eliana rodrigues - etnofarmacologia parte1

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Ethnopharmacologicalcontributions to

psychiatry

Eliana Rodrigues

Centre for Ethnobotanical and EthnopharmacologicalStudies

Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Diadema

Xochipilli



ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY

RESCUES THE TRADITIONALMEDICINE OF SEVERAL

CULTURES

fieldwork!!!!

..utilyzing the following methodsethnography, botany, zoology...

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Table 3. Comparison between Ethnopharmacological andRandom approaches in the search for different biologicalactivities.

Biological ActivitiesRANDOM

(%)ETHNO

(%) References

Antineoplastic 6 25Elisabetsky &Shanley, 1994

Antihypertensive 31 44Adsersen &Adsersen, 1997

Antihelmintic 9.8 29.3 Bourdy et al., 2008Icthyotoxicity 9.6 38.6 Bourdy et al., 2008

Toxic/venoms 10.5 52.2 Bourdy et al., 2008

Anti-HIV 8.5 71.4 Slish et al., 1999

Antimicrobial 22 37Boily & van

Puyvelde, 1986

Antiplasmodial 0.7 18Carvalho & Krettli,1991

Acetylcholinesteraseinhibition

8 42.3Oliveira et al.,2011a

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz. J. Pharmacogn. 21(5): Sep./Oct. 2011

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Ethnopharmacology applications

pharmacological and phytochemical studies

Ethnopharmacological survey Drug development

Medicine -psychiatry



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“Translations” in psychiatric disorders

Abaipã (Krahô Indians)

- individuals with high sensitivity to marijuana – hospitalization – (schizophrenia?)- White’s diseases - although they have a repertoire of plants



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Psycholeptic Psychoanaleptic Psycodysleptic

| | | | | | |past

Poppy pagal-ka-dawa

PresentKava kava

Passion flowerValerian

Lemon BalmLemongrass

Future (our studies)Caprankohiré-hô

PjejapacCanuaru resin

Erva-molar-macho

pastetú eserê

Coca

presentGinkgoBrahmi

GuaranaSt John’s wort

Future (our studies)Nó-de-cachorro

Prá-jáRaiz-de-bugre

past Peyote

San PedroIboga

Present Ayahuasca

Future (our studies)Removing the devilAntidote to opium



HERBAL MEDICINES FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 703

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. 21, 703–716 (2007)DOI: 10.1002/ptr

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCHPhytother. Res. 21, 703–716 (2007)Published online 11 June 2007 in Wiley InterScience(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2187

REVIEW ARTICLE

Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

Jerome SarrisSchool of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

This paper reports a critical review of 27 herbal medicines and formulas i n treating a broad range of psychiatric

disorders (in addition to anxiety and depression), including obsessive-compulsive, seasonal affective, bipolar

depressive, psychotic, phobic and somatoform disorders. Ovid Medline, Pubmed and the Cochrane Library

were searched for pharmacological and clinical evidence of herbal medicines with psychotropic activity. A

forward search of later citations was also conducted. Whilst substantial high-quality evidence exists for the use

of kava and St John’s wort in the treatment of anxiety and depression respectively, currently there is insufficient

robust clinical evidence for the use of many other herbal medicines in psychiatric disorders. Phytotherapies

which potentially have significant use in psychiatry, and urgently require more research are Rhodiola rosea

(roseroot) and Crocus sativus (saffron) for depression; Passiflora incarnata (passionflower), Scutellaria

lateriflora (scullcap) and Zizyphus jujuba (sour date) for anxiety disorders; and Piper methysticum (kava) for

phobic, panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders. While depression and anxiety are commonly researched,

the efficacy of herbal medicines in other mental disorders requires attention. The review addresses current

issues in herbal psychotherapy: herbal safety, future areas of application, the relationship of herbal medicine

with pharmaceuticals and the potential prescriptive integration of phytomedicines with synthetic psycho-

tropic medicines. Particular attention is given to clinical and safety issues with St John’s wort and kava.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: herbal medicine; psychiatry; complementary medicine; medicinal plants; mood disorders; psychiatric disorders.

Received 11 March 2007

Revised 23 March 2007 Accepted 28 March 2007

* Correspondence to: Jerome Sarris, School of Medicine, Department of

Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.E-mail: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION

The role of herbal medicine (HM) in the treatmentof various psychological disorders has become wellestablished over the past decade, with phytotherapeuticpreparations such as St John’s wort (SJW) and kavapossessing respectable clinical evidence. Whilst therehave been several recent literature reviews on HM andpsychiatric disorders (primarily depression or anxiety;Beaubrun and Gray, 2000; Ernst, 2006; Larzelere and

Wiseman, 2002; Wong et al., 1998), to date no com-prehensive review of clinically trialled psychoactive HMsacross a broad range of psychiatric conditions has beenreported. A systematic literature search was conductedto identify relevant trials of HM in the treatment of major psychiatric disorders (see Table 1 below for thelist of conditions reviewed). Developmental, cognitive/neurological, sleep, eating and substance-abuse dis-orders and menstrual dysphoria were excluded fromthe review.

METHODS

The electronic databases Ovid Medline, Pubmed andThe Cochrane Library were accessed late 2006–early2007. Ovid Medline was searched using the search term‘Herb$’ and the subheadings ‘Plants, Medicinal’, ‘Drugs,Chinese Herbal’, ‘Plant Extracts’, ‘Phytotherapy’, ‘PlantPreparations’ in combination with the search terms‘Depress$’, ‘Major Depressive Disorder’, ‘Anxiety’,‘Generalized Anxiety Disorder’, ‘Dysthym$’, ‘Seasonal

Table 1. Psychiatric conditions reviewed

Disorder

Mood disorders

Major depressive disorder

Dysthymic disorder

Anxious depression

Seasonal affective disorder

Bipolar disorder

Anxiety disorders

Generalized anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

Social phobia

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Somatoform disorder

Schizophrenic and psychotic disorders



Review article

Plants and the central nervous system

E.A. Carlini*

Department of Psychobiology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sa o Paulo, Rua: Botucatu, 862 Ed. Ciencias Biome dicas,

1o andar, CEP 04023-062, Sa o Paulo, SP, Brazil

Received 2 November 2002; received in revised form 20 March 2003; accepted 31 March 2003

Abstract

This review article draws the attention to the many species of plants possessing activity on the central nervous system (CNS) In fact, they

cover the whole spectrum of central activity such as psychoanaleptic, psycholeptic and psychodysleptic effects, and several of these plants are

currently used in therapeutics to treat human ailments.

Among the psychoanaleptic (stimulant) plants, those utilized by human beings to reduce body weight [ Ephedra spp (Ma Huang),

Paullinia spp (guarana), Catha edulis Forssk (khat)] and plants used to improve general health conditions (plant adaptogens) were

scrutinized.

Many species of hallucinogenic (psychodysleptic) plants are used by humans throughout the world to achieve states of mind distortions;

among those, a few have been used for therapeutic purposes, such as Cannabis sativa L., Tabernanthe iboga Baill and the mixture of

Psychotria viridis Ruiz and Pav and Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V Morton Plants showing central psycholeptic activities,such as analgesic or anxiolytic actions ( Passiflora incarnata L., Valeriana spp and Piper methysticum G Forst.), were also analysed.

Finally, the use of crude or semipurified extracts of such plants instead of the active substances seemingly responsible for their therapeutic

effect is discussed.

D 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.

Keywords: Medicinal plants; Plant adaptogens; Khat; Ephedra spp.; CNS plants; Guarana; Ayahuasca; Iboga; Passiflora; Valeriana; Kava-kava

1. Introduction

Mind-altering drugs, especially plants, have always fas-

cinated human beings Surrounded by mystic superstitions,

magic thoughts and religious rituals, they have always

occupied man’s attention Among the plants used by humans,

those able to alter the conscience and the sensorium havedrawn special consideration In fact, due to their astonishing

effects, the psychodysleptic drugs (according to the Delay

and Deniker, 1961, nomenclature), also called hallucin-

ogenic drugs, have occupied much of the researchers’ time,

directed most of their thoughts and efforts towards attempts

to understand their mechanism of action, and, hence, to un-

derstand human behavior, thoughts, humor, sensations, etc.

However, the challenge of trying to unravel the mecha-

nisms of action on mood, humor, cognition, sensorium, etc.,

led to an inconvenience: to ignore, or to face as low priority,

the fact that plants could also have beneficial properties to

treat mental disease and some psychic ailments Further-

more, as most of the plants were first used by the so-called

primitive cultures, their occasional use by the White occi-

dental culture was relegated to a second plan, being con-

sidered as sorcerer’s therapeutics In this respect, it is

pertinent to quote a sentence from the first description in

1651 of a Mexican hallucinogenic plant (ololiuqui): ‘‘A

thousand visions and satanic hallucinations appeared tothem’’ (Hofmann, 1982).

A perverse result of such posture was a neglect of and

probably more, a disdain, for all kinds of therapeutics based

on plants.

Thus, until recently, very little attention was given by the

scientific community to the benefits, as accepted by folk

medicine, of the therapeutic usefulness of plants endowed

with psycholeptic and psychoanaleptic (Delay and Deniker,

1961) properties.

Fortunately, this bad tide has recently turned due to

several reasons, among them the wrong belief that plants,

by originating directly from nature, must be less toxic than

synthetic drugs Another important aspect for this turning

point was the realization by the pharmaceutical industry that

plants, after all, could be a good business as more and more

0091-3057/03/$ – see front matter D 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.

doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00112-6

* Tel.: +55-11-5539-0155; fax: +55-11-5084-2793.

E-mail address: [email protected] (E.A. Carlini).

www.elsevier.com/locate/pharmbiochembeh

Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 75 (2003) 501–512



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