were killingE) have been killing

10.

A)causedB) have causedC) have been causingD)causeE) were causing

11.

A) have threatenedB) were threateningC) threatenedD) have been threateningE) threaten

12.

A) livesB) was livingC) has livedD) livedE) has been living

13.

A) are beginningB)beganC) were beginningD) beginE) have begun

14.

A) was helpingB) has helped

C) helpedD) is helpingE) helps

15.

A) warnB) have warnedC) are warningD) were warningE) warned

16.

A) has existedB) existedC) is existingD) existsE) was existing

17.

A) are advisingB) advisedC) adviseD) have advisedE) were advising

18.

A) have startedB) startedC) were startingD) are startingE) start

19.

A) are includingB) includeC) includedD) have includedE) were including

20.

A) have been exploringB) are exploringC) exploreD) were exploringE) explored

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ELS-YDS

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET

According to a new study, cinnamon oil shows promise as a nice-smelling, environmentally friendlypesticide, with the ability to kill mosquito larvae more effectively than DEET. Though they have not yettested cinnamon oil against adult mosquitoes, the researchers also expect that it could be a goodmosquito repellant, which could help keep these trouble-causing creatures away from where they are notwanted. The findings were reported in the July edition of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,a periodical of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.

Besides being a summer nuisance, and more importantly, mosquitoes pose some major publichealth problems, carrying such lethal agents as malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus. Whileconventional pesticide application is often effective in controlling mosquito larvae before they hatch,repeated use of these agents over the years has raised serious environmental and health concerns.These problems have highlighted the need for new strategies for mosquito larval control, says naturalproducts chemist Peter Shang-Tzen Chang, a professor in the School of Forestry and ResourceConservation at National Taiwan University and leading author of the study. Scientists are increasinglyturning to more harmless natural chemicals to ward off mosquitoes and other pests.

Chang and his co-workers tested eleven compounds in cinnamon leaf oil for their ability to kill theemerging larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, and four of them exhibited the strongest activity againstthem in 24 hours of testing. Other common essential oils, such as catnip, have shown similar promise infighting off mosquitoes, but this is the first time researchers have demonstrated cinnamon's potential as asafe and effective pesticide. According to Chang, a solution using the compound could be sprayed justlike a pesticide, but without the potential for adverse health effects, plus the added bonus of a pleasantsmell.

Though the team only tested the oil against the yellow fever mosquito, cinnamon oil should provesimilarly lethal to the larvae of other mosquito species, the researchers say. In further studies they plan totest cinnamon oil against other types of mosquitoes as well.

The Council of Agriculture of the Executive Yuan, a government agency in Taiwan, provided supportfor this research.

(adapted from an article written by American Chemical Society)

Read the passage above, and then try to guess the meanings of the italicized wordswithout using a dictionary.

1. repellantA) with an awful tasta B) under controlC) ready to attack D) potential killer

E) able to drive back

2. besidesA) next toC) rather than

E) despite

3.

4.

5.

6.

nuisanceA) annoyanceC) threat

E) problem

B) as well asD) nearly

B)dangerD) insect

poseA)showC)cause

E) demonstrate

B) hinderD) contain

lethalA) dangerousC) deadly

E) violent

hatchA) ejectC) give birth

E)fly

B) harmfulD) ill-tempered

B) liveD) emerge

7. concernsA) worriesC) thoughts

E) interests

8. highlightedA) indicatedC) enlightened

E) emphasized

9. ward offA) protectC) discourage

E) expand

10. exhibitedA) foughtC) expressed

E) expired

11. adverseA) positiveC) negative

E) terrible

12. as wellA) betterC) yet

E) so good

B) disastersD) damages

B) provedD) promoted

B) repelD) shield

B) forecastD) displayed

B) diseasedD) fatal

B) alsoD) and

12

ELS-YDS

Choose the right answer according to the passage.

1. It is emphasized in the passage that conventional pesticide applications

A) are expensive to implementB) are only effective when used in large amountsC) affect health and the environment negativelyD) usually have an awful smellE) don't really affect insect larvae

2. It can be concluded from the passage that mosquitoes have to be controlled mainlybecause they

A) are a nuisance to people in the summerB) raise serious environmental concernsC) show strong activity within 24 hoursD) play a part in spreading certain deadly diseasesE) help increase the number of other insects

N

3. Though not stated in the passage directly, we can assume that DEET is

A) a kind of conventional pesticideB) another environmentally-friendly natural chemicalC) a bad-smelling chemicalD) the most effective chemical against mosquitoesE) no longer used due to its potential harm

4. The reason why the use of cinnamon oil could be an important discovery formosquito control is that it

A) kills adult mosquitoes very effectivelyB) produces a nice smell wherever it is sprayedC) kills mosquito larvae without damaging the environmentD) stops the spread of deadly agents like malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virusE) is very economical to produce

Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence.

1. According to a new study, cinnamon oil shows promise as a nice-smelling,environmentally friendly pesticide, with the ability to kill mosquito larvae moreeffectively than DEET.

A) Research has shown that cinnamon oil could be a pleasant-smelling, ecologically safeinsecticide, able to kill mosquito larvae better than DEET.

B) Research shows that in addition to smelling nice and not damaging the environment,cinnamon oil is as effective as DEET in destroying mosquito larvae.

C) A new study has proved that DEET, though having a nice odour and not harming theenvironment, is far less effective than cinnamon oil in killing mosquito larvae.

13

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2. Though they have not yet tested cinnamon oil against adult mosquitoes, theresearchers also expect that it could be a good mosquito repellant.

A) Scientists haven't tested cinnamon oil against mature mosquitoes so far, but theypredict that it could be good at keeping mosquitoes away from people.

B) Although the researchers are not planning to test cinnamon oil against fully grownmosquitoes, they forecast that it could be good at making mosquitoes stay away frompeople.

C) Before scientists tested cinnamon oil on adult mosquitoes, they tested it on! their larvae,and now they are recommending it as an effective mosquito repellant.

3. Besides being a summer nuisance, mosquitoes pose some major public healthproblems, carrying such lethal agents as malaria, yellow fever and West Nile virus.

A) Mosquitoes have, on several occasions, carried fatal agents, for example, malaria,yellow fever and West Nile virus, yet people still think of them as being only a minorproblem.

B) As well as being an irritant during the summer, mosquitoes caused some serious publichealth epidemics like malaria, yellow fever and West Nile fever.

C) Mosquitoes annoy people in the summer, and they have the potential to endangerhuman health by carrying deadly agents such as malaria, yellow fever and West Nilevirus.

4. The repeated use of conventional pesticides over the years has raised seriousenvironmental and health concerns.

A) In order to be effective, standard pesticides have to be repeatedly used despite thesevere natural and medicinal problems they cause.

B) The continuous use of regular pesticides throughout the years has led to seriousecological and health worries.

C) Using pesticides in large doses over the years has already caused several seriousenvironmental and health disasters.

5. Scientists are increasingly turning to more harmless natural chemicals to ward offmosquitoes and other pests.

A) Scientists have developed an increasing number of harmless natural chemicals in orderto keep mosquitoes and other pests away from people.

B) Following scientists' instructions, an increasing number of people are changing to lessdangerous natural chemicals to protect themselves from mosquitoes and other pests.

C) Scientists are using less damaging natural chemicals more and more in order to repelmosquitoes and other pests.

6. Other common essential oils have shown similar promise in fighting off mosquitoes,but this is the first time researchers have demonstrated cinnamon's potential as asafe and effective pesticide.

A) Other common essential oils have exhibited the potential of being mosquito repellants,but for the first time, researchers have shown that cinnamon could be a harmless andefficient insecticide.

B) Although different common essential oils have proved effective in controllingmosquitoes, for the first time researchers have worked with cinnamon and shown that itis the most effective of all.

C) Although researchers have obtained promising results from the test with cinnamon oil,their first concern is to repeat the test using other common essential oils.

14

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. URBAN LEGENDS

Urban legends are a modern variety of folklore which people endlessly circulate by wordof mouth, repeat in news stories and distribute by such technological means as e-mail. Peoplefrequently begin such tales by claiming that "this happened to a friend of a friend of mine awhile ago."

Some of the stories have survived for a very long time and have only slightly changedover the years. One example of an older story is that of a woman with a very elaborate hairdo.Unfortunately, spiders were nesting in the hairdo, and one day they crawled out and bit her todeath.

Other, newer, stories reflect more modern circumstances. For example, a man was on abusiness trip and a mysterious woman tricked him. In his hotel room, during the night, thewoman gave the man a drug and surgically removed one of his kidneys, so the next morningthe man woke up alone and feeling quite odd.

Other urban legends actually have a basis in real events, such as the story of the youngman shooting bullets into a large saguaro cactus. The young man died when his gunfiresevered the cactus' trunk, which then fell on and crushed him. Even when essentially true,however, such stories often become distorted by many retellings after the original event.

One classic urban legend, still in circulation, claims that the pope's crown - the PapalTiara - contains the Latin words Wear/us Filii Dei, which, when turned into numbers, adds upto 666* - the number of the Antichrist according to the Bible. Though the story has no basis infact - all papal crowns from the sixteenth century onwards remain on public show and none ofthem bear those words - ever since this story first emerged, belief in the myth has continued,with constant specific references to an early 20th-century photograph from a papal funeralwhich "proves" the existence of a Papal Tiara with those words. The only problem is that, inover one hundred years, no one has been able to show the supposed photograph yet!

( The Antichrist is known as "Deccal" in Turkey, and he is supposed to have the number 666 somewhere on his head.)

Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the followingdefinitions.

Column A

1. (of news, stories, etc.) to spread, byspeaking, from person to person(expression)

2. method; instrument3. intricate; complicated4. to settle in; to occupy5. to mirror; to show6. unknown or puzzling7. to mislead8. with an operation9. unusual; not normal10. to cut off; to cut into two separate pieces11. to fall upon sth with force and destroy it12. basically13. not truly representing reality14. to total; to equal15. from a point forward, as in space or time16. to hold; to possess17. continuing without interruption; regular

Column B

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ELS-YDS

Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. We learn from the passage that the urban legend regarding the Papal Tiara

A) is partly factualB) cannot be proven to be trueC) has a huge number of believersD) has been circulating since the 16th centuryE) is supported by a photograph from the 16th century

2. The author seems to imply that the tellers of urban legends

A) do not want their listeners to question whether their stories are credible or notB) usually try to relate the characters of their stories to real personalitiesC) are usually connected to radical religious sectsD) often attempt to increase the credibility of their storiesE) aim to influence those who believe in Christ

3. According to the passage, in spreading urban legends

A) traditional methods are the most widely usedB) people do not hesitate to deceive one anotherC) women play a leading roleD) the quickest way is by word of mouthE) people also employ modern methods of communication

C Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in section A.

1. In Ethiopia, from the 1960s , local and government efforts atenvironmental rehabilitation have led to the replanting of trees in some deforestedareas.

2. She grew tired of the -.. noise coming from next-door andfinally went to talk to her neighbours about it.

3. The princess wore a very dress to the state ball; it had onethousand pearls hand-sewn onto the bodice.

4. Tommy accidentally his pet turtle when he was runningthrough the house looking for him.

5. During the conference, all the participants will carry a card on them whichtheir name and the name of the country they're representing.

16

Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence.

1. Urban legends are a modern variety of folklore which people endlessly circulate byword of mouth, repeat in news stories and distribute by such technological meansas e-mail.

A) Modern day folk stories, or urban legends, are in continuous circulation by manymeans, including news stories, word of mouth and modern methods of communicationlike e-mail.

B) People living in urban areas make extensive use of technology to circulate old folkstories by telling their friends, writing stories and sending out e-mails.

C) Urban legends, that is, modern day folk stories, circulate in various ways including wordof mouth and news stories, but the circulation is fastest by e-mail, a technologicalmeans of communication.

2. Some of the legends have survived for a very long time and have only slightlychanged over the years.

A) The legends that have survived for the longest time have few changes made to them.B) Although some of the legends have been changed over the years, most of them remain

the same.C) With only minor changes, certain legends have survived for many years.

3. Some of the urban legends in circulation today actually have a basis in real events.

A) Most of the urban legends circulating today have no connection with real events.B) At the foundation of some legends passing around today are true stories.C) Real events often inspire urban legends, which people then circulate extensively.

4. The young man died when his gunfire severed the cactus' trunk, which then fell onand crushed him.

A) The young man was killed when his gun misfired as he was shooting at the trunk of thecactus, which then crushed him when it fell.

B) When the shots from his gun cut the cactus trunk in two, the young man was killed bythe crushing blow of the cactus falling on him.

C) The young man died when he fell on the cactus while he was firing his gun, causing thetrunk of the cactus to fall upon him.

5. Even when essentially true, such stories often become distorted by many retellingsafter the original event.

A) When people tell the story over and over, they lose touch with the original event andend up creating their own stories.

B) Even many retellings of the original story often do not cause any changes, if the story isbased on a real event.

C) Even when the details about the original event are basically true, the stories about theevent are usually changed as they are passed from person to person.

6. AN papal crowns from the sixteenth century onwards remain on public show andnone of them bear the Latin words Wear/us Filii Dei.

A) There is a public display of all papal crowns dating from the sixteenth century and thereare no such Latin words as Vicarius Filii Dei written on any of them.

B) The sixteenth-century papal crowns with the Latin words Vicarius Filii Dei on them arebeing exhibited to the public in a special show.

C) Not all the papal crowns which date from the sixteenth century and bear the Latinwords Vicarius Filii Dei are on public display.

17

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

Over the centuries, different societies and historical eras have adopted many different approaches totreating the mentally ill, and these approaches have depended upon the particular view of mental illnesswhich each specific society or era held. For example, in ancient Greece, the physician Hippocratesviewed abnormal behaviour as the result of bodily processes such as disease or an imbalance in bodilyfluids, and he accordingly recommended rest, exercise and dietary change. In the Middle Ages, however,physicians generally considered abnormal behaviour as the result of demonic possession, and so thetreatments included exorcism, flogging - beating with a whip or stick - or torture to drive the evil spiritsfrom the body.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, when more scientific views prevailed, physicians such as PhilippePinel in France and Benjamin Rush in the United States began to view mental illness as the result oforganic or physical causes, and accordingly instituted more humane treatment for those who weresuffering from it.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of physicians studied the psychologicalbasis of mental illness, and Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud discovered "the talking cure". This type oftreatment still has its adherents today, though its methods have changed somewhat since the days whenFreud was using it. In "the talking cure" - or psychoanalysis - patients reveal their unconscious thoughtprocesses and conflicts by talking, often at great length, to the physician, who thereby learns the root ofthe patient's problems and acts accordingly. Freud, in addition to helping to discover this type oftreatment, also developed a revolutionary theory of personality and his famous system for theinterpretation of dreams.

In the mid-20th century, with the rapid advance of technology, treatments consisted of such methodsas lobotomy and electroconvulsive therapy. The Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz invented thelobotomy technique in the 1940s. Lobotomy is a surgical technique that calls for the separation of thefrontal lobes of the brain from the rest of it. Recently, this extreme technique has fallen into greatdisfavour among physicians. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves administering a weak electriccurrent to the front region of the head until seizure occurs. Although still in use, ECT remains highlycontroversial.

In more recent decades, drug therapy has become one of the more popular methods of treatment.Many physicians, however, worry that some of their colleagues rely too much on drugs to produce a cureor to alleviate symptoms, and so these days they are beginning to explore traditional folk medicine as amethod of easing the pain of those who are suffering from mental illness. As the treatments ofHippocrates were also a kind of folk medicine, perhaps now the wheel has come full circle.

| A | Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.

Column A Column B

1. to begin using or doing and accept as one'sowndoctorthe forcing of evil spirits from the bodythe causing of severe physical of mental painto be in force, use or effectto establish, organize and begin the operationof 'characterized by kindness, mercy orcompassionsupporter; followerexplanationa part or section of a bodily organ

11. to become unpopular, or no longer preferred(phrase)to apply as a remedya sudden attack, as of epilepsy or some otherdisease

14. questionable; causing disagreements15. to make more bearable; to provide physical

relief16. to return to where something started, having

completed the course round (expression)

2.3.4.5.6.

7.

8.9.10

1213

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B I Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. It is clear from the passage that, in the Middle Ages,

A) physicians considered demons abnormalB) the treatment of mental illness was unscientificC) a change in diet was a common treatment for mental illnessD) evil spirits beat the body with whips or sticksE) all abnormal behaviour was the result of demonic possession

2. The passage tells us that

•A) in psychoanalysis, physicians just listen to their patients and rarely talkB) mental illness was caused by psychological problems in the late 19th centuryC) psychoanalysis was created by two different menD) Sigmund Freud's personality was revolutionaryE) the physician is the root of the patient's problems

3. According to the passage,

A) "the talking cure" is no longer used as a method of treatmentB) electroconvulsive therapy and lobotomy are still popular treatmentsC) physicians have always recognized the value of traditional medicineD) people have viewed mental illness in very similar ways since ancient timesE) the mentally ill were often treated badly before the 18th century

Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in section A.

1. The United States government received serious criticism when, in May 2004, the CBStelevision station issued photographs showing that American soldiers in Iraq hadperformed on Iraqi prisoners.

2. There are many organizations around the world which try to promote thetreatment of animals, but unfortunately, very few people

seem to care about the issue.3. Most of the inhabitants of Bangladesh are of the Islamic

religion.4. Before an operation, the anesthesiologist anesthetic agents

to make the patient insensitive to pain.5. President George Bush's decision to invade Iraq was at the

time, and has remained so ever since.

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ELS-YDS

Circle the choice which has the same meaning as the given sentence.

«

1. Over the centuries, different societies and historical eras have adopted manydifferent approaches to treating the mentally ill.

A) Hundreds of years ago the ways of treating mentally ill people were different from thoseused in our own society and time.

B) How the mentally ill should be cared for has shown numerous differences through thecenturies from one society to another, and from one period to another.

C) Although there have been many different civilizations and historical times, the methodof curing the mentally ill has been no different over the centuries.

2. The approaches to treating the mentally ill always depended upon the particularview of mental illness which each specific society or era held.

A) Although the method of treating the mentally ill was different in each era, it was more orless the same in the civilizations of the same period.

B) The mentally ill can only be helped through the specific view of mental illness which isheld in their own society or historical period.

C) The view of mental illness held in each culture or period determined their methods ofdealing with the mentally ill.

3. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis still has its adherents today, though its methodshave changed somewhat since the days when he was using it.

A) Sigmund Freud has almost as many supporters today as he did when he was practisingpsychoanalysis himself.

B) The techniques of psychoanalysis, which is still supported by some people, are differentin some ways from when Sigmund Freud used them.

C) Sigmund Freud, who still has supporters today, invented the technique ofpsychoanalysis, which he changed somewhat during the time that he was using it.

4. In psychoanalysis, patients reveal their unconscious thought processes by talkingto the physician, who thereby learns the root of the patient's problems and actsaccordingly.

A) In psychoanalysis, the patient talks to the doctor and shows, without realizing it, theway his mind works; thus the doctor learns of the origin of the patient's problems andthen takes the correct action.

B) In psychoanalysis, patients are aware that if they talk to the doctor about their problemshonestly, the doctor will find out the actual cause or causes of their problems and thenoffer the best remedy.

C) In psychoanalysis, whether a doctor will be able to determine the origin of a patient'sproblems or not depends very much on how honest the patient is when he is talking tothe doctor.

5. Recently, the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz's lobotomy technique has falleninto great disfavour among physicians.

A) Nowadays, the lobotomy method of the neurologist from Portugal, Egas Moniz, isgradually regaining its former popularity in the medical world.

B) Physicians have not been using the lobotomy technique of Portuguese neurologist EgasMoniz for quite some time.

C) The lobotomy method of Egas Moniz, the Portuguese neurologist, is no longer favouredby doctors.

ELS-YDS

6. Although still in use, electroconvulsive therapy remains highly controversial.

A) Electroconvulsive therapy is only used for seriously ill patients, because of thecontroversy surrounding it.

B) Because of serious arguments concerning its use, electroconvulsive therapy is nolonger used widely.

C) Despite its continuing use, people are in strong disagreement over electroconvulsivetherapy.

7. These days physicians are beginning to explore traditional folk medicine as amethod of easing the pain of those who are suffering from mental illness.

A) At the moment doctors are starting to look at traditional folk medicine as a way ofreducing the pain of people who are mentally ill.

B) Physicians have long been exploring traditional folk medicine, as a method of lesseningthe pain of people who are mentally ill.

C) Nowadays, people working in medicine realize that traditional folk medicine is the bestcure for those who suffer from mental illness.

8. As the treatments of Hippocrates were also a kind of folk medicine, considering theinterest of modern physicians in it, perhaps now the wheel has come full circle.

A) Perhaps Hippocrates was the best physician of all time, since even modern doctors aretrying to follow the methods of his folk medicine.

B) It seems that modern doctors, with their interest in the methods of folk medicine, havereturned to the origin of these methods, which were practised by Hippocrates.

C) The folk medicine treatments of Hippocrates, which modern doctors are also looking at,include turning patients on a wheel in a full circle.

E Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given inthe box below.

withofwith

duringtofor

ononto

from ias 1

J1. The new government has a different approach the refugee problem.

Instead of welcoming them and offering them refuge, it has closed the border.2. I have always viewed Russian people being rather cold.3. In the past teachers beat their students canes when they were naughty.4. There is still no effective treatment cancer.5. Civilians faced severe food shortages the war.6. Together a rise in the standards of living, there is almost always a drop

in the size of families.7. The separation Siamese twins has become easier thanks to medical

advances, but unfortunately, some of them still do not survive the operation.8. He relies his wife too much. Without her, he wouldn't be able to do

anything for himself.9. After the suspect told them all he knew, the officers performed torture

him anyway just for their own sadistic pleasure.10. Over the past fifty years, the city has gone a population of one million

a population of over ten million.

21

7. SATIRE

When an author or artist uses humour to attack the problems and absurdities of human society,the result is satire. The satirist adopts a point of view different from that of the average person andthen proceeds to criticize society's powerful and influential people or institutions in a sharplyhumorous way in order to reveal their flaws. For example, in the late 1970s, the British comedictroupe Monty Python made the satirical film The Life of Brian, which ridiculed the historicaldevelopment of the Christian Church, among other things. The Church is an institution which manypeople respect, and therefore avoid criticizing. Not surprisingly perhaps, Monty Python's film was verycontroversial at the time.

Satire has existed for at least as long a time as civilization itself. Roman poets such as Horaceand Juvenal wrote long satirical poems, while Martial composed short satirical epigrams. Readingtheir works now, we see that they attack what the writers saw at that time as the degeneration of theRoman Empire. Much later -just before the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century -the Dutchscholar Erasmus published The Praise of Folly, his most famous work. Even in its own day, this shortbook was quite controversial because it criticized every single one of the institutions, customs andbeliefs of the time. Perhaps the greatest satirist of all, however, was the Irish author Jonathan Swift,whose many satirical works include the popular Gulliver's Travels. People nowadays often considerthis a children's book, disregarding the fact that the book accuses the entire human race of madness.Because of this attitude, since the mid-20th century some critics have been calling Swift amisanthrope.

Apart from writers, since the late 19th century political cartoonists have also used satireeffectively, especially in commenting on the activities of corrupt politicians and public officials. Today,such political cartoons continue to reach a wide audience through publication in most majornewspapers and many magazines.

Generally speaking, the creators of films and television shows, because their media play to sucha large proportion of the public, have not made severely and specifically critical satire very often, butvery general and "safe" satire instead. For instance, in his 1940 film The Great Dictator, CharlieChaplin mocked both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, fascists whom the film depicted as fools.However, such a satire proved to be quite safe in that era because, at the time, only people in thedemocratic countries - which already despised such dictators - actually saw the film. Such "safe"satires laugh at those things which society in general has been criticizing for a long time already. Verydifferently, Stanley Kubrick's funny yet aggressive 1964 film Dr. Strangelove; or, How I Learned toStop Worrying and Love the Bomb attacked the nuclear policies of the United States and the SovietUnion as they existed at that time. In television, a show such as the still-popular American cartoonThe Simpsons displays elements of both "safe" satire and the more directly aggressive type.

Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the followingdefinitions.

Column A Column B1. irrationality; stupidity2. characterized by having a strong effect on

or changing the behaviour of someone3. a group of actors, dancers or singers4. to make fun of in an often cruel way5. to stay away from; to stay clear of6. a short poem expressing a single thought

or observation7. to ignore; to not notice, or to refuse to

notice8. someone who hates or mistrusts

humankind9. characterized by immorality and

dishonesty10. to laugh at in a cruel way11. to dislike intensely; to hate12. to show

22

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B j Choose the correct answer according to the passage.

1. The passage tells us that Monty Python's film The Life of Brian

A) avoided criticizing the Christian ChurchB) is really a quite religious filmC) had many flaws in its developmentD) made many people very upsetE) is very popular with university students

2. It is clear from the passage that

A) the average person never appreciates satireB) risky satire has not been much used in film and televisionC) satire is the greatest of art formsD) important institutions always deserve the satire that they receiveE) it is not necessary for satire to be funny

3. According to the author,

A) some types of satire are less severe and critical than othersB) Jonathan Swift was a misanthropeC) the Roman Empire definitely suffered from degenerationD) the last great satirist was Jonathan SwiftE) most people despised Charlie Chaplin's film, The Great Dictator

Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in section A.

1. Owing to the bleakness of his work, many critics have accused Irish novelist andplaywright Samuel Beckett of being a/an , forgetting hisessential humour.

2. One of the most popular mime performing in Europe in the1970s and 1980s was Mummenschantz.

3. Because the other children often him for his thick glasses,Billy developed a very low sense of self-esteem.

4. Although some people have denied that he was really an artist, Marcel Duchamp, aleading exponent of the Dadaist movement, has been verysince the end of the Second World War.

5. Hoping to the police, the jewel thief changed her name andmoved to a different "city.

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E Complete the blanks with the correct preposition. Use the prepositions given inthe box below.

asamongat

withthroughsince

offoron

inof iof 1

1. My teacher was very angry with me and criticized me other things, fornot doing my homework.

2. When in 1776 the US Declaration of Independence stated that "All men are createdequal," it was a radical idea the time.

3 my grandfather's time people didn't have televisions to watch, so theylistened to he radio.

4. When I saw that my mobile telephone wasn't in my bag, I accused the strange boy inthe office stealing it, but later I found that I had left it on the kitchen tableat home.

5. Ankara has changed a lot it was established as the capital of the TurkishRepublic.

6. People obtain the latest news from all around the world the Internet andsatellite TV.

7. During the First World War, the allies depicted their enemy Germany amad beast.

8. The philosophy of Hegel had an effect that of Karl Marx.9. We made fun Hakan so much that, in the end, the poor boy started to

cry.10. Holiday destinations in Turkey are very popular tourists from Germany

and the United Kingdom.11. We mocked James having cream in his moustache and going to the

party without noticing.12. After Tristan became mayor, he developed a strong sense superiority.

ruleadS TO rhe highest Ethics,

which is the goal oF All evolutioN. UNTİI WESTOp hARMİNq All OthER living beings, WE ARE

STİLL SAVAGES.

EdisoN

25

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8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

WATER - A LUXURY?

A glass of fresh water from the tap - a luxury?The reality is that for some 1.1 billion peopleaccess to safe drinking water is (1)they can only dream about. Some 2.4 billionpeople worldwide similarly do not haveaccess to adequate sanitation. Yet access tosafe drinking water and sanitation is not just aluxury. It often makes the difference (2)life and death. Half of the world's hospitalbeds are occupied by (3) of waterbornediseases. And an estimated 6,000 childrendie each day from diseases caused by poorsanitation and hygiene. Add to this theincreasing pressure (4) the world'sfreshwater supply over the last 50 years, andthe continuous degradation of water quality inmany regions around the world, and there isno doubt that the challenge before us is (5)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

A) anywhereC) someone

B) somethingD) anyone

E) everything

A)betweenC) along

E) about

B) fromD)in

A) victimsC) supporters

E) disasters

B) residentsD) mortals

A)aboutC)at

E)for

B)inD)on

A) excellentC) supporting

E) immense

B) bearableD) weak

BENEFICIAL or UNDESIRABLE?

In nature there is (6) such thing aseither a beneficial or an undesirable wildanimal. In Georgia, (7) where quailare valued as game birds, sportsmen onceshot marsh hawks (8) the hawkssometimes killed quail. But the shooting ofmarsh hawks failed to increase the numbersof quail. Examination of stomach contentsshowed that the marsh hawk feeds mainlyupon the cotton rat, which eats the eggs ofquail and other ground-nesting birds. Bybeing a (9) greater enemy of cottonrats than of quail, the marsh hawk proves(10) to be a friend of the quail. Thekilling of marsh hawks has now largelyceased in Georgia, and marsh hawks andquail are growing more numerous side byside.

6.

A) anyC) no

E) some

B) manyD) none

7.

8.

9.

A) at once B) for instanceC) on average D) at the time

E) in short

A) while B) yetC) even though D) because

E) before

A) much B) moreC) too D) the most

E) such

10.

A) rarely B) slightlyC) anxiously D) barely

E) actually f

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RIVAL FOSSIL HUNTERS

(11) of our knowledge of dinosaurscomes from North America. From 1870 intothe early 1900s, two men dominated thesearch for dinosaurs in the western UnitedStates, and their rivalry became a bitterconflict. One was Othniel Charles Marsh, ofYale University, and (12) was EdwardDrinker Cope. (13) man controlled (14)

scientific journal, and it is reported thattheir field crews would occasionally shoot atone another and destroy each other's fossils.Still, (15) men made lasting andvaluable contributions to our knowledge ofdinosaurs, though their conflict caused themto work hurriedly and in many instances toforego the customary patience and cautionrequired in the science of paleontology.

11.

A) A great deal B) Just oneC) As many as D) Everything

E) Â large number

12.

A) someoneC) the other

B) anotherD) each one

E) the whole

13.

A) EachC) Some

B)AllD) Any

E) None

14.

A) themselvesC) itself

E) theirs

B) his ownD) them

15.

A) allC) some

B) everyD) both

E) either

THE ORIGIN OF THE CIRCUS

No one knows when or where the first circusact (16) place. It's probable thatdisplays of physical skill and animal training(17) people for many thousands ofyears. Some circus acts are so old that eventhe ancient Romans, who coined the wordcircus, did not know where they originated. Itwas not (18) the late 1700s that themodern circus began to take form. It isbelieved that the modern circus originated inthe exhibitions of horsemanship that becamepopular in England. A former cavalryman,Philip Astley, was presenting such feats inLondon in 1768. Astley put his horses throughtheir paces in a large circle, or ring. (19)

his time, the ring has been the centralperformance area of the circus. Astleyembellished his London show with music,acrobats, tumblers, ropewalkers and a clown.In 1783 he built the first real circus in France.Soon circuses similar to the Astley pattern(20) across the continent of Europe andin the United States.

16.

A) made

t)took

B)didD)had

17.

A) were thrilling B) are thrillingC) thrill D) thrilled

E) have thrilled

18.

A) untilC) when

E)yet

B) whileD) since

19.

A) As soon as B) Ever sinceC) Even when D) Once

E) The moment

20.

A) performB) have performedC) were performingD) have been performingE) are performing

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RIVAL FOSSIL HUNTERS

(11) of our knowledge of dinosaurscomes from North America. From 1870 intothe early 1900s, two men dominated thesearch for dinosaurs in the western UnitedStates, and their rivalry became a bitterconflict. One was Othniel Charles Marsh, ofYale University, and (12) was EdwardDrinker Cope. (13) man controlled (14)

scientific journal, and it is reported thattheir field crews would occasionally shoot atone another and destroy each other's fossils.Still, (15) men made lasting andvaluable contributions to our knowledge ofdinosaurs, though their conflict caused themto work hurriedly and in many instances toforego the customary patience and cautionrequired in the science of paleontology.

11.

A) A great deal B) Just oneC) As many as D) Everything

E) A large number

12.

A) someoneC) the other

B) anotherD) each one

E) the whole

13.

A) EachC) Some

E) None

B)AIID) Any

14.

A) themselvesC) itself

E) theirs

B) his ownD) them

15.

A) allC) some

B) everyD) both

E) either

THE ORIGIN OF THE CIRCUS

No one knows when or where the first circusact (16) place. It's probable thatdisplays of physical skill and animal training(17) people for many thousands ofyears. Some circus acts are so old that eventhe ancient Romans, who coined the wordcircus, did not know where they originated. Itwas not (18) the late 1700s that themodern circus began to take form. It isbelieved that the modern circus originated inthe exhibitions of horsemanship that becamepopular in England. A former cavalryman,Philip Astley, was presenting such feats inLondon in 1768. Astley put his horses throughtheir paces in a large circle, or ring. (19)

his time, the ring has been the centralperformance area of the circus. Astleyembellished his London show with music,acrobats, tumblers, ropewalkers and a clown.In 1783 he built the first real circus in France.Soon circuses similar to the Astley pattern(20) across the continent of Europe andin the United States.

16.

A) madeC)got

E) took

B)didD) had

17.

A) were thrilling B) are thrillingC) thrill D) thrilled

E) have thrilled

18.

A) untilC) when

E)yet

B) whileD) since

19.

A) As soon as B) Ever sinceC) Even when D) Once

E) The moment

20.

A) performB) have performedC) were performingD) have been performingE) are performing

27

ELS-YDS

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

WATER - A LUXURY?

A glass of fresh water from the tap - a luxury?The reality is that for some 1.1 billion peopleaccess to safe drinking water is (1)they can only dream about. Some 2.4 billionpeople worldwide similarly do not haveaccess to adequate sanitation. Yet access tosafe drinking water and sanitation is not just aluxury. It often makes the difference (2)life and death. Half of the world's hospitalbeds are occupied by (3) of waterbornediseases. And an estimated 6,000 childrendie each day from diseases caused by poorsanitation and hygiene. Add to this theincreasing pressure (4) the world'sfreshwater supply over the last 50 years, andthe continuous degradation of water quality inmany regions around the world, and there isno doubt that the challenge before us is (5)

1.

2.

3.

A) anywhere B) somethingC) someone D) anyone

E) everything

A) between B) fromC) along D) in

E) about

A) victims B) residentsC) supporters D) mortals

E) disasters

4.

A)aboutC)at

E)for

B)inD) on

5.

A) excellentC) supporting

E) immense

B) bearableD) weak

BENEFICIAL or UNDESIRABLE?

In nature there is (6) such thing aseither a beneficial or an undesirable wildanimal. In Georgia, (7) where quailare valued as game birds, sportsmen onceshot marsh hawks (8) the hawkssometimes killed quail. But the shooting ofmarsh hawks failed to increase the numbersof quail. Examination of stomach contentsshowed that the marsh hawk feeds mainlyupon the cotton rat, which eats the eggs ofquail and other ground-nesting birds. Bybeing a (9) greater enemy of cottonrats than of quail, the marsh hawk proves(10) to be a friend of the quail. Thekilling of marsh hawks has now largelyceased in Georgia, and marsh hawks andquail are growing more numerous side byside.

6.

7.

8.

9.

A) any B) manyC) no D) none

E) some

A) at once B) for instanceC) on average D) at the time

E) in short

A) while B) yetC)even though D) because

E) before

A) much B) moreC) too D) the most

E)such

10.

A) rarely B) slightlyC) anxiously D) barely

E) actually ı

26 I

ELS-YDS

ALBERT NAMATJIRA

Known primarily for his watercolours ofAustralian landscapes, Albert Namatjira wasan aboriginal artist (21) successfullycombined modern European paintingtechniques (22) subject matter from hisnative land. A member of the Aranda tribe,Namatjira was born at a Christian mission inHermannsburg in the Northern Territory (23)

July 28, 1902. He received hiseducation at the mission. He later worked at anumber of menial jobs (24) hediscovered painting at a 1934 exhibition ofworks by Rex Battarbee. Althoughunschooled in art, Namatjira tried his hand atdrawing. In 1936 he again met Battarbee,who tutored (25) in watercolours. Hewas soon able to produce works of merit andsell them. In 1938 the first exhibit of his workswas held in Melbourne. It was so successfulthat all 41 paintings on display were sold.Later exhibitions followed in Adelaide,Sydney, Perth and Alice Springs.

21.

A) whereC) when

E) how

B)whoD) what

22.

A) about B) toC) for D) from

E) with

23.

A) at B) inC) since D) on

E) till

24.

A) untilC) while

E) since

B) duringD) just as

25.

A) himC)he

E) himself

B) his ownD)his

DIFFERENT FROM THE REST

Like the land (26) the people ofLadakh are generally quite different fromthose of the rest of India. The faces andphysique of the Ladakhis, and the clothesthey wear, are more (27) those of Tibetand Central Asia (28) those of India.The original population may have beenDards, an Indo-Aryan race that moved downfrom the Indus and Gilgit area. Butimmigration from Tibet, perhaps a millenniumor so (29) largely overwhelmed theculture of the Dards and changed their racialcharacteristics. In eastern and centralLadakh, today's population seems to bemostly of Tibetan origin. Further west, in andaround Kargil, the people's appearancesuggests a mixed origin. The exception to thisgeneralization is the Arghons, a community ofMuslims in Leh, who originated as a result ofmarriages (30) local women andKashmiri or Central Asian merchants.

26.

A) them B) theirC) their own D) itself

E) its own

27.

A) the same B) similar toC) except for D) so much

E) much as

28.

A) as B) thanC) like D) that

E) how

29.

A) afterC) since

E)ago

B)yetD) though

30.

A) betweenC) along

E) among

B)forD) with

28

ELS-YDS

9. LEARN THESE

PHRASAL VERBS

A Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box below. Pay attentionto the verb form.

1. fly out:2. set sb back:3. get out:4. point sth out.5. see sb off.6. play sth up:7. sellout8. get sth back:9. go around:10. turn off.

depart from an airportcost someone moneyhave to leave; depart from somewhereto direct one's attention to sthsay goodbye to a person at the place of departureemphasize the importance of; exaggeratesell so that there are none remainingrecover; regainpass or circulate, as in communicationclose; stop a machine, electricity, etc.

1. Please remember to the lights before you leave the office.2. I didn't see the error in my judgement until my friend

where I had made the mistakes.3. There is a rumour that Filiz is going to leave the country.

Do you know if it is true?4. Esra was excited to her wallet after it was

stolen on the bus; even though the money was gone, she was happy that heridentification card was still there.

5. Having to fly to New York during the peak season due to her mother's illnessher over $1000.

6. The agents had to of the country because their lives werein danger.

7. When it was time for Erdem to begin his military service, all of his family and friendsgathered at the train station to him

8. Unfortunately, the shop had already all the items on saleby the time I got there, so I couldn't buy the blouse I had wanted.

9. Amanda was disappointed when she learnt that she had toof Los Angeles Airport rather than Burbank Airport, which

is more convenient.10. The media the international football match so

much that it looked as if the countries were having a war.

29

ELS-YDS

Complete the sentences using the phrasal verbs in the box below. Pay attentionto the verb form.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

take off.give up:make up:count on:work outtake out:find outpay off:run output aside:

remove (a piece of clothing, etc.)abandon hopesay or write sth that isn't truedepend or rely onsolve, as a problemget rid of; remove; withdrawdiscover or confirm the truth of sthpay (a debt) in fullbecome used up; finish a supplystore up; save

1. Agent Mulder joined the FBI in order to what reallyhappened to his sister, who disappeared mysteriously when a young child.

2. After I get out of debt, I will $200 each month so that Ican go on holiday next summer.

3. David of money while he was touring Nepal, butfortunately, he managed to find a temporary job, which earned him enough cash toreturn to his country.

4. Dave's only chore is to the trash every morning when heleaves the house.

5. In the end, Kathy a story to explain her absence from themeeting since she thought no one would believe the truth.

6. You should never in the face of difficulties but persevere.7. Even though they spent all day discussing the problem, they weren't able to

a satisfactory solution.8. Please your coat and put it in the closet.9. I can always my family to stand by me during difficult

times.10. If I take a second job, I will be able to all of my credit card

bills within six months.

C I Replace the italicized phrasal verbs with a verb from the list. Pay attention to theverb form.

removeclose

solveregain

savediscover

highlightcirculate

1. During the presentation, Michael played up ( ) his contribrutions tothe project in order to impress the board members.

2. I got my deposit back ( ) from the landlord only when I proved tohim that the house was in good condition.

3. Please sign the birthday card that is going around ( ) so that wecan give it to Judy this afternoon with her present.

4. The plumber turned off ( ) the main water line to the house whilehe was working on our plumbing problem.

5. You should show respect and take off ( ) your hat when thenational anthem is played.

6. I hope that Mary and Larry are able to work out ( ) their problems;they used to be very happy together.

7. If you receive any extra magazines, please put ( ) them aside forme and I will pick them up next week.

8. Sue will talk to Ashley tonight and try to find out ( ) what has beenbothering her lately.

30

TEST YOURSELF 1 J1-60. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan

1. My aunt the family businesson her own since she herhusband in a car crash two years ago.

A) was running/has lostB) has run/was losingC) has been running/lostD) ran/has been losingE) is running/loses

2. As soon as father mowing thegrass, we the garden furnitureoutside for the 5 o'clock tea.

A) finishes/have takenB) has finished/tookC) was finishing/have takenD) is finishing/takeE) finished/took

3. For the last week, the governmentlowering the tax rates, but they

any decisions yet.

A) discuss/weren't takingB) discussed/don't takeC) were discussing/aren't takingD) have been discussing/haven't takenE) are discussing/didn't take

4. As we at the hospital for theresults of my mother's blood tests, we

more and more nervous.

A) are waiting/were growingB) were waiting/have grownC) have waited/growD) waited/grewE) wait/have been growing

5. Up to now, the authorities anysatisfactory explanations about theaccident at the power plant.

A) haven't madeB) don't makeC) aren't makingD) didn't makeE) weren't making

6. Marcus the meeting severalminutes before the others because he

the last bus home.

A) was leaving/has been catchingB) left/had to catchC) has left/was catchingD) is leaving/caughtE) leaves/has caught

7. He the back of his trousers whilehe down to do up his shoelaces.

A) splits/has been bendingB) was splitting/has bentC) split/was bendingD) is splitting/bendsE) has split/bent

8. I think your daughter in the sunfor far too long. Look how bright redher face !

A) was lying/has beenB) lies/is beingC) is lying/wasD) has been lying/isE) has lain/was being

9. Although he is well over 60, our next-door neighbour for an hourevery day even when it

A) walks/is rainingB) is walking/rainsC) walked/has been rainingD) has walked/rainedE) was walking/has rained -

31

ELS-YDS

10. Whenever I hear this song playing onTV, I the holiday we inParis years ago.

A) am remembering/are spendingB) remembered/have spentC) have remembered/were spendingD) was remembering/spendE) remember/spent

11. I no doubt that she's the bestperson for the job as she withdisabled children for over ten yearsnow.

A) am having/workedB) have/has been workingC) had/is workingD) was having/worksE) have had/was working

12. My brother these photos with hisexpensive camera, but they anybetter than mine.

A) takes/aren't lookingB) has taken/weren't lookingC) was taking/haven't lookedD) took/don't lookE) is taking/didn't look

13. When the only factory in the regiondown, its employees for

work elsewhere.

A) closed/had to lookB) has closed/lookedC) was closing/have lookedD) is closing/were lookingE) closes/have been looking

14. Even though Liz a lot moremoney than all of us, she a moremodest life than most of us.

A) was having/led .B) is having/has ledC) has/leadsD) has had/was leadingE) had/is leading

15. She up and down in the office allday. Do you know what her?

A) has been walking/is troublingB) walked/troublesC) is walking/troubledD) walks/has been troublingE) was walking/has troubled

16. It more than two months since wefor a new telephone line.

A) is being/applyB) is/are applyingC) was/have appliedD) has been/appliedE) was/were applying

17. On the whole, the weather quitenice so far this summer, unlike lastyear, when it unbearably hot andhumid at times.

A) was being/has gotB) was/was gettingC) is/is gettingD) is being/getsE) has been/got

18. Tim and Larry to each othersince they that horrible quarrel atLisa's party last month.

A) don't speak/are havingB) aren't speaking/have hadC) didn't speak/have been havingD) weren't speaking/were havingE) haven't spoken/had

19. The child home for school ataround 8.30 this morning and nobody

from him since then.

A) is leaving/is hearingB) has left/hearsC) left/has heardD) was leaving/heardE) leaves/was hearing

32

ELS-YDS

20. On average, over one thousand peoplethis museum daily, and each

person at least a few hours to seeits rare artifacts.

A) were visiting/is spendingB) visit/spendsC) have visited/spentD) visited/has spentE) are visiting/was spending

21. Since ancient times, humanssponges for a variety of purposes.

A) have been usingB) are usingC) were usingD) useE) used

22. The last time I to Linda, sheabout whether to take the

position in her father's company ornot.

A) speak/has been thinkingB) spoke/was thinkingC) was speaking/has thoughtD) have spoken/thoughtE) am speaking/is thinking

23. The tension in both countriesconsiderably after the negotiations

to an end abruptly.

A) was rising/were comingB) rises/have comeC) is rising/cameD) has risen/are comingE) rose/came

24. Just a few decades ago, inflationa big problem in the country, butduring the past ten years, there ...almost no change in prices.

A) is/is beingB) has been/isC) was/has beenD) was being/wasE) is being/has been

25. At last, the police the hooliganswho the seats of the stadiumlast week.

A) caught/have been damagingB) are catching/have damagedC) have caught/damagedD) were catching/damageE) catch/are damaging

26. Look how slim Miranda is! Apparently,she her physique to the walksshe regularly every morning.

A) has owed/tookB) owed/was takingC) has owed/is takingD) owed/has been takingE) owes/takes

27. I'm sure she a mistake when sheus the directions, and now we

seem to be in the middle of nowhere.

A) made/was givingB) was making/has givenC) has made/gaveD) makes/has been givingE) is making/is giving

28. Richard about his achievementsall the time, and it to get on mynerves, really.

A) is boasting/beganB) boasts/is beginningC) boasted/beginsD) has been boasting/was beginningE) was boasting/has begun

29. Recent reports clearly show that thecost of living considerablysince last year.

A) is fallingB) has fallenC) fellD) fallsE) was falling

33

ELS-YDS

30. And Mr. Simpson, what atexactly 4 p.m. last Tuesday, the time ofthe crime?

A) were you doingB) have you been doingC) do you doD) have you doneE) are you doing

31. Miriam happy in her new job atfirst, but she to enjoy it now.

A) isn't being/has begunB) wasn't being/beginsC) hasn't been/beganD) isn't/was beginningE) wasn't/is beginning

32. When he consciousness after theaccident, it him several minutesto realize where he was.

A) regained/tookB) has regained/takesC) is regaining/has takenD) was regaining/was takingE) regains/is taking

33. My grandmother such a largehouse that she several of herrooms at all for years.

A) had/wasn't usingB) has/hasn't usedC) is having/doesn't useD) has had/wasn't usingE) was having/didn't use

34. Do you know if Eren to Ankaranext week by bus or by train?

A) travelledB) travelsC) has travelledD) was travellingE) is travelling

35. Look, the flowers we justyesterday already! Obviously,the florist has cheated us.

A) bought/wiltB) have bought/wiltedC) were buying/have wiltedD) bought/are wiltingE) have bought/were wilting

36. Nowadays, farmers a lot ofartificial fertilizers to enhance thefertility of the soil, but more and morepeople to buy produce grownorganically.

A) use/have preferredB) have used/preferredC) are using/preferD) used/were preferringE) were using/are preferring

37. We so many times recently thatsome pieces of our furniture tocome apart because of the harshhandling of the removals men.

A) are moving/have begunB) have moved/are beginningC) moved/were beginningD) have been moving/beginE) were moving/began

38. During the trip, the tour company..most of the basic items, so weonly a few things ourselves.

A) supplied/had to buyB) was supplying/have boughtC) has supplied/could buyD) is supplying/were buyingE) supplies/buy

39. The voice of the man who thisdocumentary very familiar to me,but I can't remember his name.

A) narrated/is soundingB) narrates/soundedC) was narrating/has soundedD) is narrating/soundsE) has narrated/was sounding

34

ELS-YDS

40. This is the third time that youme that question in the last half anhour. Why don't you listen to myanswer?

A) were askingB) have been askingC)askD) have askedE) asked

41. Oh my little! I can see that youhard all day. The house, which was in aterrible mess as I this morning,is now spotlessly clean.

A) were working/was leavingB) worked/have leftC) have been working/leftD) work/am leavingE) are working/have been leaving

42. As I past the square, thousandsof demonstrators there toprotest about the recent changes inthe Labour Law.

A) drive/have been gatheringB) have driven/are gatheringC) was driving/have gatheredD) have been driving/gatherE) drove/were gathering

43. These days, the residents around hereto use water sparingly because

there a severe water shortage inthe region recently.

A) were trying/has beenB) tried/was beingC) have tried/wasD) are trying/has beenE) try/is

44. The car down without warningwhile I to the office hurriedlythis morning.

A) breaks/have drivenB) broke/was drivingC) has broken/am drivingD) is breaking/have been drivingE) was breaking/drove

45.1 a big party for my husband onhis birthday next Sunday, but heanything about it yet.

A) have been organizing/didn't knowB) am organizing/doesn't knowC) organized/didn't knowD) have organized/didn't knowE) was organizing/hasn't known

46. Sırma English for two years now,and she to spend next year inBritain as an au-pair to improve herEnglish.

A) has been learning/is planningB) learnt/has been planningC) was learning/plannedD) is learning/has plannedE) has learnt/was planning

47. Though I in this apartmentbuilding for over two years, Imany of the residents.

A) am living/don't knowB) lived/haven't knownC) was living/didn't knowD) have been living/don't knowE) have lived/didn't know

48. My mother never fish inher life because she finds the smell ofseafood disgusting.

A) was/eatingB) is/eatingC) has/eatenD) did/eatE) does/eat

49. The lights just as weready to have dinner.

A) are going out/have gotB) have gone out/gotC) were going out/have gotD) go out/have been gettingE) went out/were getting

35

EIS-YDS50. They the meeting this afternoon,

so you just a few hours in whichto finish this report.

A) are holding/haveB) hold/are havingC) have been holding/hadD) were holding/have hadE) held/were having

51. While you yourself in Spain, Ito finish this project here.

A) enjoyed/have been strugglingB) were enjoying/was strugglingC) have enjoyed/struggledD) have been enjoying/struggleE) enjoy/have struggled

52. Do you mind if I the curtainsslightly? The sun directly in myeyes.

A) drew/was shiningB) draw/is shiningC) have drawn/shoneD) am drawing/shinesE) was drawing/has shone

53.1 can always tell when my sonbecause he to speak with astammer.

A) lied/was beginningB) lies/has begunC) is lying/beginsD) has lied/is beginningE) was lying/began

54. Will it be too late if I you myopinion tomorrow? I an opportunityto study your proposal in detail yet.

A) give/haven't hadB) am giving/didn't haveC) gave/wasn't havingD) have given/don't haveE) was giving/am not having

55. It to ma that the player whothe first goal was in the offside

position at the time.

A) seems/was scoringB) seemed/has been scoringC) has seemed/has scoredD) seems/scoredE) seemed/is scoring

56. My mother is so worried because sheon six kilos since she up

smoking.

A) put/has givenB) puts/is givingC) was putting/was givingD) has put/gaveE) has been putting/gives

57. This tradition, which the people of theregion for centuries, is nowfalling into disfavour.

A) were followingB) followedC) are followingD) followE) have been following

58. Eventually, the teacher asked Peter toleave the class, because he thestudents sitting close to him.

A)has teasedB) has been teasingC) was teasingD) is teasingE) teases

59. The minute the car into thebarrier, oil to pour out of itstank.

A) crashes/is beginningB) crashed/beganC) is crashing/beginsD) has crashed/was beginningE) was crashing/has begun

36

ELS-YDS

60. He quite a long way from theshore when he cramp in his leg.

A) has been swimming/developsB) has swum/is developingC) is swimming/has developedD) swam/was developingE) was swimming/developed

61. Although my uncle took every possibleprecaution about his health, he failedto prevent his early death.

A) My uncle was extremely careful to livea healthy lifestyle, yet he died at rathera young age.

B) My uncle was not healthy at allalthough he took great care of himselfuntil he died.

C) My uncle was afraid of dying at ayoung age, so he looked after himselfreally well all his life.

D) My uncle's early death wasunavoidable because he was socareless about his health.

E) It was his failures in life that causedmy uncle to die at a very young age.

62.1 handed in the documents to themanager two days ago, but he stillhasn't signed them.

A) I hand in the documents to themanager in time, but he usually takestwo days to put his signature on them.

B) I have been waiting for two days forthe manager to sign my papers.

C) I had to wait for two days, but in theend, the manager signed mydocuments.

D) The papers still lack the manager'ssignature although it's two days since Igave them to him.

E) Two days ago, I took some documentsto the manager, but he just didn't signthem.

63. Not all the audience stayed until theplay was over.

A) Some of the audience didn't like theplay, though they watched it till theend.

B) It turned out that very few peoplecame to see the play.

C) None of the people who came to seethe play stayed till the end.

D) By the time the play finished, therewere only a few people left in the hall.

E) Some individuals in the audience leftbefore the play finished.

64. Being just on the point of closing theshop, the shop assistant was nothappy with the arrival of a latecustomer.

A) The assistant closed the shop very latebecause a customer turned up at thelast moment and he had to deal withher.

B) The shop-assistant didn't like it when acustomer arrived just as he wasclosing the shop.

C) Although the shop-assistant wasn'tpleased to have a customer as he wasclosing the, shop, he gave his serviceanyway.

D) After he served the customer whocame just at the last moment, theassistant closed the shop hurriedly.

E) The shop-assistant was hurrying toclose the shop, but just then, acustomer arrived.

65. It was while he was working on avoluntary project in the Far East thathe got married to a woman on thesame project.

A) He met his future wife in the Far East,where she was employed in avoluntary project.

B) Just after they got married, theyvolunteered to do some work in theFar East.

C) When they got married, he wasworking in the Far East on a voluntaryproject.

D) He married a colleague from his teamduring his voluntary work in the FarEast.

E) They were colleagues before they gotmarried, and now they work in the FarEast on a voluntary project.

37

ELS-YDS

66-70; sorularda, verilen Türkçecümleye anlamca en yakın ingilizcecümleyi bulunuz.

66. Bilim adamları, atmosferdeki karbon-dioksit miktarının 200 yıl önce olduğun-dan yaklaşık yüzde 31 daha yüksekolduğunu ve bu artışın neredeyseyarısının 1965'ten beri gerçekleştiğiniifade etmektedirler.

A) 200 years ago, scientists are saying,there was 31 percent less carbondioxide in the atmosphere than there isnow, and half of this increase hasoccurred since 1965.

B) Scientists are claiming that about halfof the increase in carbon dioxide in theatmosphere, which is now 31 percenthigher than 200 years ago, has comeabout since 1965.

C) Scientists say that the amount ofcarbon dioxide in the atmosphere isabout 31 percent higher than it was200 years ago, and that almost half ofthat increase has occurred since 1965.

D) Since 1965, according to scientists,the amount of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere has risen by 31 percent,and 200 years ago, the increase wasonly half of that.

E) According to scientists, 200 years agothe amount of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere was 31 percent lower thannow, and approximately half of thischange has come about since 1965.

67. Asırlar boyunca, Çin'in Huang HeNehri'nin taşması, büyük hasarlara yolaçmıştır; şimdi ise nehrin kurumasın-dan korkulmaktadır.

A) Over the centuries, flooding on China'sYellow River has caused enormousdamage, but now it's feared that theriver is running dry.

B) Flooding on China's Yellow River hasled to tremendous damage over thecenturies, but now the river is runningworryingly dry.

C) It's feared that China's Yellow River isrunning dry, yet over the centuries theriver has flooded many times, causinggreat damage.

D) Major damage has come about inChina over the centuries as a result ofthe Yellow River's flooding, but nowmany are fearing that the river isdrying up.

E) Although there has been extensivedamage in China over the centuriesowing to the flooding of the YellowRiver, now the fear is that the river isrunning dry.

68. Uluslararası Göçmen Organizasyonu,400.000'in üzerinde doğu Avrupalıgöçmenin AB'de yasal olarak, bundandaha fazlasının da yasa dışı çalıştığınıileri sürmektedir.

A) The International Organization forMigration has claimed that migrantsfrom eastern Europe account for manyof the 400,000 workers working bothlegally and illegally in the EuropeanUnion.

B) There are, according to theInternational Organization forMigration, at least 400,000 easternEuropean migrants working legally andillegally in the European Union.

C) More than 400,000 eastern Europeanmigrants work legally in the EuropeanUnion, but many more work illegally,according to the InternationalOrganization for Migration.

D) The International Organization forMigration claims that over 400,000migrants from eastern Europe areworking legally in the EU, and manymore are doing so illegally.

E) Legal and illegal migrants from easternEurope make up more than half of the400,000 immigrants working in theEuropean Union, says the InternationalOrganization for Migration.

38

EtS^fDİ

69. Bir Afrika atasözü, "Aslanların kenditarihçileri olana dek, av hikayeleri hepavcıları yüceltecektir." der.

A) As is stated in an old African proverb,"Stories of the hunt will glorify thehunter until lions obtain their ownhistorians."

B) An African proverb claims, "Tales ofthe hunt always praise the hunterbecause lions do not have their ownhistorians."

C) According to an African proverb,"Hunting stories will forever celebratethe hunter, so long as lions don't havetheir own historians."

D) There is an African proverb that says,"Unless lions have their ownhistorians, tales of the hunt will alwaysglorify the hunter."

E) An African proverb says, "Until lionshave their own historians, tales of thehunt will always glorify the hunters."

70. Devrim sonrası Sovyetler Birliği'ninönemli bir yazarı olan MaksimGorki'nin devrimci düşüncelerle ilkkarşılaşması, Kazan'da çalıştığı sıradaolmuştur.

A) Maksim Gorki was working in Kazanwhen he first learnt about the ideas ofthe revolution, and later he became amajor writer of the post-revolutionarySoviet Union.

B) It was while he was working in Kazanthat Maksim Gorki, a major writer ofthe post-revolutionary Soviet Union,first encountered revolutionary ideas.

C) Revolutionary ideas first reachedMaksim Gorki, an important post-revolutionary Soviet writer, while hewas working in Kazan.

D) A notable writer of the post-revolutionary Soviet Union, MaksimGorki first encountered revolutionaryideas during his stay in Kazan.

E) Maksim Gorki, an important Sovietwriter after the revolution, was workingin Kazan when he first becameinterested in revolutionary ideas.

71-75, sorularda, verilen İngilizcecümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçecümleyi bulunuz.

71. Thanks to science, humanunderstanding of the past, present andfuture is in a state of constant change.

A) Bilim sayesinde, insanın geçmiş, şu anve gelecek anlayışı sürekli bir değişimiçindedir.

B) Bilim, insanın geçmiş, şu an vegelecek anlayışını sürekli olarakdeğiştirmektedir.

C) insanın geçmiş, şu an ve geleceğeilişkin anlayışının sürekli değişmesininnedeni bilimdir.

D) Bilimin sürekli ilerlemesi, insanıngeçmiş, şu an ve gelecek anlayışınıderinden etkilemektedir.

E) Bilim sayesinde, insanın geçmiş, şu anve gelecek anlayışında sürekli birdeğişim gözlenmektedir.

72. The so-called "Shakespeare ofRussia", Aleksandr Pushkin perfectlyblended the influences of Europe withthose of his native Russia.

A) Aleksandr Pushkin'in "Rusya'nınShakespeare'i" adıyla anılmasınınnedeni, Avrupa'nın etkilerini, memleketiRusya'nınkilerle mükemmel bir şekildebirleştirmiş olmasıdır.

B) Aleksandr Pushkin, Avrupa'nınetkileriyle memleketi Rusya'nınkilerimükemmel bir biçimde birleştirdiği için,"Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diyeanılmaktadır.

C) "Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diyeadlandırılan Aleksandr Pushkin,Avrupa'nın etkilerini, memleketiRusya'nınkilerle mükemmel bir biçimdebirleştirmiştir.

D) "Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diye bilinenAleksandr Pushkin, Avrupa'nınetkilerini, memleketi Rusya'nınkilerlebirleştirerek mükemmeli yakalamıştır.

E) Aleksandr Pushkin, Avrupa'nınetkilerini, memleketi Rusya'nınkilerlebirleştirerek mükemmeli yakalayınca,"Rusya'nın Shakespeare'i" diyeadlandırılmıştır.

39

ELS-YDS

73. Research into the efficient use ofmodern factories falls into the domainof industrial engineering.

A) Endüstri mühendisliğinin alanı, modernfabrikaların etkin kullanımı içinaraştırmalar yapmayı dakapsamaktadır.

B) Endüstri mühendisliği, modern birfabrikayı daha etkin kullanmak içinaraştırmalar yapmayı da gerektirir.

C) Modern fabrikaların etkin kullanımı içinyapılan araştırmaları endüstrimühendisleri yürütmektedir.

D) Modern fabrikaların etkin kullanımı içinaraştırmalar yapmak, endüstrimühendisliğinin alanına girmektedir.

E) Endüstri mühendislerinin yürüttüğüaraştırmalar, modern bir fabrikanınetkin kullanımı üzerineyoğunlaşmaktadır.

74. Play is an educational process,because during play children obtainbasic knowledge concerning real life.

A) Oyun sırasında çocuklar aslındaeğitilirler, çünkü gerçek yaşama ilişkintemel bilgiler edinirler. -

B) Oyun sırasında çocuklar, gerçekyaşama ilişkin temel bilgiler deedindikleri için oyun eğitimin birparçasıdır.

C) Oyun, eğitici bir süreçtir, çünküçocuklar gerçek yaşama ilişkin temelbilgileri ancak oyun sırasındaöğrenebilirler.

D) Oyun, eğitici bir süreçtir, çünkü oyunsırasında çocuklar, gerçek yaşamailişkin temel bilgiler edinir.

E) Çocukların gerçek yaşama ilişkin temelbilgileri edinmeleri oyun sırasında olur;bu nedenle oyun eğitici bir süreçtir.

75. Towards the end of the 18th century,as the power of Spain and Portugalwaned, the Latin American coloniesbegan to struggle for political freedom.

A) 18. yüzyılın sonlarında, Latin Amerikasömürgelerinin siyasi bağımsızlık içinmücadeleye başlamalarıyla birlikte,İspanya ve Portekiz'in gücü azalmıştır.

B) İspanya ve Portekiz'in 18: yüzyılınsonlarında gücü azalınca, LatinAmerika'da sömürgeler siyasibağımsızlık mücadelesibaşlatmışlardır.

C) Latin Amerika sömürgelerinin siyasibağımsızlık için mücadeleyebaşlamalarının nedeni, 18. yüzyılsonlarına doğru ispanya ve Portekiz'ingücünün azalmasıdır.

D) 18. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, LatinAmerika sömürgeleri siyasi bağımsızlıkiçin mücadele etmeye başlayınca,ispanya ve Portekiz'in gücü azalmayabaşlamıştır.

.E) 18. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru, İspanyave Portekiz'in gücü azaldıkça, LatinAmerika sömürgeleri siyasi bağımsızlıkiçin mücadele etmeye başlamıştır.

40

TEST YOURSELF 2 Jr cümlede boş bırakılan

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da

1. l quite shy in high school, butsince then I much morecomfortable around people.

A) am being/am becomingB) was being/becameC) have been/becomeD) was/have becomeE) am/was becoming

2. While Michelle in the hammockin the garden, her husband theplants.

A) was sleeping/was wateringB) slept/has been wateringC) has slept/is wateringD) sleeps/has wateredE) has been sleeping/watered

3. Almost all urban street gangs in theUnited States distinctivelycoloured clothing and specialhand signals to show their gangconnections.

A) are wearing/usedB) wore/have been usingC) wear/useD) wore/have usedE) were wearing/are using

4. The doctor this medicine onlylast Thurday, and already it toshow some positive results.

A) has prescribed/is beginningB) prescribed/has begunC) was prescribing/beginsD) prescribes/beginsE) was prescribing/began

5. Monica still smoking, althoughshe to do so for almost fiveyears.

A) wasn't quitting/triedB) isn't quitting/triesC) doesn't quit/was tryingD) hasn't been quitting/is tryingE) hasn't quit/has been trying

6. Buddhism on the Indiansubcontinent in the 6th century BC,but the number of its followerssteadily there ever since.

A) was originating/decreasedB) has originated/has decreasedC) originates/is decreasingD) originated/has been decreasingE) is originating/decreases

7. David some wine on my newdress while we dinner at therestaurant last night.

A) was spilling/haveB) spilt/were havingC) was spilling/hadD) has spilt/were havingE) has been spilling/have had

8. As I my hometown in nearly 20years, I'm sure that many thingsthere in the meantime.

A) don't visit/are changingB) didn't visit/changedC) haven't visited/have changedD) am not visiting/changeE) wasn't visiting/have been changing

9. The environment with each day,but people's attitudes towards theenvironment worse.

A) deteriorated/have gotB) deteriorates/were gettingC) has deteriorated/getD) has been deteriorating/gotE) is deteriorating/are getting

41

MlS-YDS,10. Unfortunately, while I on the

telephone, the mushrooms in the oven

A) have been chatting/burnB) was chatting/burntC) have been chatting/were burningD) chatted/are burningE) have chatted/have burnt

11. The Cajun culture of Louisianawhen the British governmentFrench Canadians from the colony ofAcadia in the 18th century.

A) began/expelledB) is beginning/expelsC) has begun/was expellingD) was beginning/has expelledE) begins/expelled

12. At the time, the Acadians theFrench language, and many of theLouisiana Cajuns French fordaily communication even today.

A) were speaking/have usedB) have spoken/useC) spoke/have been usingD) have been speaking/are usingE) spoke/use

13. Over the past few weeks, my brothera course in aikido, but he

very hard at it.

A) took/hasn't been workingB) is taking/isn't workingC) takes/doesn't workD) has oeen taking/doesn't workE) is taking/didn't work

14. Because of my job, I for a longtime, but I forward to travellingagain after retirement.

A) didn't travel/lookB) haven't been travelling/lookedC) haven't travelled/am lookingD) don't travel/am lookingE) am not travelling/was looking

15. They up their house for the pastfew days, but it still quite messy.

A) have been tidying/looksB) tidy/is lookingC) have tidied/looksD) have been tidying/lookedE) tidy/looked

16. Haiti the second country in theWestern Hemisphere to gainindependence, in 1804, and itindependent ever since.

A) was/has remainedB) is/remainsC) has been/is remainingD) was/remainedE) is/has been remaining

17. Many people that Scotch whiskyis the best, but personally I Irishwhiskey is much better.

A) are believing/thinkB) believe/am thinkingC) believed/thoughtD) believe/think

. E) have believed/was thinking

18. When the teacher at thestudents angrily, they all down.

A) shouts/are quietingB) shouted/quietedC) was shouting/were quietingD) has shouted/quietedE) is shouting/have quieted

19. So far this spring, there muchrain, but last spring it almostevery day.

A) isn't/was rainingB) wasn't/rainedC) isn't/has been rainingD) hasn't been/rainedE) wasn't/has rained

42

20. The great American novelist ThomasPynchon a picture of himselfsince the 1950s, so today very few ofhis fans or critics him by sight.

A) hasn't released/have knownB) isn't releasing/knowC) doesn't release/knewD) hasn't released/knowE) didn't release/knew

21. At about this time yesterday Imy driving test; today's so muchbetter, because now I at home infront of the TV.

A) took/relaxB) have taken/have been relaxingC) was taking/am relaxingD) have been taking/have relaxedE) take/relaxed

22. It's more than an hour that Ihere, and she still I wonder ifthere's a problem of some kind.

A) am waiting/isn't arrivingB) have waited/didn't arriveC) have been waiting/hasn't arrivedD) waited/wasn't arrivingE) wait/doesn't arrive

23. The train Chicago at six in themorning and in Wichita abouttwelve hours later.

A) leaves/arrivesB) left/has arrivedC) leaves/is arrivingD) is leaving/arrivesE) has left/arrived

24. On November 3, 1957, the Soviet UnionLaika, a female dog, into space

in an artificial satellite; she for• nearly a week, until the depletion of

her air supply.

A) has launched/was survivingB) launched/survivedC) launches/is survivingD) has been launching/has survivedE) was launching/has been surviving

25. While Laika the Earth in thespacecraft, Soviet scientists on theground ......... her breathing, heartbeatand blood pressure to determine thepossible effects of space travel onhumans.

A) has orbited/monitoredB) orbited/have monitoredC) was orbiting/were monitoringD) orbits/are monitoringE) has been orbiting/monitor

26. Since Laika's death, scientistsmany other animals into spacebecause studying the animals while inorbit them to carry out manyuseful experiments.

A) send/was allowingB) have sent/allowsC) are sending/is allowingD) have been sending/allowedE) sent/has been allowing

27. Although the teacher late toclass sometimes, none of the students

to report her tardiness to theschool's principal.

A) is arriving/plansB) has arrived/plannedC) arrived/has plannedD) has arrived/was planningE) arrives/is planning

28. As a teenager, my brother alwaysthe same tune when he a

shower.

A) was whistling/has takenB) whistles/takesC) whistled/has been takingD) have whistled/was takingE) whistled/was taking

43

ELS-YDS

29. I James Joyce's difficult novelFinnegans Wake for several months,but I only a few chapters so far.

A) have read/am finishingB) read/finishC) am reading/was finishingD) have been reading/have finishedE) read/finished

30. Even though he newspapersvery often, he the evening newson television almost every day for thepast ten years.

A) hasn't read/watchedB) doesn't read/has been watchingC) wasn't reading/was watchingD) didn't read/watchedE) isn't reading/watches

31. With the inflation level so high, mostpeople a difficult time makingends meet these days, and even therich about their financial status.

A) have/have worriedB) have had/worriedC) are having/are worryingD) had/were worryingE) were having/worry

32. Last weekend we a picnic onBüyükada. We enjoyed ourselves somuch there that next weekend, we

there again.

A) had/are goingB) were having/goC) had/goD) have had/are goingE) were having/have gone

33. While Brandon into the houselate last night, his parents verysoundly in bed.

A) sneaked/have been sleepingB) was sneaking/have sleptC) sneaked/have sleptD) has sneaked/sleptE) was sneaking/were sleeping

34. I this movie three or four times,but until now I the director'sname.

A) have seen/didn't knowB) saw/haven't knownC) see/don't knowD) have seen/don't knowE) saw/didn't know

35. Few people the name HeinrichSchliemann today, but in his time he

worldwide fame for discoveringthe ruins of the ancient city of Troy.

A) were remembering/gainedB) have remembered/was gainingC) remember/gainedD) remembered/gainedE) remember/has gained

36. Steve in Istanbul since the year2001, when he here from Hull,an industrial city in northeasternEngland.

A) has been living/was movingB) has lived/movedC) is living/movedD) lived/was movingE) has lived/moves

37. The French poet Arthur Rimbaudto write poetry in his early teens

and at the age of nineteen.

A) was beginning/stoppedB) began/stoppedC) began/was stoppingD) has begun/stopsE) was beginning/has stopped

38. Anne increasingly dissatisfiedwith her life, and I seriously believethat she to do something tochange it.

A) has been growing/neededB) grew/has neededC) is growing/neededD) has grown/has neededE) is growing/needs

44

ELS-YDS

39. You very silly, Henry. I fewpeople of your age behaving like that.

A) are being/have seenB) were/am seeingC) have been/was seeingD) were being/have been seeingE) have been being/see

40. Modern advertising and fashion toooften the ideal woman asextremely slim, but this image adangerous contribution to the growingnumber of anorexic and bulimic girls inrecent years.

A) present/madeB) presented/was makingC) are presenting/is makingD) present/has madeE) have presented/makes

41. The first case of BSE, or "Mad CowDisease", in Great Britain abouttwenty years ago, and since thenseveral more outbreaks in manydifferent countries.

A) occurred/were ensuingB) was occurring/ensuedC) has occurred/are ensuingD) occurred/have ensuedE) occurs/ensue

42. Just as the bus away from thecurb, another passenger inthrough the still open door.

A) is pulling/has been leapingB) pulled/has leaptC) was pulling/leaptD) pulls/was leapingE) has pulled/leaps

43. I for Mum outside the bank whileshe some money for theshopping.

A) waited/withdrewB) have waited/has withdrawnC) am waiting/withdrewD) was waiting/has withdrawnE) wait/has been withdrawing

44. You very ill. I don't think youafter your health properly.

A) are looking/lookedB) have looked/have lookedC) looked/have been lookingD) look/are lookingE) were looking/look

45. The 19th-century Victorian custom ofwearing an extremely tight girdle inorder to appear slimmer seriousinternal damage to thousands ofwomen. Thankfully, that customsince then.

A) has been causing/disappearsB) was causing/is disappearingC) has caused/was disappearingD) causes/disappearedE) caused/has disappeared

46. It's been almost eight years since hethe guitar in front of an audience,

so it's quite normal that he .... nervousabout his performance tomorrow.

A) has played/feltB) was playing/feelsC) is playing/was feelingD) played/is feelingE) has played/has felt

47. The car in front of us verysuddenly because an old woman

slowly across the road.

A) has stopped/walksB) stopped/was walkingC) is stopping/has walkedD) was stopping/was walkingE) stopped/walked

48. We to visit my wife's parentsnext Saturday, and after that, weto a puppet play.

A) are planning/are goingB) planned/wentC) were planning/are goingD) plan/goE) are planning/go

45

49. For the past few days, I todecide whether or not to drop out ofuniversity, but I still what to do.

A) was trying/didn't knowB) have tried/didn't knowC) have been trying/don't knowD) tried/haven't knownE) try/haven't known

50. A clumsy and flightless bird that at onetime a group of islands in theIndian Ocean, the dodo extinctin 1681 as a result of excessivehunting by Portuguese sailors.

A) inhabits/is becomingB) has been inhabiting/becameC) has inhabited/becomesD) was inhabiting/has becomeE) inhabited/became

51. My sister in a small apartment atthe moment, but she to find ahouse with a garden sometime soon.

A) is living/hopesB) lives/has hopedC) has lived/hopedD) lives/was hopingE) has been living/hoped

52. Although many people .........international terrorism to be a recentphenomenon, in fact, it fornearly a thousand years.

A) believed/is existingB) are believing/existsC) believe/has existedD) have believed/is existingE) believed/was existing

53. In the 11th century, the Isma'ili Shi'iteHasan-i Sabbah and his group ofhashshashin the entire MiddleEast, and the modern English word"assassin" from them.

A) terrorized/comesB) were terrorizing/is comingC) have terrorized/comesD) terrorized/has been comingE) have terrorized/came

54. Ben and Claire to pay us a visitas soon as they in their newapartment.

A) promise/settledB) have promised/have settledC) promised/are settlingD) have been promising/were settlingE) were promising/settle

55. I Christmas thank-you cards allday long, and I only twenty outof sixty!

A) am writing/finishedB) have been writing/have finishedC) was writing/was finishingD) wrote/am finishingE) have written/finish

56.1 about the arrangementsalready, so you to tell me aboutthem, but thank you for telling meanyway.

A) knew/didn't needB) have known/don't needC) know/didn't needD) know/don't needE) have known/didn't need

57. Yesterday afternoon from three to five Ia film on VCD, and my wifeon the sofa.

A) watched/sleepsB) watch/is sleepingC) am watching/sleptD) was watching/was sleepingE) have watched/has slept

58. Because of the icy road, we verynarrowly an accident as we

around the curve.

A) are avoiding/driveB) were avoiding/have drivenC) have avoided/droveD) have been avoiding/are drivingE) avoided/were driving

46

ELS-YDS

59. None of my close friendsmarried until now, but my best friendRey his high school sweetheartLorena next week.

A) got/marriesB) gets/has marriedC) has got/is marryingD) was getting/marriesE) gets/is marrying

60. For centuries Istanbul as theofficial capital of the Ottoman Empire,but since the founding of the TurkishRepublic in 1923, it a culturaland industrial capital only.

A) was serving/isB) has served/wasC) served/has beenD) was serving/isE) served/is being

61-65 sorularda, verilen cümleyeanlamca en yakın olan cümleyi

61. An urgent call on my mobile made meleave the stadium before the matchfinished.

A) Just as the match was about to finish,I received an urgent call on my mobile.

B) I received an urgent call on my mobilewhile I was coming out of the stadium.

C) I didn't want to leave the stadiumbefore the match finished, despite theurgent call on my mobile.

D) I was at the stadium watching a matchwhen I received an urgent call on mymobile.

E) Due to an urgent call, I had to leavethe stadium when the match was stillgoing on.

62. My son hardly studied for his exams,so we were already expecting thesepoor results.

A) We were not expecting our son to doso badly in his exams because hestudied for them quite a lot.

B) Because my son studied very little forhis exams, it wasn't surprising for usthat he got bad results.

C) We knew that our son studied verylittle for his exams, but we were stilldisappointed with his results.

D) My son found his exams quite hard,so, not surprisingly, he got very poorresults.

E) My son's exams were so hard that, aswe were expecting, he did very badlyin them.

63. As far as I know, they're still workingon a solution to their financialproblems.

A) As far as I'm concerned, they areabout to find a solution to theirmonetary problems.

B) I know that they have no idea abouthow they can get over their financialproblems.

C) From what I know, they haven't yetfound a way to solve their monetarydifficulties.

D) It seems to me that they are still farfrom finding a solution to their financialdifficulties.

E) I know that they are all working hard toget over the financial difficulty they arein.

64. This is my sister's first year in theprofession of public relations.

A) This year, my sister has developed aninterest in the field of public relations.

B) This year, my sister is training tobecome a professional in publicrelations.

C) Since last year, my sister has beentraining to work in public relations.

D) My sister has started to work in thearea of public relations just this year.

E) My sister is planning to stay in theprofession of public relations just oneyear.

47

65. The fire fighters didn't arrive at theblazing house in time to save it fromburning down.

A) The fire consumed the housecompletely, because the fire fighterswere not quick enough in arrivingthere.

B) When the fire fighters arrived at theblazing house, the fire was burningfiercely.

C) It took the fire fighters quite a longtime to get to the blazing house.

D) The fire fighters didn't think that it wassuch a big fire, so they were slowarriving there.

E) When the fire fighters arrived, theflames were so big that it took them along time to put the fire out.

66-70, sorularda, verilen Türkçecümleye anlamca,en yakın ingilizcecümleyi bulunuz.

66. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğruİngiltere'de, birçok sanatçı ve yazar,Victoria döneminin katı ahlakkurallarını ciddi biçimde sorgulamayabaşladı.

A) Many artists and writers were startingto seriously challenge late 19th-century Victorian England's severemoral code.

B) A lot of English artists and writers, atthe end of the 19th century, beganseriously contesting the stern ethics ofthe Victorians.

C) In England, near the end of the 19thcentury, many artists and writers werebeginning to have doubts about theusefulness of the strict Victorian moralcode.

D) The stern morality of 19th-centuryVictorian England came under seriousquestioning by many of the artists andwriters of the time.

E) Towards the end of the 19th century inEngland, many artists and writersbegan to seriously question the strictVictorian moral code.

67. Hayatta kalma mücadelesinde herböcek türü, karmaşık davranışsistemleri ve alışkanlıklar geliştirmiştir.

A) In the fight for survival, every speciesof insect needs to develop complexbehaviour mechanisms and habits.

B) Complex behaviour patterns andhabits, which help them in theirstruggle for survival, have developedin all species of insect.

C) Each species of insect, in its strugglefor survival, has developed complexbehaviour mechanisms and habits.

D) Many types of insect won their strugglefor survival due to their complexbehaviour mechanisms and habits.

E) Many varieties of insect developedcomplex behaviour mechanisms andhabits during their struggle for survival.

68. Batı rüzgarları, her mevsimde ABD'ninbüyük bir bölümünün iklimini ve havakoşullarını etkiler.

A) Every season has westerly windswhich affect the climate and weatherpatterns of much of the USA.

B) The USA's climate and weather isunder the influence of westerly windsin all seasons.

C) In all seasons, most of the climate andweather of the USA is under theinfluence of westerly winds.

D) In every season, westerly winds affectthe climate and weather patterns ofmuch of the USA.

E) The westerly winds of every seasonhave a great effect on the climate andweather of many parts of the USA.

69. Henüz sadece on üç yaşındaykenşiirlerinden biri zamanın tanınmışedebiyat dergilerinden birinde çıktı.

A) When she was only thirteen, one ofher poems appeared in a well-knownliterary magazine of the time.

B) She became well-known at the age ofthirteen when a literary magazineprinted one of her poems.

C) It was when she was only thirteen thata well-known magazine of the time firstprinted one of her poems.

D) A celebrated literary magazine of thetime published an early poem of herswhen she was thirteen years old.

E) At the age of thirteen, she managed toget one of her poems published in aliterary magazine.

48

JEİS-YDt,

70. Taşındığı kasabada kendisiyle ilgilihiçbir şey açıklamadığı için, ölene dekyaşlı adam kasaba halkı için tam birmuamma olarak kaldı.

A) The old man revealed absolutelynothing about himself to the people ofthe town after moving there, so heremained a total mystery to them.

B) Since he did not reveal anything abouthimself in the town where he moved,the old man remained a completemystery to the townspeople until hisdeath.

C) The townspeople considered the oldman an absolute mystery because aslong as he lived there, he did not givethem any information about himself.

D) The old man died a mystery, becausehe did not reveal anything abouthimself to the townspeople after hemoved there.

E) As he did not reveal anything abouthimself in the town where he moved,the townspeople considered the oldman a complete mystery until hisdeath.

71-75 sorularda» verilen İngilizcecümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçecümleyi bulunuz.v

71. The Red Sea, which has a maximumwidth of 306 kilometres, narrows to 32kilometres at its southern end.

/

A) Güney ucunda 32 kilometreye kadardaralan Kızıldeniz'in, maksimumgenişliği 306 kilometredir.

B) Maksimum genişliği 306 kilometre olanKızıldeniz, güney ucunda 32kilometreye kadar daralır.

C) Kızıldeniz'in kimi yerlerde 306kilometreye varan genişliği, güneyucunda 32 kilometreye kadar düşer.

D) En geniş olduğu noktada 306kilometreye varan Kızıldeniz'in güneyucunda genişlik 32 kilometredir.

E) 306 kilometre maksimum genişliğesahip olan Kızıldeniz, güneye inildikçe32 kilometreye kadar daralır.

72. In prehistoric times, various wanderingtribes settled in the Caucasus and thusmaintained their independence for along time.

A) Tarih öncesi dönemlerde çeşitli göçebekabilelerin bağımsızlıklarını uzun sürekoruyabilmeleri, Kafkaslar'ayerleştikleri için mümkün olmuştur.

B) Tarih öncesi dönemlerde çeşitli göçebekabileler Kafkaslar'a yerleşerekbağımsızlıklarını korumaya çalıştılar.

C) Tarih öncesi dönemlerde Kafkaslar'ayerleşen birçok göçebe kabile, busayede uzun süre bağımsız kalabildi.

D) Çeşitli göçebe kabileler, tarih öncesidönemlerde Kafkaslar'a yerleşmişler,böylece uzun süre bağımsızlıklarınıkorumuşlardır

E) Göçebe kabilelerin birçoğu tarih öncesidönemlerde Kafkaslar'a yerleştikleriiçin bağımsızlıklarını uzun sürekoruyabilmişlerdir.

73. In his novels, Giovanni Verga depictedthe misery of life in his native Sicily somovingly and powerfully that realismbecame the dominant mode amongmodern Italian writers.

A) Giovanni Verga romanlarında,memleketi Sicilya'daki yoksul yaşamıson derece etkileyici ve güçlü birbiçimde anlatınca çağdaş İtalyanyazarları üslup olarak realizmiseçmiştir.

B) Giovanni Verga, memleketi Sicilya'dakiyaşamın acılarını romanlarına o kadaretkili biçimde yansıtmıştır ki, realizm,çağdaş italyan yazarlarının başlıcaüslubu olmuştur.

C) Romanlarında, memleketi Sicilya'dakiyaşamın acılarını son derece etkileyicive güçlü bir biçimde anlatan GiovanniVerga, çağdaş italyan yazarlarıarasında realizmin hakim üslupolmasında etkili oldu.

D) Çağdaş İtalyan yazarları arasındarealizmin yaygın üslup olmasında,Giovanni Verga'nın, memleketiSicilya'da yaşamın acılarını oldukçaetkileyici ve güçlü biçimde romanlarınayansıtması etkili olmuştur.

E) Giovanni Verga romanlarında,memleketi Sicilya'da yaşamın acılarınıo kadar etkileyici ve güçlü bir biçimdeanlattı ki, realizm, çağdaş İtalyanyazarları arasında hakim olan üslupoldu.

49

EtS-YDS!74. There is no longer any doubt that our

planet is gradually warming due tounnatural changes in the compositionof its atmosphere.

A) Gezegenimizin giderek ısınmasında,atmosferinin bileşimindeki doğalolmayan değişikliklerin etkili olduğu hiçkuşkusuz doğrudur.

B) Atmosferin bileşimindeki doğalolmayan değişikliklerin nedeni artık hiçkuşku yoktur ki, gezegenimizin giderekısınmasıdır.

C) Atmosferinin bileşimindeki doğalolmayan değişikliklerden dolayıgezegenimizin giderek ısındığıkonusunda artık hiç kuşku yoktur.

D) Atmosferinin bileşimindeki doğalolmayan değişimlerin etkisiylegezegenimizin ısındığı konusundakikuşkular giderek yok olmuştur.

E) Gezegenimiz, atmosferininbileşimindeki değişiklikler nedeniyle,hiç kuşkusuz giderek daha fazlaısınmaktadır.

75. Nearly 800 people died worldwide inthe first SARS outbreak, whichemerged in China in late 2002.

A) 2002'nin sonlarında Çin'de ortayaçıkan birinci SARS salgını, dünyadayaklaşık 800 kişinin ölümüne nedenoldu.

B) Yaklaşık 800 kişinin ölümüne nedenolan birinci SARS salgını, 2002'ninsonlarında Çin'de ortaya çıkmış,oradan tüm dünyaya yayılmıştır.

C) 2002'nin sonlarında Çin'de ortayaçıkan birinci SARS salgınında, tümdünyada yaklaşık 800 kişi öldü.

D) Çin'de ortaya çıkan birinci SARSsalgını sonucu 2002 sonlarındadünyada yaklaşık 800 kişi öldü.

E) 2002'nin sonlarında Çin'de ortaya çıkıptüm dünyaya yayılan birinci SARSsalgını yaklaşık 800 kişinin ölümüylesonuçlandı.

ITS HIS TURN

On a visit to New York City, I peered out our hotel window and watcheda horse-drawn carriage plod through the frantic motorized traffic. Flankedon both sides by taxis, the horse halted at a red light. Constructionbarricades on the opposite corner blocked the right lane. A cab, whose waywas obstructed, edged toward the horse's lane. As the carriage driver satapparently unaware, the horse, acknowledging the challenge to his right ofway, matched the taxi with a pace forward. Again, the cab angled for a headstart at the light, and again the horse stepped up exactly even with thetaxi's front bumper. Then, without regard to the horse's safety, the cab shotforward enough to block the contested lane.

I was about to turn away from the window when I noticed that thehorse wasn't giving up the fight. The animal lowered its massive head andthrust it into the taxi's open window.

I'll always wonder what the horse said to the taxi driver, but I knowfor sure that when the light changed, the horse and carriage stepped outsmartly, leaving the motionless cab in its wake.

(From Reader's Digest)

50

TEST YOUR PREPOSITIONS J1.

v,İ

2.

3.

6.

It is important to concentratethe questions during the exam if youwant to score high marks and get

a good university.

A) with/onC) around/to

B) at/atD) on/into

E) for/round

Physicians often prescribe supervisedweight training a means ofregaining strength and coordination

an illness or injury.

A) as/afterC) around/to

B) with/uponD) for/of

E) by/since

The businessman was very impressedthe young artist's work and

commissioned a painting hisoffice.

A) at/to B) with/forC) for/around D) upon/at

E) over/in

4. I'm very interested drawing, butunfortunately, I'm no good it.

A) to/forC) with/over

E) in/at

B) at/withD) about/on

5. Factories which produce a lot of toxicfumes are contributing thedestruction the environment.

A) for/aroundC) to/of

E) from/in

B) by/againstD) into/upon

I know where the post office is. Canyou give me the directions to yourhouse the post office?

A) by at) means B) in short ofC) for instance D) in relation to

E) according to

7. David sat across Ashley ratherthan next to her so that he could gaze

her eyes.

A) to/aroundC) from/into

B) with/atD) by/to

8.

E) for/from

You shouldn't worry things thatare beyond your control; it is a waste

time.

A) with/againstC) in/from

B) on/overD) from/within

9.

E) about/of

Don't forget to thank your grandmotherthe gift; she brought it all the

way Germany for you.

A) about/inC) from/into

B) for/fromD) to/around

E) with/over

10. The philosopher wrote twenty booksdealing such topicspolitics, human nature, ethics andlove.

A) with/asC) over/about

B) to/aroundD) for/like

E) upon/with

11. The teacher asked us to thetest questions our answers sothat the next class wouldn't see them.

A) turn over/toB) take up/outsideC) hand in/withD) hand over/fromE) put through/on

12. You shouldn't be angry herbeing promoted you; perhapsyou will get the next promotion.

A) during/with B) from/besideC) through/within D) by/for

E) about/before

51

ELS-YDS13.1 have been working so hard lately that

I am really a relaxing holiday bythe sea.

A) looking forward toB) looking down onC) getting on withD) making up forE) putting up with

14. Mrs. Robinson, my high schoolanatomy teacher, had a great influence

my decision to study medicine;it is thanks her that I am adoctor today.

A) about/forC) over/with

E) with/in

B) on/toD) to/from

15 taking the class through theprocess step step, Mr. Joneswas able to effectively demonstrate theprocedure for dissecting the frog.

A) Beyond/overC) Upon/from

E) By/by

B) For/withD) In/in

16. When you hang the paintingsthe wall, please make sure that theyare aligned the other framesalready there.

A) from/aroundC) out/for

E) on/with

B) to/behindD) against/towards

17. If you drink and drive, you puteveryone's safety risk, so youshould have someone to drive for you

such occasions.

A) for/inC) through/for

B) at/onD) to/under

E) with/upon

18. Yogurt is supposed to be effectivereducing the pain caused ...

burns.

A) in/byC) around/for

B) about/fromD) for/in

E) upon/with

19. There is a great need adequatemedical facilities in Third Worldcountries, and this need is hard tomeet assistance from developedcountries.

A) of/over B) with/withinC) from/through D) in/for

E) for/without

20. There are many superstitious signsthat one can use to the evil eye,if you believe such things.

A) come up/aboutB) let out/withC) ward off/inD) make up/to,E) look out/over

21. Many charitable organizationsprovided emergency suppliesthe victims the earthquake.

A) to/outsideC) with/within

B) for/ofD) by/inside

E) about/around

22. Many people do not realize that thepopular movie "Ten Things I Hate

You" was adaptedShakespeare's play The Taming of theShrew.

A) Over/for B) For/throughC) Beside/during D) About/from

E) Towards/on

23. The staff wanted the retirement partyfor Mr. Wilson to be a surprise, so theytold everyone the details word

mouth rather than using writteninvitations.

A) through/withC) with/on

E) by/of

B) about/forD) as/in

52

ELS-YDS

I

24. I happened to find that picture youwere looking when I wascleaning the garage yesterday.

A) for/outC) to/up

E) after/off

B) upon/inD) over/above

25. I will be a business trip toChina for two weeks; please e-mail meif you need to get in touch with me

that time.

A) on/duringC) through/for

E) over/at

B) around/inD) among/as

26. There is a rumour circulationthat the director had a big argument

the manager at the lastmeeting.

A) on/aboutC) in/with

B) around/toD) within/towards

E) towards/for

27. Traditionally Indian agriculture wasmainly for subsistence, but from the19th century , there has been agreat increase commercialfarming.

A) since/with B) onwards/inC) beyond/for D) by/as

E) down/from

28. In reference your lettercomplaint, we apologize for anyinconvenience that you may havesuffered.

A) against/byC) towards/about

B) to/ofD) with/for

E) for/with

29. Whether you'll go to the concert or notwill depend your behaviour

the next week; you will not beallowed to go if you misbehave.

A) upon/duringC) over/for

E) to/in

B) with/aroundD) through/over

30. The old man drove the burglars ...his home firing his gun atthem.

A) towards/uponC) in/about

E) from/by

B) into/withD) out of/in

31. Even though the actor suffers aparalyzing disability, he has nothis career; he continues to work andhe even won an award recently.

A) about/taken onB) from/given upC) in/got offD) with/picked outE) upon/settled down

32. Even though we discussed theproblem during the departmentmeeting, no one was able to come up

a solution.

A) at times/underB) on average/overC) by all means/forD) for short/toE) at length/with

33. Her famous chocolate chip cookiesconsist mainly flour, eggs,sugar, vanilla, butter and chocolatechips, but she won't revealanyone what it is that makes them sospecial.

A) from/throughC) about/at

E) in/for

B) with/intoD) of/to

34. Your promotion definitely callsa celebration; let's go to a nicerestaurant tonight and have a bottle ofchampagne.

A) with/inC) to/round

E) about/by

B) for/outD) up/down

53

35. Randy fell disfavour histeacher after she caught him cheatingduring the exam.

A) into/withC) upon/for

B) out/aroundD) off/from

E) down/to

36. She cares him so much thatshe is willing to make many sacrificesin order to be him.

A) towards/forB) in/afterC) about/withD) from/aroundE) for/away

37. Since Istanbul is so differentthe place where I grew for awhile, I had difficulty adapting to thelife here.

A) on/outC) to/off

B) from/upD) for/around

E) with/into

38. It will cost you five thousanddollars to get the procedure done; Idon't think it is worth that muchmoney, but it is to you to makethe decision.

A) for a change/onB) by all means/aboutC) on average/withD) at times/forE) at least/up

39 being a little messy, she will bea good flatmate for you.

A) Far awayC) Beside

B) At lengthD) Apart from

E) For short

40. The journalists asked the chairman ifhe wanted to comment thescandal, but he declined and walked

A) with/through B) to/offC) on/away D) in/on

E) down/over

41. The person to fill this position shouldpossess certain characteristics; he orshe, , must be able to work wellunder pressure.

A) for instance B) at randomC) at once D) on occasion

E) on average

42. Someone working a financialorganization, such as a bank, mayeasily gain access thecompany's computers and transferfunds to his own or a friend's account.

A) beside/outC) over/by

B) within/toD) at/for

E) among/with

43. Although they are twins, the differenceKatie and Jasmine is great;

Katie is intelligent and sophisticatedwhile Jasmine is simple-minded anduncultured.

A) amongC) within

B) aroundD) towards

E) between

44. Be careful when you speakhim; if you put too much pressure

him, he will make the wrongdecision.

A) to/onC) about/with

B) on/toD) as/into

E) for/from

54

45. The painting was valued afamily treasure even though it wasn'tworth much the art market.

A) by/withB) on/throughC) as/onD) about/aroundE) for/besides

46. Because they feed agriculturalcrops such as fruits, corn, and othergrains, crows are a nuisancefarmers.

A) over/withC) down/for

B) on/toD) out/among

E) from/beside

47. The hunter accidentally shot his dogwhen he was shooting theducks; a stray bullet his riflekilled the poor thing instantly.

A) out/inC) off/on

E) down/for

B) in/outD) at/from

48. In many instances homeburglary, the thieves enter the house

an unlocked window or door.

A) about/withC) of/through

E) at/upon

B) as/insideD) on/from

49. When a teenager chooses a lifecrime and drug use, poor parenting isoften the root of theirproblems.

A) within/beneath B) of/atC) into/among D) down/from

E) between/for

50. The crime rate in this city hasincreased ten percent last year

thirty percent this year due tothe influx of the gang element.

A) from/to B) by/uponC) within/beyond D) over/under

E) with/about

A BIRTHDAY SURPRISE

My brother, Brian, works for our local telephone company. One day hewent to a house to install a second line. It was to be a birthday surprise forthe customer's college-age daughter - her own bedroom phone.

Just as Brian was finishing, the father rushed into the bedroom. "She'shome!" he exclaimed. "Hide in the closet."

The daughter, meanwhile, had been told to look in her room for herbirthday present. Without noticing the new phone on the night table, shewent to the closet and opened the door. At the sight of my handsome youngbrother smiling at her, she let out a squeal of delight.

Her father quickly pointed out the phone.

(from Reader's Digest")

55

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY J1.

2.

3

4.

5.

Although I have paid most of my debtin the last two months, I still$150 to my colleague Steven

A) give B) borrowC) lend D) spend

E) owe

Before each new game of cards, youmust the pack to mix them up.

A) melt B) breakC) shuffle D) stir

E) count

Today people find it that thepyramids could have been builtwithout modern technology.

A) impressed B) incredibleC) ridiculous D) wasteful

E) horrible

Without asking my permission,Stephanie the calculator frommy table hastily and went back to herdesk.

A) ruled B) requestedC) obtained D) grabbed

E) threw

My daughter is interested in medicineand loves animals. I think being a vetwould her very well

A) adapt B) suitC) adore D) connect

E) plead

6. Although the president won theelection, the voting was so full of

that the opposition didn'taccept the result.

A) irregularities B) briberyC) concentration D) probabilities

E) policies

7. The world's longest epic is the Hindu"Mahabharata", which of nearly100,000 couplets.

A) consists B) writesC) composes D) reads

E) stems

8. After the war in Vietnam, manyVietnamese refugees the newgovernment fled to Hong Kong in smallboats.

A) devoting B) famishingC) supporting D) escaping

E) oppressing

9. When a problem occurs in a marriage,it is important for the couple toit between them in a calm and lovingmanner.

A) argue B) acceptC) discuss D) obscure

E) converse

10. George Chris for having a moreimportant position in the firm than him.

A) disputes B) chargesC) criticizes D) amazes

E) envies

56

EIS-YDS11. The number of dead caused by the

train crash was so that thegovernment announced a two-daymourning period.

A) stimulatingC) fatal

B) appallingD) violent

E) sentimental

12. Jill fell off her bicycle as she wasriding downhill and her leg.

A) scaldedC) screamed

B) fracturedD) surpassed

E) hospitalized

13. The two regional companies decidedto in order to stand a betterchance against the fierce competitionfrom the new multinational.

A) mergeC) manufacture

E) rival

B) accelerateD) join

14. She had so many made to thehouse that when the work wasfinished, the house looked completelydifferent from what she had bought.

A) additives B) expensesC) qualifications D) alterations

E) encounters

15. Due to the weather conditions,the airplane was grounded for a wholeday, so I missed the opening sessionof the conference in New York.

A) predictableC) favourable

B) crampedD) influential

E) adverse

16. The firework display for the celebrationof the Republic Day was the most

I've seen in my life. I couldn'ttake my eyes off it!

A) appallingC) crowded

B) ordinaryD) spectacular

E) frustrating

17. Richard is such a sociable person thathe does not have any problemsin whichever country he lives and sofeels at home wherever he goes.

A) currencyC) presence

B) adjustmentD) wealth

E) vacation

18. I think, if governments were reallyserious about stopping smoking, theywould all cigarette advertising.

A) banC) inform

E) decline

B) promoteD) interfere

19. Mary was at the young age offour, when her parents died in a carcrash, and she was taken into achildren's home.

A) discardedC) adopted

B) adjustedD) raised

E) orphaned

20. As soon as the kennel door opened,the dog out into the street sofast that we couldn't catch him.

A) meanderedC) crashed

E) bolted

B) crawledD) strolled

57

21. I all prejudiced people. It makesme so angry that these people stilldiscriminate against others because oftheir race or gender.

A) adoreC) loathe

B) ignoreD) neglect

E) provoke

22. I didn't see whether the guy was in thebar or not, since I only managed to

around the room before I wasthrown out.

A) glanceC) investigate

E) notice

B) observeD) hasten

23. Economists have that inflationwill only rise by four percent this year.

A) experimented B) resolvedC) overtaken D) forecasted

E) undermined

24. There was a/an from the localresidents when the government startedto build a prison in theirneighbourhood, but it was not enoughto stop the government.

A) supportC) revolution

B) nerveD) walkout

E) outcry

25. Sophie always feeds the dogsthat live amongst the trash on herstreet, but she is afraid to touch themas they look a little wild.

A) tameC)pet

B) strayD)caged

E) savage

26. It is very when you only haveone item but you still have to wait atthe back of a long queue in thesupermarket.

A) nervousC) furious

E) critical

B) emotionalD) frustrating

27. We walked up along the stream tryingto reach its but after walkingfor more than an hour, we gave up andcame back to the picnic area.

A) valleyC) source

E) entrance

B) peakD) plain

28. The restaurant at the top of theStratosphere in Las Vegas is very highclass. It as you eat your meal,and so you can see a panoramic viewof the city.

A) descendsC) vibrates

B) leansD) whirls

E) revolves

29. If we want to protect the environment,we must raise the of thegeneral public as to how much damagewe are doing to it at present.

A) awarenessC) literacy

B) intelligenceD) indifference

E) ignorance

30. I wish I hadn't the job of findingMurat a bride. He immediately rejectseach of the girls I suggest to him.

A) employedC) undertaken

B) assistedD) applied

E) declined

58

31. The secretary came in and themeeting to give the manager someimportant news.

A) announced B) dissolvedC) postponed D) commenced

E) interrupted

32. The first pioneers in America used todown trees and make log

cabins from them.

A) sliceC) force

E) split

B)chopD) break

33. The Titanic sank soon after itwith an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean.

A) collidedC)ascended

B) bruisedD) captured

E) crushed

34. The idea of making ships from ironsurprised people at first, as normallymetal doesn't

A) driftC) leak

E) float

B) sinkD) slip

35. After my kitten had been playing withthe wool I it back up into a ballagain so I could use it myself later on.

A) knottedC) wound

E) laced

B) wrappedD) knitted

36. Today, thanks to advances in plasticsurgery, people with physical defectsare able to have them corrected andthus their appearance.

A) attractC)enhance

E)deepen

B) obstructD) hinder

37. The protesters eggs at thePrime Minister for taking their countryto war.

A) offeredC) rolled

E) struck

B) flungD)sacked

38 the crossed-out parts of thereport and retype only the parts thatare marked with pencil.

A) EvaluateC) Suspend

E) Regret

B) AbsorbD) Disregard

39. I didn't when my flatmate hadhis friends over to visit, but they mademe angry when they started to spillthings on the carpet.

A) mindC) annoy

E) tolerate

B) revealD) accept

40. The law already allowed free speechbut a/an was made by theparliament to forbid incitement toviolence.

A) enlargement B) discoveryC) interpretation D) innovation

E) amendment

41. He denied the charges of theft againsthim so that we all believed him.

A) vigorouslyC) wantonly

B) deceitfullyD) vaguely

E) obscurely

42. The meeting proved to be very useful,since it gave us the toexchange ideas.

A) occurrenceC) opportunity

E) ability

B) probabilityD) knowledge

59

EİS-YDS

43. Although she loves acting, she alwaysgets very before appearing onstage in front of a large audience.

A) confidentC) unfortunate

B) sympatheticD) nervous

E)annoyed

44. It is important to take advantage of theeffects of sunshine, but do not

stay in the sun for too long.

A) hazardousC) beneficial

B) excessiveD) insistent

E) persevering

45. Although they found the remains of aViking longship in the Danish harbour,most of the wood had andthere wasn't much to look at.

A) declinedC) crumbled

B) eruptedD) demolished

E) decayed

46. The rhino escaped from in thezoo and ran around the city creatinghavoc.

A) attitudeB) treatment

C) hollowD) slavery

E) captivity

47. The of our car makes me reallyangry. Every morning I have no idea ifit will start or not.

A) unreliability B) machineryC) keyhole D) worth

E) usefulness

48. I really your changing shiftswith me last Saturday. If you hadn't, Iwouldn't have been able to attend mybrother's wedding.

A) commentedC) appreciated

B) favouredD) praised

E) expected

49. The of my silk shirt's sleevecame open as I was trying to reach fora book on the top shelf. I was verysorry afterwards as I liked it so much.

A) buttonC) collar

E) seam

B)zipD) arm

50. Even by using all the flattery I know, Iwas unable to my father to buyme a motorbike.

A) persuadeC) insist

B) compelD) receive

E) dispute

I do NOT WANT ThE pEACE which p ASSES

UNdERSTANdlNq. I WANT ThE UNdERSTANdJNq which

bRİNq$ pEACE.

HELEN

60

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

When I was a university student, little older than you are, I hitchhikedfrom London to Istanbul. That was a long time ago, but it gave me a tastefor travelling, and since then I've lived in a lot of countries and visited many

more. I'd like to take you to some of my favourite places where we can meetsome people your age, and maybe find out what's happening in the rest of the

world.These days in England it's becoming popular for students to take what

they call a "gap year" between school and university. After studying hard for

their exams, they sometimes don't feel like going straight into anothersituation where they will be studying. Sometimes they do volunteer work inanother country, or sometimes they just work and save their money so they

can travel on their own.While such a thing is not so common in Turkey, let's use our

imagination and follow four friends -Zeynep, Dilek, Fatih and Alper- as

they travel around parts of Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbeanand maybe even a bit of Europe.

Of course, they'll need money for the trip since none of them have richparents, and they've all been working hard and saving. Zeynep, who likes artand fashion, got a temporary job in a boutique. Dilek "killed two birds with

one stone" and got to practice her English by working for a tour company

that meets foreign tourists at the airport. Fatih worked for an uncle's smallcomputer company, and Alper at the family jeans business near Beyazıt. Butno one their age wants to work for too long, so as soon as they had themoney for the fare, and a bit to spend, they took my advice and headed for

Kathmandu, one of the most exotic-sounding cities in the world. And, by theway, they've agreed to speak only English with each other as long as otherpeople are around.

Scott BerryThe Author

61

BEDSIDE STORIES J

THE KATHMANDU VALLEY ANd THE GREAT STUPA

Flying into Kathmandu, the capital of the kingdom of Nepal, can be a spectacularexperience, and even a little frightening. Look out your window and you can see thehighest mountains in the world. You may even get a quick look at Mt. Everest to theeast. But there are mountains under you as well, as you fly out of the plains of northIndia. Depending on the season, you might be flying into dense monsoon clouds, orout of the huge dust cloud that usually covers the north of India; but to get toKathmandu, you must fly over the hills that surround the Kathmandu valley. Some ofthem are as high as 3000 metres, and as you fly over them, they seem almost closeenough to touch.

But as soon as you have crossed them, the magical valley is below you. Thehillsides are covered either with forest or with terraced* rice fields, and you can seelittle villages where the houses are all made of the traditional brick. Then a quickdescent - the valley is 1200 metres above sea level - and you are there. If you arelucky, you will catch a glimpse of the great stupa of Boudhanath, one of the holiestBuddhist spots in the world, out your window.

Once our friends Zeynep, Dilek, Fatih and Alper leave the airport, reality hits them.Kathmandu is a romantic-sounding name, it looks romantic from the air, and of coursethe travel brochures play it up* as some sort of paradise: the streets are crowded withHindu holy men with matted hair who are wearing yellow or orange robes, Buddhistmonks with shaved heads wearing dark red robes, and everyone seems to be smiling.But the streets are also full of very old cars, trucks and buses belching* out thick andevil-smelling diesel fumes*. And to think that people complain about Istanbul's air. Thehorns, which are always honking, are so loud that they make you jump sometimes.There seem to be armed soldiers in combat gear* at every crossroads. It is a relief forthem to get to the old part of the capital and a nice quiet, cheap hotel. They want themoney that they have worked so hard for to last, so (with my help) they have chosen ahotel that will only set them back* about $2 a night. Even at that price, it is clean andcomfortable. But this is no time for sitting in a hotel. They want to get out and explore.

Now, while Kathmandu is probably one of the most spectacular cities in the worldfor sight-seeing, there will be plenty of time for that. What they really want to know iswhat the local kids* are up to. After all, it is a lot more interesting talking to people yourown age than listening to a tour guide. So let's talk to a few and see what their livesare like.

62

The first girl they are going to meet, whose name is Pasang, is a little older (sheis the daughter of an old friend of mine) and has just come back from studyingmedicine in Odessa, across the Black Sea from Turkey. This is a tradition that startedback in the days of the Cold War when the United States and the Soviet Unioncompeted for friends in developing countries, and many of Nepal's doctors have beentrained there.

When Pasang went to Odessa, the first thing she had to do was learn Russianwell enough to understand her lectures. "It wasn't that difficult," she said, shrugging offdifficulties that would be too much for most of us, "but it took about a year." She istalking in English, which she speaks almost perfectly, since she went to Englishmedium schools. She talks to her father in Tibetan, for though he is Nepali, he is fromthe north of the country where Tibetan is the main language. Her mother is fromBhutan, a small mountain kingdom to the east of Tibet, and with her she speaks alanguage called Drukpa. When she is doing her hospital training in Kathmandu shespeaks in Nepali. "With all these languages, it's a wonder you can keep anythingstraight," says Dilek, who has started writing the names of these unfamiliar languagesin the little notebook she carries with her.

Pasang decides to show them one of her favourite spots in the Kathmandu Valley,the great stupa at Boudhanath, about half an hour away through some of the noisiestand smelliest traffic imaginable. On the way she points out the Royal Palace, an uglymodern building behind high security fences. "Isn't that where the royal family was allkilled about three years ago?" asks Fatih.

"That's right," answers Pasang."Who shot them?" asks Alper."Don't you know anything?" asks Fatih, showing off. "It was the Crown Prince. He

just shot the whole family at dinner one night, then shot himself. He survived for fourdays, and was actually made king while he was in a coma. One of his uncles wasaway at the time, and he's the king now."

"You'd better be careful who you say all that to," warns Pasang. "Not everyonebelieves the official story, and most people still have pictures of the old king and hisfamily rather than the new one."

"What a strange country we've come to," says Dilek, looking out the window at aholy cow wandering through the street, and a small temple with demons* painted onthe side.

But when they arrive at the great stupa, their thoughts turn in a more peacefuldirection. A stupa is in the shape of a mound with a spire on the top, and symbolizesthe Buddhist view of the universe. This one is huge, and it takes about ten minutes towalk around it. From the top, the eyes of the Buddhas of the Four Ages look down onthem. There are no cars on the circular road around the stupa, and the only smell isthat of incense. "Be sure to walk around clockwise," Pasang instructs. "This is thesame way the stars and the planets seem to move around the earth, so we will be intune with the universe." They find that they are part of a large crowd walking along,most people chanting and spinning small cylinders, all in a clockwise direction. Thosewithout their own wheels spin the ones set into the wall at the base of the stupa.

"What are the wheels for?" Dilek asks Pasang."There are prayers inside written on pieces of paper. People believe that spinning

them sends their prayers off to heaven."Most of the women are wearing long, wrap-around sleeveless dresses with a long-

sleeved silk blouse underneath, like the one Pasang has got on. Some have stripedaprons.

63

ELS-YDS

"Is that a Nepali dress you are wearing?" Zeynep asks her."No, it's Tibetan, but women from the north of Nepal wear them as well.""Why don't you have an apron?""That's for married women.""Are all these people Nepali or Tibetan?" asks Dilek."About half and half. The stupa has always been important to Tibetans, and they

always stop here when they go on pigrimage to the Buddhist holy places in India. Butthe Nepalis from the mountains in the north are followers of Tibetan Buddhism as well."While circling the stupa, Pasang starts talking to a boy of about 17. He is dressed indark red robes, like many of the other men and boys, and his head is shaved.

"This is Norbu," she introduces him. "He's one of my cousins."It is not every day that they are introduced to a boy dressed like this, and no one

is sure what to say. Finally it is Zeynep who breaks the ice* by asking about hisclothes. "Is that what young guys wear here?" she asks.

Both Norbu and Pasang laugh. "It's what monks wear," he tells them. "I'm a monk.""What's that?" Alper asks. ."It's like a priest, but we live in a monastery with other monks. We never get

married and spend our lives studying our religion. My monastery isn't far. Would youlike to see it?"

He leads them down a narrow alley away from the stupa and on the way heexplains that he is originally from Tibet. "But I don't remember much about it. Myparents brought me here with them when I was very young."

"Was that because of the Chinese invasion in 1959?" asks Fatih, showing off hisknowledge again.

"Actually, the Chinese invaded in the early 50s," Dilek corrects him loudly, "But theDalai Lama fled in 1959 after the Tibetans rebelled."

"Stop it, you two," says Alper, who has never heard of the Chinese invasion ofTibet.

"Let's listen to Norbu. He's the Tibetan, after all.""It's true. The Chinese have been occupying our country for 50 years now. We've

got a lot more freedom than we used to, but most Tibetans, like my parents, do notagree that we're part of China. They got sick of living under the Chinese, so we walkedfor weeks and weeks through the snow and over the mountains. A lot of the peoplewho live here near the stupa are Tibetan refugees* like us. But here we are at themonastery."

Next week our friends will have a look at Norbu's monastery and meet some otherpeople their own age.

GLOSSARY

terraced (adj.): made flat in different levels on a hillside, like stepsplay something up (phr.v.): exaggeratebelch (v.): (in the story) let out gas from the exhaust pipefume (n.): toxic gas produced by fires, chemicals and fuelgear (n.uncount.): equipment and clothesset someone back (phr.v.): cost someone a certain amount of moneykid (n.): a common informal term for young peopledemon (n.): a frightening supernatural beingbreak the ice (idiom): begin a conversationrefugee (n.): someone who escapes, from a war or from political repression, to another country

64

ELS 2004/1 ANSWER KEY1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANCE IN HER LIFE

A. 1.C 2.D 3.E 4.E 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.DB. Lhear (am hearing) 2.wonder (am wondering) 3.have become 4.work (am working) S.was reading 6.came

7.began S.have been using 9.does...mean 10.believe 11.arrange 12.contributes 13.did...arrange 14.is 15.haveplaced (placed) 16.like 17.am working (work) 18.is facing (faces) 19.are violating (have violated)

C. Lwere...thinking 2.were arranging S.guess 4.wasn't thinking 5.put 6.have...heard 7.haven't heard S.flows 9.isnot flowing 10.have to H.faces (is facing) 12.turn 13.feel 14.have to 15.stops 16.sounds 17.believe 18.did...put19.have told (told) 20.don't know 21.put 22.are working (work) 23.do...feel 24.feel 25.İS hanging 26.have beensuffering 27.do...have 28.have 29.brings SO.have done

D. 1.am writing 2.looks (is looking) S.feel (am feeling) 4.began S.completed 6.have been feeling (have felt) 7.was8.am working 9.gives 10.am working (have been working) 11.have (have had) 12.have managed 13.hope 14.donot get 15.have made 16.moved 17.is still facing (still faces) 18.think 19.1s now flowing (now flows) 20.want21 .think 22.am looking forward to (look forward to)

E. 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.EF. Lwithout 2.of 3.of 4.from S.throughout 6.into 7.in front of/away from 8.as 9.about lO.from 11.across from

12.behind

2. THE BOBOLINK

A. 1.D 2.A 3.A 4,B 5.E 6.C 7.E 8.A 9.0 10.BB. 1.E 2.A 3.D 4.B

3. AVALANCHE

1.E 2.E 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D 11.E 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.A 16.D 17.C 18.E19.D 20.A

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET

A. 1.E 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.E 9.B 10.D 11.C 12.BB. 1.C 2.D 3.A 4.CC. 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A

5. URBAN LEGENDS

A. 1.to circulate by word of mouth 2.means 3.elaborate (adj.) 4.to nest S.to reflect e.mysterious 7.to trick8.surgically 9.odd 10.to sever 11.to crush 12.essentially 13.distorted 14.to add up to 15.onwards 16.tobear 17.constant

B. 1.B 2.D 3.EC. 1.onwards 2.constant S.elaborate 4.crushed S.bearsD. 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.A

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

A. 1.to adopt 2.physician 3.exorcism 4.torture S.to prevail 6.to institute 7.humane 8.adherent9.interpretation 10.lobe 11.to fall into disfavour 12.to administer 13.seizure 14.controversial 1 S.to alleviate16.to come full circle

B. 1.B 2.C 3.EC. 1.torture 2.humane S.adherents 4.administers 5.controversialD. 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.BE. 1.to 2.as S.with 4.for 5.during 6.with 7.of 8.on 9.on 10.from...to

7. SATIRE

A. 1.absurdity 2.influential 3.troupe 4.to ridicule S.to avoid 6.epigram 7.to disregard 8.misanthrope 9.corrupt10.to mock 11.to despise 12.to display

B. 1.D 2.B 3.AC. 1.misanthrope 2.troupes 3.mocked/ridiculed (despised) 4.influential S.avoidD. 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.BE. 1.among 2.at 3.In 4.of 5.since 6.through 7.as 8.on 9.of lO.with 11.for 12.of

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

1.B 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.E 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.E 11 .A 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.D 16.E 17.E 18.A 19.B 20.C21.B 22.E 23.D 24.A 25.A 26.D 27.B 28.B 29.E 30.A

9. LEARN THESE (PHRASAL VERBS)

A. 1.turn off 2.pointed out S.going around 4.get...back 5.set...back 6.get out 7.see...off S.sold out of 9.flyout 10.played...up

B. 1.find out 2.put aside 3.ran out 4.take out S.made up 6.give up 7.work out S.take off 9.count on10.pay off

C. 1.highlighted 2.regain 3.circulating 4.closed S.remove 6.solve 7.save 8.discover 65

ELS 2004/1 ANSWER KEY1. STEPHANIE'S SEARCH FOR A CHANCE IN HER LIFE

A. 1.C 2.D 3.E 4.E 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.DB. l.hear (am hearing) 2.wonder (am wondering) 3.have become 4.work (am working) 5.was reading 6.came

7.began 8.have been using 9.does...mean lO.believe 11.arrange 12.contributes 13.did...arrange 14.İS 15.haveplaced (placed) 16.like 17.am working (work) 18.is facing (faces) 19.are violating (have violated)

C. 1.were...thinking 2.were arranging 3.guess 4.wasn't thinking 5.put 6.have...heard 7.haven't heard 8.flows 9.isnot flowing 10.have to 11.faces (is facing) 12.turn 13.feel 14.have to 15.stops 16.sounds 17.believe 18.did...put19.have told (told) 20.don't know 21.put 22.are working (work) 23.do...feel 24.feel 25.İS hanging 26.have beensuffering 27.do...have 28.have 29.brings 30.have done

D. 1.am writing 2.looks (is looking) S.feel (am feeling) 4.began 5.completed 6.have been feeling (have felt) 7.was8.am working 9.gives 10.am working (have been working) 11.have (have had) 12.have managed 13.hope 14.donot get 15-have made 16.moved 17.is still facing (still faces) 18.think 19.is now flowing (now flows) 20.want21.think 22.am looking forward to (look forward to)

E. 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.EF. 1.without 2.of 3.of 4.from 5.throughout 6.into 7.in front of/away from 8.as 9.about lO.from 11.across from

12.behind

2. THE BOBOLINK

A. 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.E 6.C 7.E 8.A 9.D 10.BB. 1.E 2.A 3.D 4.B

3. AVALANCHE

1.E 2.E 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D 11.E 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.A 16.D 17.C 18.E19.D 20.A

4. CINNAMON OIL KILLS MOSQUITOES BETTER THEN DEET

A. 1.E 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.E 9.B 10.D 11.C 12.BB. 1.C 2.D 3.A 4.CC. 1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A

5 URBAN LEGENDS

A. 1.to circulate by word of mouth 2.means 3.elaborate (adj.) 4.to nest 5.to reflect 6.mysterious 7.to trick8.surgically 9.odd 10.to sever 11.to crush 12.essentially 13.distorted 14.to add up to 15.onwards 16.tobear 17.constant

B. 1.B 2.D 3.EC. 1.onwards 2.constant 3.elaborate 4.crushed S.bearsD. 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.A

6. THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS

A. 1.to adopt 2.physician 3.exorcism 4.torture 5.to prevail 6.to institute 7.humane 8.adherent9.interpretation 10.lobe 11.to fall into disfavour 12.to administer 13.seizure 14.controversial 15.to alleviate16.to come full circle

B. 1.B 2.C 3.EC. 1.torture 2.humane 3.adherents 4.administers 5.controversialD. 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.BE. 1.to 2.as 3.with 4.for 5.during 6.with 7.of 8.on 9.on 10.from...to

7. SATIRE

A. 1.absurdity 2.influential 3.troupe 4.to ridicule 5.to avoid 6.epigram 7.to disregard 8.misanthrope 9.corrupt10.to mock 11.to despise 12.to display

B. 1.D 2.B 3.AC. 1.misanthrope 2.troupes 3.mocked/ridiculed (despised) 4.influential 5.avoidD. 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.BE. 1.among 2.at 3.In 4.of 5.since 6.through 7.as 8.on 9.of 1O.with 11.for 12.of

8. CHECK WHAT YOU KNOW

1.B 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.E 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.E 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.D 16.E 17.E 18.A 19.B 20.C21.B 22.E 23.D 24.A 25.A 26.D 27.B 28.B 29.E 30.A

9. LEARN THESE (PHRASAL VERBS)

A. l.turnoff 2.pointed out S.going around 4.get...back 5.set...back G.get out 7.see...off 8.sold out of 9.flyout 10.played...up

B. 1.find out 2.put aside 3.ran out 4.take out 5.made up 6.give up 7.work out 8.take off 9.count on10.pay off

C. 1.highlighted 2.regain 3.circulating 4.closed 5.remove 6.solve 7.save 8.discover 65

ELS 2004

1. C

11. B

21. A

31. E

41. C

51. B

61. A

71. A

01

2.

12.

22.

32.

42.

52.

62.

72.

TEST YOURSELF 1

E

D

B

A

E

B

D

C

3.

13.

23.

33.

43.

53.

63.

73.

1

D

A

E

B

D

C

E

D

4. D

14. C

24. C

34. E

44. B

54. A

64. B

74. D

5. A

15. A

25. C

35. D

45. B

55. D

65. D

75. E

6. B

16. D

26. E

36. C

46. A

56. D

66. C

7. C

17. E

27. A

37. B

47. D

57. E

67. A

8. D

18. E

28. B

38. A

48. C

58. C

68. D

9. A

19. C

29. B

39. D

49. E

59. B

69. E

10. E

20. B

30. A

40. D

50. A

60. E

70. B

ELS 2004/1 TEST YOURSELF 2;

1. D

11. A

21. C

31. C

41. D

51. A

61. E

71. B

2. A

12. E

22. C

32. A

42. C

52. C

62. B

72. D

3.

13.

23.

33.

43.

53.

63.

73.

C

D

A

E

A

A

C

E

4. B

14. C

24. B

34. A

44. D

54. B

64. D

74. C

5. E

15. A

25. C

35. C

45. E

55. B

65. A

75. C

6.

16.

26.

36.

46.

56.

66.

D

A

B

B

D

A

E

7. B

17. D '

27. E

37. B

47. B

57. D

67. C

8. C

18. B

28. E

38. E

48. A

58. E

68. D

9. E

19. D

29. D

39. A

49. C

59. C

69. A

.

10. B

20. D

30. B

40. D

50. E

60. C

70. B

ELS 20

1. D

11. C

21. B

31. B

41. A

04/1

2. A

12. E

22. D

32. E

42. B

3.

13.

23.

33.

43.

B

A

E

D

E

4. E

14. B

24. A

34. B

44. A

5. C

15. E

25. A

35. A

45. C

6.

16.

26.

36.

46.

D

E

C

C

B

7. C

17. B

27. B

37. B

47. D

8. E

18. A

28. B

38. E

48. C

9. B

19. E

29. A

39. D

49. B

;'-: -TIK:-, '

10. A

20. C

30. E

40. C

50. A

ELS 2004/1 TEST YOUR VOCABULARY'- x < > ' * * ' ' ' " • • -

l .-E

11. B

21. C

31. E

41. A

2. C

12. B

22. A

32. B

42. C

3.

13.

23.

33.

43.

B

A

D

A

D

4. D

14. D

24. E

34. E

44. C

5. B

15. E

25. B

35. C

45. E

6.

16.

26.

36.

46.

A

D

D

C

E

7. A

17. B

27. C

37. B

47. A

8. D

18. A

28. E

38. D

48. C

9. C

19. E

29. A

39. A

49. E

10, E

20. E

30. C

40. E

50. A

66