eln230 – bazlur slide 1 eln230 lecture – 02a pc history

ELN230 – Bazlur slide 1

ELN230 Lecture – 02a

PC History


Evolution of Computers1. Mechanical Calculators

2. Mechanical Computers

3. Electronic Computers

– Tubes

– Transistors

– ICs


Mechanical Calculator• 1617 - John Napier created “Napiers Bones” for

calculating, similar to abacus.

• 1642 - Blaise Pascal introduced Pascaline digital adding machine.– Could add numbers entered on dials.

• 1671 - Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a calculator capable of adding and multiplying.– It was built in 1694.

• 1820 - Charles Xavier Thomas developed first successful mechanical calculator. – capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing.


Mechanical Computers• 1822 - Charles Babbage (father of computers)

invents the Difference Engine.– Solved polynomial equations.– Steam-powered and capable of printing results

• 1833 - Charles Babbage designed a general-purpose, program-controlled, automatic mechanical computer.– Called the Analytical Engine.

– Capable of working on 50 digit numbers with a storage capacity of 1,000 50 digit numbers.

– Considered first true general purpose computer.

– Would have included:Input device, Control unit, Processor, Storage, Output device

– Never built because intricate gear and mechanisms could not be built.


Before Electronic Computers• 1890 - Punch cards developed by Herman

Hollerith for input and storage.– Herman later founded Tabulating Machine

Company, also known as IBM.

• 1906 - Deforest invents a vacuum tube that later serves as one of the first types of electronic switches in a computer circuit.

• 1937 - Iowa State College professor invents the base-two (binary) numbers instead of the traditional base ten. – bits : Short for “Binary Digits”


Electronic Computers• 1942 - First digital computer created by a

physicist, John V. Atanasoff using vacuum tubes (patented in 1906) as switches.

• 1945 - John Von Neumann demonstrated that computers did not needed to be rewired to enter a new program.– Stored-program technique became fundamental

for future generations of high-speed digital computers.


First large scale electronic computer

• 1946

– First large scale electronic computer built for the military.

– ENIAC, Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator

• Operated on 10 digit numbers, could multiply two such numbers 300 times a second by finding the value of the product from a multiplication table stored in memory.

• Used 18,000 tubes, needed 1,800 square feet of space, consumed 180,000 watts of power.

• Punch cards used for input and output. • Registers used for adders and quick-access storage.• Programs were entered into ENIAC by rewiring it.


Transistorised Computers• 1947

– First transistors developed.– The invention of the transistor that lead revolution to

the miniaturization of circuitry.– EDVAC and UNIVAC computers appeared.

• They did not need to be rewired for new programs (Stored Program Computer).

• Used RAM.


Integrated circuit Computers• 1959

– Integrated circuit developed.– Texas Instruments invented the IC (Integrated

Circuit)– Third generation computers were born.


First microprocessor 4004• 1971

– First microprocessor.– 4-bit Intel 4004– Smaller than a thumbnail, with 2300 transistors on

board.– As powerful as the first electronic computer, ENIAC

and cost $200.


First personal computer

• 1975– First personal computer sold, Altair.– Used CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessors)

and BASIC language.

– MITS introduced the “Altair” featuring an 8080 processor and 256 Bytes of memory for $395.

• 1975

IBM introduced the”Model 5100” with 16 Kilobytes of memory for $9,000.


Apple Computers

• 1976

Apple introduced the “Apple-I” for $666.

• In the 1980’s,

Apple was the primary dominating force behind PCs.


IBM started developing personal computers

• End of 1980– IBM started developing personal computers.– Contracted out operating system and software

development to a small company, Microsoft.

– Digital Research was originally contacted to write the OS (Operating System) but refused to proceed.

– Microsoft eagerly took up the task.


The IBM Personal Computer

• Wednesday, August 12th, 1981, IBM changed the face of computing by releasing the “IBM PC”


What is a PC?

“IBM Compatible” or “Clone”

• Who controls Hardware and Software?

• Microsoft was free to sell their OS (DOS) to anyone, making IBM clones seemingly identical to their competition


IBM compatibles

• Now– IBM compatibles made and improved by hundreds

of companies.– Apple Macintosh is a closed system and they

control the primary system software.


Who is the leader in PC?

• Intel is the leader in PC processors

• Intel develops chipsets to support their processors

• Intel develops new expansion buses such as PCI and AGP

• Intel makes motherboards for leading vendors such as Dell and Gateway


System Types

• 8 Bit

• 16 Bit

• 32 Bit

• 64 Bit

• PC/XT systems

• AT systems

• ATX systems


System Types

• PC - Personal Computer

• XT systems - Extended Systems (PC + HD)

• AT systems - Advanced Technology 16 bits

• Shape, layout, Power supply brought different Form Factors:

PC/XT, AT, AT/Desk, AT/Tower, Baby-AT, LPX, ATX, NLX, SFX, ATX Auxiliary, ATX12V, ATX Optional, Dell Proprietary ATX


Growth

• Each new chip contains roughly twice as much capacity as its predecessor, and each new chip is released with 18-24 months. Computing power is rising exponentially over a brief period of time.


Growth

10M(transistors)

1M

100K

10K

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

4004

8080

8086

80286

80386

80486

Pentium, 66MHzProcessor, 1993, 5.5 M

PII, 350 MHz1999, 27 M 500

(MIPS)

25

1.0

0.1

0.01

2000 2005

P4A, 2,5 GHz2002, 55 M

20 nm, 20GHz2007, 1000 M

eln230 – bazlur slide 1 eln230 lecture – 02a pc history

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