ElementsElements

Prof. Dr. Richard Průša

ElementsElements

Bioanorganic chemistryC, N, P, O, H, S:

proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipidsIonts: K, F, Cl, I, Na, Ca, FeEssential trace elements: Mg, Cr, Co, Cu,

Mo, Se, ZnToxic trace elements: As, Ba, Cd, Pb, Li,

Hg, Pt

ElementsElements

Trace elements: tissue conc. less than 50 mg/kg

Biologically active elementsToxic elements, toxicology

CarbonCarbon

Nonreactive elementCO, CO-HbCO2, HCO3HCN

Hydrogen, oxygenHydrogen, oxygen

H – highly reactive, H2H2OO, O2, O3 pO2, pCO2 – air, bloodCO, NOH2O2Highly reactive forms of oxygen – anionts

and radicals (10 forms): peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, perhydroxyl

Nitrogen, sulphurNitrogen, sulphur

N2, boiling point -200 CNH3, NH4, NH2N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N205HNO2 – nitrates, met-HbHNO3 – nitritesH2S, H2SO4 – sulphates, SH

Phosphorus, calcium, Phosphorus, calcium, magnesiummagnesium

H3P04, phosphates, bone, buffer, esters Ca – bone (phosphate, carbonate, fluoride)Ca – ionized, proteins, citrate, lactateOxalate, urate – renal stonesS-Ca 2.15 – 2.50 mmol/lS-phosphate 0.80 – 1.45 mmol/lS-Mg 0.65 – 1.1 mmol/l (urine – inh.)

ChromiumChromium

Role: metabolism of glucose, chromodulin (intracellular octapeptide), LMWCr factor

Deficiency: impaired glucose toleranceToxicity: occupational

CopperCopper

Ceruloplasmin, acerulopl.Cytochrom c oxidase, lysine 6-oxidaseFerroxidase I and II, monoamine oxidaseMelanocytes – tyrosinaseWilson d., Menkes sy., biliary obstr.S-Cu 11-22 umol/l

Cobalt, fluorineCobalt, fluorine

Component of vitamin B12Deficiency – anemia

Prevents tooth decayDeficiency – increased dental caries

ManganeseManganese

Required for glycoprotein and proteoclycan synthesis

Superoxide dismutasePyruvate carboxylaseArginaseToxicity

MolybdenumMolybdenum

Sulphite oxidaseXanthine dehydrogenaseAldehyde oxidase

SeleniumSelenium

Selenocystein (Se instead of sulphur), 21st aminoacid, UGA, tRNA

Glutathione peroxidases (4x)Thioredoxin reductaseSelenoprotein P (10 atoms of Se)Iodothyronine deiodinase (T4 – T3)

ZincZinc

About 300 zinc metalloenzymes and proteins

MetallothioneinsCarbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, RNA and DNA polymerasesAlcohol dehydrogenase, thimidine kinaseDeficiency (AE), toxicity

Iron, IodineIron, Iodine

S-Fe M, F, about 10 – 25 umol/lHemoglobin, myoglobinCytochroms, Transferrin, Ferritin

Thyroxine, triiodthyronine, free formsThyroglobulin x TBG

Other elementsOther elementsBoron, Nickel, Mercury, CadmiumSilicon, Beryllium, Aluminium, BaryumAntimony, Arsenic, Lithium, VanadiumLeadSilver, Gold, PlatinumThallium, Bismuth, Germanium, Titanium

Na, K, ClNa, K, Cl

NaCl 0.15 mol/l (0.9 % = 154 mmol/l)IontsNa mmol/l: plasma 136 - 145, ICW 12K mmol/l: plasma 3.5 – 5.1, ICW 156Cl mmol/l: plasma 98 – 107, ICW 4Gastric HCl: 0.1 mol/l

Physiological valuesPhysiological values

Reference values, mean, 2SD, 5-95 %Distribution of the dataBiological variability, inter a intra

individualCircadiann rhytms, variation – day, season

Chromium in the blood binds:Chromium in the blood binds:

A) chromoglobulinB) chromodulinC) glucuronideD) microalbumin

Which of the following proteins Which of the following proteins incorporates copper into its incorporates copper into its

structure?structure?A) albuminB) creatine kinaseC) haptoglobinD) ceruloplasmin