elen 350 computer architecture spring 2005 introduction and five components of a computer adapted...
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ELEN 350Computer Architecture
Spring 2005Introduction and Five Components of a Computer
Adapted from CS 152 Spring 2002 UC Berkeley
Adapted from CPSC 321 Fall 2004 Hank Walker, TAMU
Course InstructorWeiping Shi ([email protected])
• Class time: MWF 11:30am-12:20pm• Office hour: TuF 3:00pm-5:00pm or by appt.• 320 WERC, Tel: 458-0093
• TA and Grader: TBA
Course Information [contd…]
• Grading: Projects, Assignments, Exams– Quizs 10%– Midterm 30%– Final 30%– Assignments 30%
• Assignments include– Verilog (HDL)– MIPS (Assembly Programming)– More like project
Course Information [contd…]
• Required Text– Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software
Interface, Third Edition , David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
• Reference Information– Check the course webpage for other materials and links
Course Overview
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Single/multicycleDatapaths
Computer Arithmetic
Datapaths
Course Overview [contd…]IFetchDcd Exec Mem WB
IFetchDcd Exec Mem WB
IFetchDcd Exec Mem WB
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Pipelining
Memory Systems
Performance
Memory
What’s In It For Me ?
• In-depth understanding of the inner-workings of modern computers, their evolution, and trade-offs present at the hardware/software boundary.– Insight into fast/slow operations that are easy/hard to
implementation hardware
• Experience with the design process in the context of a large complex (hardware) design.– Functional Spec --> Control & Datapath --> Physical
implementation– Modern CAD tools
Computer Architecture - Definition
• Computer Architecture = ISA + MO
• Instruction Set Architecture– What the executable can “see” as underlying hardware– Logical View
• Machine Organization– How the hardware implements ISA ?– Physical View
Computer Architecture – Changing Definition• 1950s to 1960s: Computer Architecture Course:
–Computer Arithmetic
• 1970s to mid 1980s: Computer Architecture Course: –Instruction Set Design, especially ISA appropriate for compilers
• 1990s: Computer Architecture Course: Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multiprocessors,
Networks
• 2000s: Computer Architecture Course: –Non Von-Neumann architectures, Reconfiguration
• DNA Computing, Quantum Computing ????
Some Examples …° Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992-97 RIP soon
° HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986-96 RIP soon
° Sun SPARC (v8, v9) 1987-95
° SGI MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V)1986-96
° IA-16/32 (8086,286,386, 486, 1978-1999 Pentium, MMX, SSE, …)
° IA-64 (Itanium) 1996-now
° AMD64/EMT64 2002-now
° IBM POWER (PowerPC,…) 1990-now
° Many dead processor architectures live on in microcontrollers
CPSC 321
“What” is Computer Architecture ?
I/O systemInstr. Set Proc.
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
• Coordination of many levels of abstraction• Under a rapidly changing set of forces• Design, Measurement, and Evaluation
Datapath & Control
Layout
Impact of Changing ISA
• Early 1990’s Apple switched instruction set architecture of the Macintosh– From Motorola 68000-based machines
– To PowerPC architecture
• Intel 80x86 Family: many implementations of same architecture– program written in 1978 for 8086 can be run
on latest Pentium chip
Factors Affecting ISA ???
ComputerArchitecture
Technology ProgrammingLanguages
OperatingSystems
History
Applications
Cleverness
ISA: Critical Interface
instruction set
software
hardware
Examples: 80x86 50,000,000 vs. MIPS 5500,000 ???
The Big Picture
Control
Datapath
Memory
Processor
Input
Output
Since 1946 all computers have had 5 components!!!
Example Organization• TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20
Floating-point Unit
Integer Unit
InstCache
RefMMU
DataCache
StoreBuffer
Bus Interface
SuperSPARC
L2$
CC
MBus Module
MBus
L64852 MBus controlM-S Adapter
SBus
DRAM Controller
SBusDMA
SCSIEthernet
STDIO
serialkbdmouseaudioRTC
FloppySBusCards
Technology Trends
• Processor– logic capacity: about 30% per year– clock rate: about 20% per year
• Memory– DRAM capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)– Memory speed: about 10% per year– Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year
• Disk– capacity: about 60% per year– Total use of data: 100% per 9 months!
• Network Bandwidth– Bandwidth increasing more than 100% per year!
i4004
i8086
i80386
Pentium
i80486
i80286
SU MIPS
R3010
R4400
R10000
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Transistors
i80x86
M68K
MIPS
Alpha
° In ~1985 the single-chip processor (32-bit) and the single-board computer emerged
° In ~2002 started having multiple processor cores on a chip (IBM POWER4)
DRAMYear Size1980 64 Kb1983 256 Kb1986 1 Mb1989 4 Mb1992 16 Mb1996 64 Mb1999 256 Mb2002 1 Gb
uP-Name
Microprocessor Logic DensityDRAM chip capacity
Technology Trends
Technology Trends
Smaller feature sizes – higher speed, density
ECE/CS 752; copyright J. E. Smith, 2002 (Univ. of Wisconsin)
Technology Trends
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
(amended to 24 months)
ECE/CS 752; copyright J. E. Smith, 2002 (Univ. of Wisconsin)
Performance Metrics
• Response Time– Delay between start end end time of a task
• Throughput– Numbers of tasks per given time
Examples (Throughput/Performance)
• Replacing the processor with a faster version ?
• Adding additional processor to a system ?
Measuring Performance
• Wall-clock time –or- Total Execution Time
• CPU Time– User Time– System Time
Try using time command on UNIX system
Relating the Metrics
• Performance = 1/Execution Time
• CPU Execution Time = CPU clock cycles for program x Clock cycle time
• CPU clock cycles = Instructions for a program x Average clock cycles per Instruction
Summary • Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architure + Machine
Organization• All computers consist of five components
– Processor: (1) datapath and (2) control– (3) Memory– (4) Input devices and (5) Output devices
• Not all “memory” are created equally– Cache: fast (expensive) memory are placed closer to the
processor– Main memory: less expensive memory--we can have more
• Interfaces are where the problems are - between functional units and between the computer and the outside world
• Need to design against constraints of performance, power, area and cost