RUSSIAN EDUCATION OF THE LAST THREE CENTURIES

Elizabeth KramerLiberty University

Nineteenth Century

Tsarist Abolitionism Nicholas I

Indoctrination Autocracy Orthodoxy Nationalism

Principles of Tsarist Autocracy Reverence for the Tsar Patriotism Socioeconomic status quo

Nineteenth Century

Alexander II Nicholas’ son Reform

Liberated Serfs Zemstvo Schools

Compared to Parish Schools

Nineteenth Century

Intelligentsia A “Think-Tank” for Change

Teachers, Students, Writers, and Artists Attempted to bring about change

Alexander Herzen (1812-1870) Intelligentsias and theorist Exile living in London Wrote the Kolokol

Russian Enlightenment Nicholas Chernyshevsky (1828-1889)

What Is to Be Done?

Nineteenth Century

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) War and Peace Social Reform Based on Simplification Yasnaya Polyana Society of National Education Educational Tour of France, Germany, and England

Nineteenth Century

Alexander III (1827-1907) Became Tsar in 1881 Ruled Russia like Nicholas I

Firm hand and Authoritarian Tsarist Autocracy

Repress Criticism of Government Police Power Centralized Government Propaganda

Konstantin Pobedonostev (1827-1907) Chief Advisor

Tsarist Russia Falls

Twentieth Century

The Soviet government and Communism Nikolai Lenin (1870-1924)

Schools are a Weapon Education is Not the Primary Concern

Working-Class Schools Three Purposes Separation of Church and School

Anatoli Lunacharski (1875-1933) Unified Educational System

Workers School Brigades Western Philosophies

Twentieth Century

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Eliminated the Lunacharski System of Education Authoritarian Education Again

Basic Skills needed for trades Fixed number of hours required Methodical Direct Instruction Texts were re-written and censored by

Russian government Post WWII Era

Push Socialist Ideals throughout Eastern Europe

Propaganda Soviet Cultural Life

Twentieth and Twenty-First Century

Twentieth Century Fall of Communism

Mikhail Gorbachav Schools had to be a catalyst for change

Removed low standards and bureaucrat involvement in schools

Glasnost Communism Falls in 1991

Twenty-First Century Reform

New Kind of Teacher New System Globalization

References

Gutek, G. (1995). Russian Education. In A History of the Western Educational Experience (2nd ed., pp. 420-

451). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.

Kholostova, T. (2007). Journal Of Education. Problems in Today's Russian Education System, 188(3), 63-73.

Matrosov, V. L. (2011). Russian Education & Society. The New School Teacher for the New Russian School, 53(11), 73-83.

Valkanova, Y. (2009). The Passion for Educating the “New Man”: Debates about Preschooling in Soviet Russia, 1917–1925. History Of Education Quarterly,

49(2), 211-221. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00197.