elise knowledge transfer: location interoperability …...3. data-centric government 4. fully...

ELISE Knowledge Transfer: Location Interoperability for Digital Transformation, ABCIV-000152-6000184687-REQ-01 EC Joint Research Centre – Unit B6Rapid Study: The role of geospatial in the digital government transformation07/05/2019

© 2019 Deloitte Belgium 2

The EC Joint Research Centre is leading the EuropeanLocation Interoperability Solutions for E-government (ELISE) Action. ELISE is a package oflegal/policy, organisational, semantic and technicalinteroperability solutions to facilitate efficient andeffective electronic cross-border or cross-sectorinteraction between European public administrations andbetween them and citizens and businesses, in thedomain of location information and services.

ELISE Knowledge Transfer - LocationInteroperability for Digital Transformation: Tosupport knowledge transfer and capacity building in thecontext of location interoperability and digitaltransformation.

Rapid studies: brief but detailed analysis aimed atgenerating and sharing knowledge about locationinteroperability and digital government transformationfrom both research and practice.

ISA² Action: ELISE

ELISE


Glenn Vancauwenberghe (KU Leuven – SADL)

• Education: MSc in Sociology (KU Leuven) – MSc in Public Administration (GhentUniversity) – PhD in Social Sciences (KU Leuven)

• PhD on the topic of ‘Coordination in the context of Spatial Data Infrastructures’(2013)

• Projects: SPATIALIST (2007-2011) – smeSpire (2012-2013) – EULF (2013-2016) – GI-N2K (2013-2016) – EO4GEO (2018 – present) – ELISE KnowledgeTransfer (2019)

• Postdoctoral fellowship on the topic of ‘Effective Governance of Open SpatialData’ (MSCA Individual Fellowships at TU Delft, 2016-2018)

• Teaching: ‘The organisational components of SDI’ (KU Leuven – course ‘SpatialData Infrastructures); ‘SDI Governance’ and ‘SDI Performance’ (TU Delft –course ‘Organisational and Legal aspects of Geo-Information)

• Publications on the link between ‘geospatial’ and digital government(interorganizational data sharing, location information strategies, locationenabled e-government processes, open spatial data infrastructures)

About me

Before we start


• Geospatial clearly has a role in digital government transformation

• Some important challenges in understanding and addressing this role

• Digital government transformation as a new perspective to ‘geospatial’ research and practice

• Essential to understand first what digital government transformation is about

• Today’s focus is on the organisational/policy/social aspects of geospatial

Key messages of this presentation

Before we start (2)


The Digital Transformation of Government

Policy ContextDigital Transformation ModelsDigital Transformation ResearchMain messages

6

“ A vision for public services” (2013, DG Connect): long-termvision for a modern and open public sector and the waypublic services may be delivered in an open governmentsetting

Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe (2015)

“Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is no longer aspecific sector but the foundation of all modern innovative economicsystems. The Internet and digital technologies are transforming thelives we lead, the way we work – as individuals, in business, and inour communities as they become more integrated across all sectorsof our economy and society”.

‘A vision for public services’ and the Digital Single Market Strategy

EC developments and initiatives

“As public services need to become more efficient and effective,governments have to consider innovative new ways of developingand organizing the public sector for creating public value. Thus,transformation needs to address the way public value iscreated”


By 2020, public administrations and public institutions in the European Union should be open, efficient andinclusive, providing borderless, personalised, user-friendly, end-to-end digital public services to all citizensand businesses in the EU. Innovative approaches are used to design and deliver better services in line withthe needs and demands of citizens and businesses. Public administrations use the opportunities offered bythe new digital environment to facilitate their interactions with stakeholders and with each other.

EU eGovernment Action Plan 2016-2020


Key principles:

• Digital by Default

• Once only principle

• Inclusiveness and accessibility

• Openness & transparency

• Cross-border by default

• Interoperability by default

• Trustworthiness & Security


Ministerial Declaration oneGovernment marking a newpolitical commitment at EU level onsignificant priorities towardsensuring high quality, user-centricdigital public services for citizensand seamless cross-border publicservices for businesses.

“The digital transformation of thepublic administration is ourcollective endeavour at national,regional and local levels within ourcountries as well as by the EUinstitutions, respecting the divisionof competences”

Tallin Declaration of 6 October 2017


Skills

Data

Goodpractices

EmergingICT

9

United Nations - Transforming our World:The 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment

OECD Digital Government G20 Digital Economy MinisterialDeclaration

Talinn Declaration on eGovernment

International developments and initiatives

“The ongoing work by the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the UnitedNations (UN) and the G20 on globalisation and digital transformation has shown several opportunities toreform the current policy frameworks in the coming years in context of digital development.”

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1.From the digitisation of existingprocesses to digital by design

2.From an information-centredgovernment to a data-driven publicsector

3.From closed processes and data to openby default

4.From a government-led to a user-drivenadministration, that is, one that isfocused on user needs and citizens’expectations

5.From government as a service providerto government as a platform for publicvalue co-creation

6.From reactive to proactive policymaking and service delivery

OECD – Digital Transformation of Government



The six key transformations:

1. Human capacity and demography2. Responsible consumption and production3. Decarbonization and energy4. Food, biosphere and water5. Smart cities6. Digital Revolution

“By 2050, the convergence of transformative digitaltechnologies have far-reaching consequences acrossall sectors and for the organization of societal lifethough innovations for example in artificialintelligence, block chain, big data, additivemanufacturing, robotics and synthetic biology”

United Nations - Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development


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UNITED KINGDOM

The Government TransformationStrategy 2017 to 2020 sets out how theUK government will use digital to transformthe relationship between the citizen andstate.

1. Business transformation;

2. Growing the right people, culture andskills;

3. Building better tools, processes andgovernance for civil servants;

4. Making better use of data;

5. Creating shared platforms, componentsand reusable business capabilities

ITALY

The Digital Transformation Team was created to buildthe “operating system” of the country, a series offundamental components on top of which we can buildsimpler and more efficient services for the citizens, thePublic Administration and businesses, through innovativedigital products.

Its mission: Make public services for citizens andbusinesses accessible in an easy manner, via a mobile firstapproach, with reliable, scalable and fault tolerantarchitectures, based on clearly defined APIs; support thedifferent central and local government departments inmaking the best and most data driven decisions, thanks tothe adoption of big data and machine learning techniques.

The Three-Year Plan is a strategic and economic policydocument for all Public Administrations that oversees thedigital transformation of the country.

United Kingdom and Italy

Developments and initiatives at country level

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AUSTRALIA

Digital Transformation Strategy: “‘Digital’means using online technologies to improveservices for people and business. It also meansusing data and technology to redesign howgovernment works. We will use data andtechnology to rethink how we deliver value, howwe operate and our organisational culture”

Outside Europe



• Penetration captures the adoption ofeGovernment services online. Theoverall European level of Penetration is53%, with countries showing a widerange of scores.

• Digitisation proxies the digitisationlevel of the back and front offices ofpublic administrations. Europe’sDigitisation level marks at 63%, withcountries obtaining more similarscores than for Penetration

• And what about Transformation?

What stage are we now?


Source: eGovernment Benchmark 2018

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1. E-government: The focus is on having services onlinefor user convenience and cost savings.

2. Open government: Open government often takes theform of public programs intended to promotetransparency, citizen engagement and the data economy.E-government and open government programs oftencoexist, with different leadership and priorities.

3. Data-centric government: On this level, the focusshifts from collecting citizens’ or user needs toproactively explore new possibilities inherent instrategically collecting and leveraging data.

4. Fully transformed government: On this level, theorganization, agency or department has fully committedto a data-centric approach to improving government,and to innovation in government.

5. Smart government: On this level, the process of data-centric digital innovation is embedded across the entiregovernment. The innovation process is predictable andrepeatable, even in the face of disruptions or suddenevents that require rapid responses.

1. e-

Government

2. Open

Government

3. Data-Centric

Government

4. Fully

Transformed

Government

5. Smart

Government

DriversCompliance, efficiency

Transparency and openness

Citizen valueInsight-driven transformation Self-defining

Service model Reactive Intermediated Proactive Embedded Predictive

Digital

SystemIT-centric Citizen-centric Data-centric Thing-Centric

Ecosystem-centric

Ecosystem and

users

Government-centric

Service co-creation

Aware Engaged Evolving

Technology

focus

Service Oriented Architecture

API enabled architecture

Open any data Things as data Intelligence

Leadership Technology Data Business Information Innovation

Key metrics% Services online

Number of open datasets

Number of data-driven services

% of new and retired services

Number of new delivery models

Gartner’s Digital Government Transformation Framework

Digital Transformation Models


Digital maturity refers to the extent to whichdigital technologies have transformed anorganization’s processes, talentengagement, and citizen service models.

Deloitte - Digital Maturity Model

Digital Transformation Models


Scopus: 1749 documents on ‘Digital Transformation’

Digital Transformation Research


Web of Science: 933 documents on ‘Digital Transformation’



Scopus: 570 documents on e-Government & Transformation



Web of Science: 458 documents on e-Government AND transformation


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“As governments adopt new ICTs, so new capabilities for the mediation ofrelationships embodied in systems of governance present themselves. Newinformation resources and new information flows are profoundly implicated in thechanges which are beginning to give definition to the emergent 'information polity':changing horizontal and vertical relationships within government; changinginter-govemmental relationships; changing relationships betweenmanagements, suppliers and customers; and changing relationshipsbetween citizens, politicians and the state”

“A focus on information networks moves forward debates about new technologies inpublic administration from a sterile automation perspective, which focuses on thesubstitution of human labour by machine, towards perspectives utilizing theconcepts of informatization and transformation, which focus on distributionalissues and changing social relationships”

“Public service organizations have always collected, stored and processed manyitems of data, and automation has considerably enhanced their capacity to do so.Informatization occurs, however, when data collected for a multitude of purposes, atdifferent times and places, can be integrated and shared to become resources ofvastly increased significance and application. Fresh analysis of operations, services,administration and markets is permitted, and information can thus be developed toenrich policy-making, service delivery and monitoring.

“Introduction: Exploiting IT in Public Administration – Towards the Information Polity?” By Christine Bellamy and John A. Taylor (1994)


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Some scholars regard ICT as an important enabler oftransformation in the public sector:

Information is a key resource in public administration. Asnew technologies change the way in which this resource isdistributed and used within and between publicorganizations, they also will change governmentinstitutions

Main transformations: Horizontalisation, Deterritorialisationand Virtualisation

Other scholars argue that the impact of thesetechnologies on the public sector is rather limited

ICT can contribute to transformations in the public sector,but will never be the main driver behind thesetransformations

Very little evidence so far that the use of ICT in publicadministration had led to systematic transformations, orchanges in key relationships within public administration.

Summarising the debate


General observation: Research on transformative aspects of IT conducted by isolated group ofresearchers, who hardly succeed in bringing their work and insights into the mainstream debateconcerning public administration.


“The process of ICT-enabled government transformation had not begun 10or 15 years ago when researchers and public administrators alike started torefer to the use of ICTs in government as electronic or digital government(Luna Reyes & Gil-Garcia, 2014).

• Introduction of ICTs to the government in the 50s and 60s, whengovernment agencies began to automate repetitive and intensive tasksusing large central servers or mainframes

• The introduction of personal computers in the 80s significantly reducedthe size and cost of processing and encouraged a widespread use ofcomputers in public agencies.

• In the 90s, the internet and computer networks had brought newopportunities and challenges to public servants

• More recently, the evolution of social media applications and toolscontinues to promote organizational and institutional transformations inthe government”

• …

History of Digital Transformation



• Digital Government is subject to regular patterns of growth

• Digital Government evolves toward more complexity

• Digital Government evolves toward more specialization

• Digital Government evolves from internal to external concerns

• Digital Government should support policymaking and regulation

• Specific new phases of the evolution of Digital Government: Transformational, Mobile, and Open Government.

• Digital Government evolution differs between and within countries

• The measurement of Digital Government must evolve as well

A literature review (by Janowski, 2015)



Fundamental changes in the way how publicorganizations are structured and operate, howpublic services are delivered, how policies aredeveloped, implemented, and evaluated, as wellas how citizens engage in democratic processesresulting from the introduction of technologies(Zhang et al, 2014).

Towards a working definition

Main messages


Key transformations

Main messages

End-to-end digital public services

Digital by default

Data-driven: making better useof - open - data

Co-creation: government as a platform

Rethink & redesign howgovernment works

PRACTICE RESEARCH


The role of geospatial in the digital transformation of governmentEvidence on the current roleChallengesDiscussion

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INSPIRE is based on a number of common principles:

• Data should be collected only once and kept where itcan be maintained most effectively.

• It should be possible to combine seamless spatialinformation from different sources across Europe andshare it with many users and applications.

• It should be possible for information collected at onelevel/scale to be shared with all levels/scales;detailed for thorough investigations, general forstrategic purposes.

• Geographic information needed for good governance atall levels should be readily and transparentlyavailable.

• Easy to find what geographic information isavailable, how it can be used to meet a particularneed, and under which conditions it can be acquired andused.

The 2007 INSPIRE Directive

Role of geospatial in the digital transformation of government

29

Data is one of the basic resources of publicadministrations

• Input: most government activities andprocesses make use of data

• Output: many government products andservices include the provision of data andinformation to citizens, businesses andother administrations

Data in government transformation


Source: Wallace, 2007

30

UK Government Transformation Strategy

• Better use of data:

“Among the most important data in a moderndigital economy is geospatial data - the corereference data that enables things to be linked to aphysical location, such as data maintained byOrdnance Survey. In the UK we have high-qualitygeospatial data that is available for consumption ina wide range of formats and digital services, inmany cases as open data.”

• Government beyond 2020

“We will investigate opportunities to better usegeospatial data and Earth observation data”

GIDEON – Key geo-information facility for the Netherlands (2008 – 2011)

“The government is engaged in a radicalmodernization exercise. The various keyinformation provision facilities that are beingcreated will enable the government to perform itsduties more effectively and efficiently. Theobjective is to substantially improve the services,enforcement, policy preparation and otherprocesses within the government, by intelligentlycombining multiple sources of data. The focus is onthe citizen and the entrepreneur: everything mustbe made more customer-friendly.”

“ To give geo-information an appropriatelyprominent place within e-services;

A strategic approach


31

Location-enabled e-services (G2C, G2B, G2G)


Information services for the disclosure of government information

• Points of interest (schools, hospitals, sports facilities), trafficcongestions, air quality, water quality, etc.

Contact services to contact public administrations

• FixMyStreet, reporting on illegal dumping, mapping of recently floodedareas, mapping of presence of bird species, soil information, etc.

Transaction services for the intake of certain requests orapplications and the completion of these requests.

• Applying for benefits (e.g. agriculture subsidies), applying for permits(e.g. building permits), fulfillment of legal duties, etc.

Participation services to get involved in processes of policyformulation and policy evaluation.

• Spatial and urban planning

Businesses

Governments

Citizen

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Guidelines on recommended standard licences,datasets and charging for the reuse of documents(EC, 2014):

• Geospatial data: Postcodes, national and local maps(cadastral, topographic, marine, administrativeboundaries, etc.)

• Earth observation and Environment: Space and insitu data (monitoring of weather, land and waterquality, energy consumption, emission levels, etc.)

• Transport data: Public transport timetables (all modesof transport) at national, regional and local levels, roadworks, traffic information, etc.

• Statistics: National, regional and local statistical datawith main demographic and economic indicators (GDP,age, health, unemployment, income, education, etc.)

• Companies: Company and business registers (lists ofregistered companies, ownership and managementdata, registration identifiers, balance sheets, etc.)

Geospatial Data for Sustainable Development Goals

The value of – open – geospatial data


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The impact of open geodata


34

smeSpire study (2012-2013)

Impact and expected impact of INSPIRE (among geo-ICT companies)

Digital transformation of the geospatial industry


Esri (2017)

35

• Need to avoid technological determinism

• Increased complexity:• External actors and their concerns• Co-creation• Rethink and redesign

• Who’s in charge of transforminggovernment?• How to increase their awareness and

understanding of geospatial?• New models of governance and

collaboration

Challenge 1 – (Inter-)Organisational


Pardo & Tayi (2007)

36

Challenge 2 – Differences between countries


Source: INSPIRE Dashboard

37

Challenge 3 – Digital skills


38

Beyond the use and impact of geospatial data…

Challenge 4 – Measuring digital transformation (and the role of geospatial)


1999-2003

• 1999 1st generation SDI

• 2002 GINIE Country reports

• 2002 INSPIRE State of Play

2004-2006

• 2004 SDI Effectiveness

• 2005 SDI Maturity Matrix

• 2005 SDI Readiness Index

• 2006 Clearinghouse Suitability Index

2007-2009

• 2007 Multi-view framework

• 2007 Regional SDI studies

• 2009 INSPIRE M&R

2010-2012

• 2010 GI Transaction Costs

• 2012 SDI process performance

• 2012 Balanced Scorecard

2013 - ...

• 2015 STIG

• 2016 OSDI assessment

•.2017 Geospatial Readiness Index

39

Challenge 5 - Research


40

• How is digital transformation different from previous –expected/announced - transformations?

• Is the public sector ready for implementing the digitaltransformation?

• How do you see the role of geospatial in the digitaltransformation of government?

• Your observations?

Discussion



Next steps

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• Rapid Study on the role of geospatial in the digital transformation ofgovernment: collection and processing of stakeholders’ feedback

• Planned Rapid Studies (before Summer):

• APIs: benefits and governance models for the public sectors

• Unique and Persistent Identifiers between data, organisations andsectors

• Many other rapid studies will follow:

• What else should we investigate?

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/elise-european-location-interoperability-solutions-e-government/elise-rapid-studies-and-webinars

ELISE Rapid Studies

Next steps

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/elise-european-location-interoperability-solutions-e-government/elise-rapid-studies-and-webinars


BibliographyReferencesRelevant links

44

DG Connect – Public Services Unit (2013). A vision for public services. Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/vision-public-services.

European Commission (2015). A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe. Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2015%3A192%3AFIN.

European Commission (2016). EU eGovernment Action Plan 2016-2020. Accelerating the digital transformation of government. Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0179.

Tallinn Declaration on eGovernment at the ministerial meeting during Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU on 6 October 2017 (2017). Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/document.cfm?doc_id=47559.

OECD (2018). OECD Digital Government Toolkit. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/governance/digital-government/toolkit/ .

United Nations (2015). Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publication.

G20 Digital Economy Ministerial Declaration (2018). G20 Argentina, Salta (Argentina). Retrieved from: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2018/2018-08-24-digital_ministerial_declaration_salta.pdf.

TWI2050 - The World in 2050 (2018). Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. IIASA Report. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Retrieved from: http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15347/1/TWI2050_Report08112018.pdf.

Cabinet Office – Government Digital Service (2017). Government Transformation Strategy. Retrieved from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-transformation-strategy-2017-to-2020.

Digital Transformation Team (2018). Digital innovation for citizens and for the development of the country. Retrieved from: https://teamdigitale.governo.it/en/.

Australian Government – Digital Transformation Agency (2018). Digital Transformation Strategy. Retrieved from: https://www.dta.gov.au/digital-transformation-strategy

Capgemini, IDC, Sogeti, and Politecnico di Milano (2018). eGovernment Benchmark 2018. Securing eGovernment for all. Brussels: European Union. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=55487. DOI: 10.2759/473144.

Williams, M. & Valayer, C. (2018). Digital Government Benchmark. Study on Digital Government Transformation. Brussels: European Union. Retrieved from:https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/2018-10/330046042JRC_DigitalGovernmentBenchmark_FinalReport%20v2.0_DigGovSection.pdf.

Eggers, W.D. & Bellman, J. (2015). Digital Government Transformation: The Journey to Government’s Digital Transformation. Deloitte University Press. Retrieved from: https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/public-sector/articles/digital-government-transformation.html.

References

Bibliography

https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/vision-public-services

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2015:192:FIN

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0179

http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/document.cfm?doc_id=47559

https://www.oecd.org/governance/digital-government/toolkit/

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publication

http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2018/2018-08-24-digital_ministerial_declaration_salta.pdf

http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15347/1/TWI2050_Report08112018.pdf

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-transformation-strategy-2017-to-2020

https://teamdigitale.governo.it/en/

https://www.dta.gov.au/digital-transformation-strategy

https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=55487

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/2018-10/330046042JRC_DigitalGovernmentBenchmark_FinalReport v2.0_DigGovSection.pdf

https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/public-sector/articles/digital-government-transformation.html

45

Bellamy, C., & Taylor, J. A. (1994). Introduction: Exploiting IT in Public Administration‐Towards the Information Polity?. Public Administration, 72(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1994.tb00996.x

Luna-Reyes, L. F., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2014). Digital government transformation and internet portals: The co-evolution of technology, organizations, and institutions. Government information quarterly, 31(4), 545-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.08.001

Zhang, J., Luna-Reyes, L. F., & Mellouli, S. (2014). Transformational digital government. Government Information Quarterly, 4(31), 503-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.10.001

Janowski, T. (2015). Digital government evolution: From transformation to contextualization. Government information quarterly, 32(3), 221-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.07.001

Wallace, J. (2007). Spatially enabling mortgage markets in Australia. In A. Rajabifard (Ed.), Towards a spatially enabled societyards a spatially enabled society (pp. 119–138). Melbourne: The University of Melbourne.

Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (2008) GIDEON—key geo-information facility for the Netherlands. Approach and implementation strategy (2008–2011). Den Haag: Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment.

European Commission (2014). Commission notice - Guidelines on recommended standard licences, datasets and charging for the reuse of documents. OJ C 240, 24.7.2014, p. 1–10. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2014.240.01.0001.01.ENG

Digital Globe & Geospatial Media & Communications (2016). Transforming Our World: Geospatial Information – Key to Achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from: http://explore.digitalglobe.com/rs/782-PEE-248/images/White%20Paper%20-%20Geospatial%20and%20Sustainable%20Development.pdf .

PwC (2017). The impact of the open geographical data – follow up study Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency. Retrieved from: https://sdfe.dk/media/2917052/20170317-the-impact-of-the-open-geographical-data-management-summary-version-13-pwc-qrvkvdr.pdf

Cipriano, P., C. Easton, E. Roglia, and G. Vancauwenberghe (2013). A European community of SMEs built on environmental digital content and languages. Final Report. Retrieved from: http://www.smespire.eu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/03/D1.3_FinalReport_1.0.pdf

Esri (2017). Making Sense of Digital Transformation. How location technology drives business growth. Redlands, California: Esri. Retrieved from: https://assets.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/media/pdf/making-sense-of-digital-transformation/Making_Sense_of_Digital_Transformation_x5.pdf

Pardo, T., & Tayi, G. (2007). Interorganizational information integration: A key enabler for digital government. Government Information Quarterly, 24(4), 691-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2007.08.004.

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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1994.tb00996.x

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.08.001



https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.C_.2014.240.01.0001.01.ENG

http://explore.digitalglobe.com/rs/782-PEE-248/images/White Paper - Geospatial and Sustainable Development.pdf

https://sdfe.dk/media/2917052/20170317-the-impact-of-the-open-geographical-data-management-summary-version-13-pwc-qrvkvdr.pdf

http://www.smespire.eu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/03/D1.3_FinalReport_1.0.pdf

https://assets.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/media/pdf/making-sense-of-digital-transformation/Making_Sense_of_Digital_Transformation_x5.pdf


46

• http://inspire-geoportal.ec.europa.eu/

• https://inspire-dashboard.eea.europa.eu/#/

• http://www.eo4geo.eu/

• http://eo4geo.uji.es/

• http://www.geovalue.org/

• https://inspire-reference.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

• https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/elise-european-location-interoperability-solutions-e-government

• https://www.oecd.org/governance/digital-government/toolkit/

Relevant links

Bibliography

http://inspire-geoportal.ec.europa.eu/

https://inspire-dashboard.eea.europa.eu/#/

http://www.eo4geo.eu/

http://eo4geo.uji.es/

http://www.geovalue.org/

https://inspire-reference.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/collection/elise-european-location-interoperability-solutions-e-government

https://www.oecd.org/governance/digital-government/toolkit/

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elise knowledge transfer: location interoperability …...3. data-centric government 4. fully...

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