eleventhinternational technicalconference experimental safety … · 2008. 7. 15. ·...

Eleventh International

Technical Conference

on ExperimentalSafety Vehicles

Sponsored by:

U.S. Department ofTransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety

Administration

Held at:

Washington, D.C.

May 12-15,1987

UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEKHANNOVER

TECHNISCHEINFDRMATIONSBIBUOTHEK

OUS. Departmentof Transportation

National HighwayTraffic SafetyAdministration

Sly/'j.^s is*-,

Contents

Foreword iii

Attendeesv

SECTION 1: OPENING CEREMONIES

Welcoming Address

Diane K. Steed,

Head of U.S. Delegation and

Administrator,

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1

Keynote Address

The Honorable Elizabeth Hanford Dole,

Secretary of Transportation 2

Awards for Engineering Excellence

Chairwoman: Diane K. Steed 5

SECTION 2: GOVERNMENT STATUS REPORTS

Chairman: Howard M. Smolkin, United States

United KingdomDavid Lyness,

Head of Vehicle Standards and Engineering Division,

Department of Transport '

Federal Republic of Germany

Rolf Stamm,

Senior Advisor,

Federal Ministry of Transport H

France

Georges Dobias,

Director General,

Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Securite 16

ItalyDr. Gaetano Danese

Direttore Generale della Motorizzazione,

Civile e dei Trasporti in Concessione,

Ministero dei Trasporti 20

Sweden

Professor Bertil Aldman,

Head, Vehicles Department,

Swedish Road Safety Office 22

xi

EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES

The European Experimental Vehicles Committee

Prof. Dr. Bernd Friedel,

Director,Bundesanstalt fur Strassenwesen 23

Japan

Inagaki Kenzo

Acting Deputy Director,

Automotive Division,

Ministry of International Trade and Industry 25

Canada

Dr. Gordon D. Campbell,

Director General,

Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate,

Transport Canada 27

United States

Michael M. Finkelstein,

Conference Chairman and Associate Administrator for Research and Development,

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 28

SECTION 3: RESULTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLE PROGRAM

Chairman: Michael M. Finkelstein, United States

Panel One: ESV/RSV Original Goals and Objectives

Volkwagen's Participation at ESV Conferences

Prof. Dr. Ulrich W. Seiffert,

Federal Republic of Germany 35

The Original Goals and History of the Nissan ESV ProgramKenichi Goto,

Japan 39

Panel Two: ESV/RSV Accomplishments

What Was Accomplished in ESV/RSV?

Kenichi Goto,

Japan 41

Panel Three: Future Directions in Advancing the State of the Art in Motor Vehicle Safety

(Statement)

Bertil Aldman

Chalmers University of Technology,Sweden 43

(Statement)

Georges Dobias,

Director General of Institut,National de Recherche sur les Transport et leur

S6curit6 (INRETS),

France 44

Toyota ESV and Safety Development

Utaka Kondo,

Toyota Motor Corp.,

Japan 45

xii

CONTENTS

SECTION 4: TECHNICAL SESSIONS

Chairman: Ian D. Neilson, United Kingdom

Technical Session One: Occupant Protection for Side Impact

Injury Pattern and Parameters to Assess Severity for Occupants Involved in

Car-to-Car Lateral ImpactsC. Thomas, C. Henry, F. Harteman, et al.,

Alain Patel, and Claude Got, Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics Associated With Peugeot SA/Renault;Orthopaedic Research Institute,France 49

Analytical Simulation of the Effects of Structural Parameters on Occupant

Responses in Side Impacts of Passenger Cars

T. Trella, Transportation Systems Center; Joseph N. Kanianthra,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,

United States 62

Towards Optimised Side Impact Vehicle Structures

R.N. Hardy,

Consultant to Cranfield Impact Centre,

United Kingdom 86

Development of the European Side Impact Test Procedure

and Related Vehicle Improvements

C. Hobbs, M. Langdom, R. Lowne, S. Penoyre,

Transport and Road Research Laboratory,

United Kingdom'

92

Side Impact Simulation and Thoracic Injury Assessment

Yih-Charng Deng,General Motors Research Laboratories,

United States 101

Subsystem Testing for Head to Upper Interior Safety

Michael W. Monk, Lisa K. Sullivan, Hampton C. Gabler,

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,

United States 103

An Investigation Into Vehicle Side-Door Opening Under

Accident Conditions

Keith J. Dale, Keith C. Clemo,

Motor Industry Research Association,

United Kingdom 117

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association Subsystem and Full

Vehicle Side Impact Test Procedure Development Program

C. Anthony Preuss, Volkswagen of America; Ronald J. Wasko,

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association,

United States 124

Further Consideration of the European Side Impact Test Procedure

Prepared by D. Cesari and I.D. Neilson for the European

Experimental Vehicles Committee on Side Impact,

France 133

A Study on Energy-Absorbing Units of MDB for Side Impact Test

Haruo Ohmae, Minoru Sakurai, Japan Automobile Research, Inc.;

Yukinori Nakamura, Kuniyuki Watanabe, Japan Automobile

Manufacturers Association,

Japan 136

xiii


Movable Deformable EEVC Barrier for Side Impact

W. Sievert, E. Pullwitt,

Federal Highway Research Institute (BAST),


The Development and Certification of EUROSID

(Written only paper)

Prepared by R.W. Lowne and I.D. Nelson on behalf of the Ad-hoc

Group of the European Experimental Vehicles Committee

on Side Impact Dummies,

France

Evaluation of European and U.S.A. Draft Regulations for

Side Impact Collisions

P.J.A. DeCoo, A.CM. Versmissen, E.G. Janssen, et al.,

TNO Road-Vehicles Research Institute,The Netherlands 160

Technical Session Two: Accident Investigation and Data Analysis

Chairman:

Dr. Bernd Friedel,

Federal Republic of Germany

Effects of Mandatory Seatbelt Laws on Traffic

Fatalities in the United States

Alexander C. Wagenaar, Richard G. Maybee, Kathleen P. Sullivan,

The University of Michigan Transportation

Research Institute Injury Analysis and

Prevention Group,

United States 169

Injuries to Restrained Car Occupants: What are the

Outstanding Problems?

P.L. Harms, M. Renouf, P.D. Thomas, et al.,

Department of Transport,United Kingdom 183

Experience From the Analysis of Accidents With a High Belt

Usage Rate and Aspects of Continued Increase in Passenger Safety

M. Danner, K. Langwieder, T. Hummel,

HUK-Verband,


Residual Injuries to Restrained Car Occupants in Front and

Rear Seat Positions

Dietmar Otte, Norbert Sudkamp, Hermann Appel,

Accident Research Unit Hannover,


Occupant Protection Device Effectiveness in PreventingFatalities

Leonard Evans,

General Motors Research Laboratories, Inc.,

United States 220

Fatal Injuries to Restrained Children Ages 0-4 Years,

in Great Britain 1972-86

R.W. Lowne, Transport and Road Safety Research Laboratory;

P.F. Gloyns, Vehicle Safety Consultants, Ltd.; P. Roy,Middlesex Polytechnic,

United Kingdom 227

xiv

CONTENTS

Accident Data Analysis and Accident Prevention Measures,Especially for Two-Wheeled Vehicles

Ryoichi Mukai,

Traffic Safety Policy Office of the

Prime Minister,

Japan 237

Crash Protection Offered by Safety Belts

(Written only paper)A.C. Malliaris, Data Link, Inc,; Kennerly Digges,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,United States 242

Technical Session Three: Biomechanics and Dummy DevelopmentChairman: Dr. Dominique Cesari, France

On the Examination of Biases in the Abbreviated Scale

Rolf Eppinger,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,United States 253

Priorities of Automotive Crash Safety Based on Impairment

Jeffrey Marcus, Robert Blodgett,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,United States 257

Relationship Between Mechanical Input and

Injury Severity in Side Impact Tests

Bernd Richter, FAT Working Group Biomechanics;Dimitrios Kallieries, University of Heidelberg,Federal Republic of Germany 270

On the Relationship Between Kinematic Variables and Structural Failure

in a Visco-elastic Medium Under ImpactGordon R. Plank, Herbert H. Gould, Transportation

Systems Center; Rolf H. Eppinger, National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration,United States 284

Contribution and Evaluation of Criteria Proposed for Thorax-Abdomen Protection in Lateral ImpactFrancoise Brun-Cassan, Yvette Pincemaille, Philippe Mack, et al.,

Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics Associated with

Peugeot SA/Renault,

France 289

Results of Full Scale Tests With EUROSID Under Different

Test Conditions

Klaus-Peter Glaeser,

Bundesanstalt fur Strassenwesen


Cadaver Response to Axial Impacts of the Femur

David P. Roberts, Bruce R. Donnelly, Calspan;

Richard Morgan, National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration

United States 311

Chest Compression Response of Hybrid III

With Combined Restraint Systems

Dr. Lothar Grosch, Egon Katz, Lothar Kassing,

Daimler-Benz AG,


xv


Development of a Two-Dimensional Sensor Determining Abdominal

Loading on TNO-Dummies

Waldemar Czernakowski, Romer-Britax; Wilfried Klanner, ADAC,


Development of an Advanced Dynamic Anthropomorphic Manikin—ADAM—

for Military Applications

Roy R. Rasmussen, Jr., Ints Kaleps, Biodynamics and Bioengineering

Division; Harry G. Armstrong, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory,

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,

United States 332

The Development of a Dynamic Human Analog(Written only paper)Richard P. White, Jr.,

Systems Research Laboratories, Inc.,

United States 336

The Development of Segment Based Axis Systems for the

Air Force Advanced Dynamic Anthropomorphic Manikin

(ADAM), (Written only paper)

Aileen M. Bartol, Systems Research Laboratories, Inc.:

Ints Kaleps, Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base

United States 346

An Overview of Existing Sensors for the Hybrid III

Anthropomorphic Dummy


Robert A. Denton, Craig R. Morgan,

Robert A. Denton, Inc.

United States 353

The Development and Certification of EUROSID


Prepared by R.W. Lowne on behalf of the Ad-hoc

Group of the European Experimental Vehicles Committee

on Side Impact Dummies,

France 363

Technical Session Four: Crash Avoidance

Chairman: Robert Nicholson, United States

Accident Avoidance: An Analysis of Inherent Vehicle and

System Response Differences Between Cars and Commercial

Vehicles: Are Developments Widening the Performance Gap?

Marcus A, Jacobson, Former Chief Engineer,

The Automobile Association,

United Kingdom 377

An Investigation of Selected Vehicle Design Characteristics

Using the Crash Avoidance Research Datafile

Mark L. Edwards,


United States 389

Study in Avoidance of Road Accidents with the Aid of Computer

Simulation of Accident-Relevant Driving Maneuvers

F. Kramer, N. Shakeri-Nejad, G. Schockenhoff, et al.,

Technische Universitat; W. Hauschild, MAN Technologie GmbH, Berlin,


xvi

CONTENTS

Operational and Design Features of the Steer Angle DependentFour Wheel Steering SystemShoichi Sano, Tateomi Miyoshi, Yoshimi Furukawa,

Honda Research and Development, Ltd.,

Japan 404

4WD Vehicle Behavior During Braking in a Turn

Yukio Kodama, Makoto Shibuya, Tohru Akiyama,

Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.,

Japan 408

Improved Handling and Stability Using Four Wheel SteeringYukio Fukunaga, Naomio Irie, Junsuke Kuroki, Fukahi Sugasawa,Nissan Motor Engineering Staff,

Japan 415

Objective Testing for Brake Balance Performance

T.A. Flaim, J.S. Smith,General Motors Current Product Engineering,United States 426

Anti-Lock System Performance Under Winter Conditions—What

Should be Required?

Olle Nordstrom,

Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute,

Sweden 431

Advantages of an Anti-Wheel Lock System (ABS) for the Average

Driver in Difficult Driving Situations

Klaus Rompe, Andreas Schindler, Manfred Wallrich,

Institute for Traffic Safety,


Antilock Brakes for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks

Robert H. Munson,

Director, Automotive Safety Office,

Ford Motor Company,

United States 448

Visual Performance Characteristics in Vehicles

Haruhiko Iizuka, Keiichiro Yabuta, Hiroshi Tsuda, et al.,

Nissan Motor Engineering Staff,

Japan 450

Recognition of Pedestrians During Nighttime Traffic

Hans-Joachim Schmidt-Clausen,

Technical University Darmstadt,


Contribution of Head-Up-Displays (HUDs) to Safe Driving

Masao Sakata, Shigeru Okabayashi, Jun'ichi Fukano, Masakazu Ozono,

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.,

Japan 459

Lotus Active Suspension System

William F. Milliken,

Milliken Research Associates, Inc.,

United States 467

Adapting Radar to the Automobile Environment

John W. Davis,

Radar Control Systems Corp.,

United States 470

xvii


Objective Directional Response Testing(Written only paper)

Dennis T. Kunkel, Ronald L. Leffert,

General Motors Current Engineering and

Manufacturing Services Staff,

United States 475

The Ergonomics of Driver Information Systems for Maintained

Safety


D. Southhall, M.K. Twiss,

Institute for Consumer Ergonomics,United Kingdom 487

Study on Easy Adjustability of Outside Mirrors for Crash

Avoidance


Kouichi Kamiya,

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation,

Japan 490

The Effect of Vehicle-Speed-Sensing Four-Wheel Steering

System on Handling Performance


Masayoshi Nakamoto, Takamasa Masatome, Naokaszu Kaneshina,

Mazda Motor Corporation,

Japan 495

Operational and Design Features of the Steer Angle Dependent

Four-Wheel Steering System


Shoichi Sano, tateomi Miyoshi, Yoshimi Furukawa,

Honda Research and Development Co., Ltd.,

Japan 502

Vision-Impairing Wear of Windshields

(Written only paper)Maria Chmielarz, Christian Groetzner, Oswald Haase,

Forschungsgemeinschaft Auto-Sicht-Sicherheit ASSeV in

Cologne,Federal Republic of Germany 506

Technical Session Five: Occupant Protection for Frontal Impact

Chairman: Dr. Kennerly H. Digges, United States

Comparison Between the Three-Point Belt and the Air Cushion

Evaluation and Discussion of Their Cost-Efficiency Ratio

Claude Chillon, Gilles Brutel, Gerard Mauron, Peugeot SA;

Francois Hartemann, Claude Henry, Christian Thomas, PSA-Renault

Associated Laboratory,

France 511

Study on the Relationship Between Seat Belt Anchorage

Location and Occupant Injury

Ryoji Nakahama, Hiroshi Katoh,

Mitsubishi Motors Corp.,

Japan 524

Relationship Between Vehicle Front-End Stiffness and

Dummy Injury During Collisions

K. Matsushita, S. Morita

Japan529

xviii

CONTENTS

Evaluation of the Safety Performance of Passenger Vehicles

Robert Zobel,

Volkswagen AG,Federal Republic of Germany 538

The Safety Problem for Passengers in Frontal Impacts—Analysisof Accident, Laboratory, and Model Simulation Data

Daniel S. Cohen, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration;Lawrence Simeone, Transportation Systems Center,United States

550

Progress Towards Improving Car Occupant Protection in

Frontal Impacts

C.A. Hobbs, R.W. Lowne, S. Penoyre, S.P.F. Petty,

Transport and Road Research Laboratory,United Kingdom 582

Steering Column Intrusion—Restrained and Unrestrained

Occupant Effects

Robert A. Saul,

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,United States 588

Reliability Considerations in the Design of an Air Bag SystemSaburo Kobayashi, Kiyoshi Honda, Kazuaki Shitanoki,Honda Research and Development Co., Ltd.,

Japan 597

Designing a Passive Restraint SystemN.D. Grew, G. Beecroft,Austin Rover Group Ltd.,

United Kingdom 602

Using Computer Analysis Techniques in Designing Safer

Steering Wheels

A.D. Hiley, A.R. Giles, N.D. Grew,

Austin Rover Group,United Kingdom 607

Facial Injury Occurrence in Traffic Accidents and Its Detection

by a Load Sensing Face

Stefen Nilsson, Ingrid Planath,

Volvo Car Corp.,

Sweden 613

The Child in the Volvo Car

Gerd Carlsson, Jan Holmgren, Hans Norin,Volvo Car Corp.,Sweden 620

Modern Testing Techniques in Motor Vehicle Safety Research

With Regard to Rear End Crash Properties

L.R. Van de Werve, J.H.J. Mengelers,Volvo Car B.V.,The Netherlands 630

Technical Session Six: Heavy Duty Vehicle Safety

Chairman: Dr. Lennart Strandberg, Sweden

Large Truck Accident Exposure in the U.S.

Hank Seif,

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association,

United States 637

xix


Vehicle Factors in Accidents Involving Medium and Heavy Trucks

Robert M. Clarke, William A. Leasure,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,

United States 642

European Review of Heavy Goods Vehicle SafetyI. Neilson for the Ad-hoc Group of the European

Experimental Vehicles Committee on Side Impact

Dummies,

United Kingdom 655

Priorities in the Active and Passive Safety of Trucks

K. Langwieder, M. Danner,

HUK-Verband, Automobile Engineering Dept.,Federal Republic of Germany 674

Typology of Traffic Accidents Concerning Cars Impacted byTrucks

Gilles Vallet, Michelle Ramet, Dominique Cesari, Claude Dolivet,Institut National de Recherche sur les Transport et leur Securite (INRETS),France 688

Seat Belt Effectiveness for Heavy Truck Occupants Duringa Collision

Mitsuo Horii, Kunio Yamazaki, Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc.:

Yuji Amemiya Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.,

Japan 695

Front Underrun Guards for Trucks

B.S. Riley, A.J. Farwell, T.M. Burgess,

Department of Transport,

United Kingdom 706

The Benefits of Energy Absorbing Structures to Reduce the

Aggressivity of Heavy Trucks in Collisions

Ian S. Jones,

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety,

United States 716

The Global Approach for Safety in the V.I.R.A.G.E.S. Project

Pierre Soret,

Renault Vehicles Industriels,

France 722

Side and Rear Marking of Trucks With Passive Materials

Hans-Joachim Schmidt-Clausen

Technical University Darmstadt,Federal Republic of Germany 725

Improvement of Side Visibility for Safety While TurningSeiichi Saitoh, Akitsugu Hirose, Nobuo Shirai,

Isuzu Motors, Ltd.,

Japan 728

Analysis of Heavy-Freight Vehicle and Tank-Truck Accidents

Werner Stednitz, Herman Appel,Institut fur Fahrzeugtechnik, Technische Universitat Berlin,


xx

CONTENTS

Specialized Procedures for Preparing the Accident-Avoidance

Potential of Heavy Trucks

Paul S. Fancher, Arvind Mathew,

The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute,United States 746

Antilock Braking Equipment for Heavy Duty Vehicles and its

Evolutions Within European RegulationsJ-P Cheynet, P. Beaussier,

Union Technique de L'Automobile, du Motorcycle, et du Cycle,

France 755

NHTSA's Heavy Vehicle Brake Research Program—An Overview

Richard W. Radlinski,


United States 760

Technical Session Seven: Pedestrian Protection

Chairman: Dr. Franco Rossi, Italy

NHTSA's Advanced Pedestrian Protection Program

Thomas F. MacLaughlin, Timothy A. Hoyt, Siou-Ming Chu,


United States 771

Risk Factor of the Road Accident Injuries Seriousness for

Car and Motorcycle Occupants and Pedestrians

Andrea Costanzo, M.D.,

School of Medicine and Surgery, Rome University,

Italy 777

Development of Countermeasures to Reduce Pedestrian

Head Injury

John W. Kessler,

Transportation Research Center of Ohio,

United States 784

Car to Pedestrian Impact Energies and Their Application to

Sub-system Testing

G.J.L. Lawrence, J. Harris,

Transport and Road Research Laboratory,

United Kingdom 797

Experimental Study of Thoracic Injury in Child Pedestrians

Michael N. Hamilton,

Transportation Research Center of Ohio,

United States 805

Evaluation of Vehicle-Cyclist Impacts Through Dummy and

Human Cadaver Tests

E.G. Janssen, J. Wismans,

TNO Road-Vehicles Research Institute,

The Netherlands815

A Bumper for Both Pedestrian and Vehicle Body Protection;

A Contradiction in Terms or a Soluble Conflict?

R. Hoefs, M. Heinz,

Porsche AG,

Federal Republic of Germany821

xxi


Recognition of Pedestrians During Nighttime Traffic

(Written only paper)Hans-Joachim Schmidt-Clausen,



Technical Session Eight: Motorcycle Safety

Chairman: Yoshio Nakamura, Japan

The Development of a Safety Concept for Motorcycles: Results

From Accident Analysis and Crash Tests

A. Sporner, K. Langwieder, J. Polanhe,HUK-Verband, Automobile Engineering Dept.,Federal Republic of Germany 835

A Study on Methods of Measuring Fields of View of Motorcycle

Rearview Mirrors

Masanori Motoki, Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc.;

Tsuneo Tsukisaka, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Assn., Inc.,

Japan 843

Motorcycle Impact Simulation and Practical Verification

J. Hapien-Smith, M.A. Macanlay, B.P. Chinn,

United Kingdom 858

Lower Leg Injuries Resulting From Motorcycle Accidents

Peter M. Fuller, University of Louisville,

John N, Snider, University of Tennessee,

United States 865

Method for Load Measuring an Occupant's Legin a Motorcycle Collision

Hidetoshi Tadokoro,

Motorcycle Rider Protection Subcommittee,

Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association,

Japan 869

Reduction of Injury Severity Involving Guardrails by

the Use of Additional W-Beams, Impact Attenuators and

'Sigma-Posts' as a Contribution to the Passive Safetyof Motorcyclists

Hubert Koch, Institut fur Zweiradsicherheit e. V.,

Florian Scheuler, Institut fur Rechtsmedizin der

Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet, Heidelberg,


ESM—A Motorcycle Demonstrating Progress for Safety

Peter M. Watson,

Transport and Road Safety Research Laboratory,United Kingdom 883

Investigation Into Motorcycle, Driver and Passenger Safetyin Motorcycle Accidents With Two Motorcycle Riders

Jurgen Grandel, Deutscher Kraftfahrzeug-uberwachungs-Verein e.V.,Dieter Schaper, Adam Opel AG,


Improvement of Conspicuity of Motorcycle Driver by Passive

Materials

Hans-Joachim Schmidt-Clausen,



xxii

CONTENTS

Protecting Motorcyclists' Legs

(Written only paper)B.P. Chinn, P.D. Hopes,

Transport and Road Research Laboratory,United Kingdom

902

A Field Trial of Motorcycles Fitted With an

Anti-Lock Brake System(Written only paper)G.L. Donne, Transport and Road Research

Laboratory; J. Cart, Lucas-Girling Limited,United Kingdom

909

Safety Considerations of Motorcycle Lighting at Night(Written only paper)G.L. Donne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory;E.J. Fulton, Loughborough University of Technology,United Kingdom 916

xxiii

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