ELEMENTS: ELEMENTS: CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL

PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

GROUP 1GROUP 1Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

Are not found as elements in natureAre not found as elements in natureStored under kerosene or other hydrocarbon solvent (oil) Stored under kerosene or other hydrocarbon solvent (oil) Can react with water vapor or oxygen in the airCan react with water vapor or oxygen in the airGood conductors of electricity and heatGood conductors of electricity and heatDuctile, malleable, and softDuctile, malleable, and softSilvery lusterSilvery lusterLow densityLow densityLow melting pointLow melting pointForm:Form:

colorless ions with a 1+ chargecolorless ions with a 1+ chargeionic compoundsionic compoundswater-soluble baseswater-soluble bases

Sodium reactionwith air

Potassium reactionwith water

GROUP 2GROUP 2Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

Are not found as elements in natureAre not found as elements in natureOccur most commonly as carbonates, phosphates, silicates, Occur most commonly as carbonates, phosphates, silicates, and sulfatesand sulfatesGood conductors of electricity and heatGood conductors of electricity and heatDuctile and malleableDuctile and malleableSilvery lusterSilvery lusterIncludes naturally radioactive element radiumIncludes naturally radioactive element radium Form:Form:

less reactive than alkali metalsless reactive than alkali metalsrxn with HOH to form bases & hydrogen gas rxn with HOH to form bases & hydrogen gas compounds are insoluble or only slightly soluble in compounds are insoluble or only slightly soluble in

waterwaterforms primarily ionic compoundsforms primarily ionic compoundsions with a 2+ chargeions with a 2+ charge

BerylA source of beryllium

GROUPS 3 – 12GROUPS 3 – 12Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Usually harder, more brittle than Groups 1 & 2 metalsUsually harder, more brittle than Groups 1 & 2 metalsHigher melting & boiling points than Groups 1 & 2 metalsHigher melting & boiling points than Groups 1 & 2 metalsGood conductors of electricity and heatGood conductors of electricity and heatMalleable and ductileMalleable and ductileSilvery luster, except copper & goldSilvery luster, except copper & goldChemical properties differ from each otherChemical properties differ from each otherInclude radioactive elements 89-112Include radioactive elements 89-112Compounds often coloredCompounds often coloredMay form complex ionsMay form complex ions1 or 2 valence electrons1 or 2 valence electronsUsually have Usually have ≥ ≥ 2 common oxidation states2 common oxidation statesIncludes mercury, only metal that is liquid at room Includes mercury, only metal that is liquid at room temperaturetemperature

Transition

metals

GROUP 13 GROUP 13 Boron FamilyBoron Family

are not found as elements in natureare not found as elements in naturescarce in nature scarce in nature metallic solids metallic solids soft, low melting points soft, low melting points chemically reactive at moderate temperatures chemically reactive at moderate temperatures 3 valence electrons3 valence electrons Exceptions:Exceptions: aluminum:aluminum: most abundant metallic element which exists as most abundant metallic element which exists as

ore bauxite, is self-protectingore bauxite, is self-protecting boron:boron: metalloid, covalent solid, hard, high melting point, metalloid, covalent solid, hard, high melting point,

not chemically reactive at moderate temperaturesnot chemically reactive at moderate temperatures

GROUP 14 GROUP 14 Carbon FamilyCarbon Family

nonmetal:nonmetal: carboncarbonmetalloids:metalloids: silicon, germaniumsilicon, germaniummetals:metals: tin, leadtin, leadlarge variation in physical & chemical propertieslarge variation in physical & chemical propertiesoccurs in elemental & combined formsoccurs in elemental & combined formsrelatively unreactiverelatively unreactive4 valence electrons4 valence electronstend to form covalent compounds althoughtend to form covalent compounds although tintin and and leadlead will form ionic compoundswill form ionic compoundsTin Tin andand lead lead are self-protecting metalsare self-protecting metals

GROUP 15 GROUP 15 Nitrogen FamilyNitrogen Family

nonmetals:nonmetals: nitrogen, phosphorusnitrogen, phosphorusmetalloids:metalloids: arsenic, antimonyarsenic, antimonymetal:metal: bismuthbismuthMost common forms:Most common forms: nitrogen: nitrogen: atmospheric Natmospheric N22

phosphorus:phosphorus: phosphate rockphosphate rockarsenic, antimony, bismutharsenic, antimony, bismuth: : sulfides or oxidessulfides or oxidesantimony, bismuthantimony, bismuth: : elementselementsabundant :abundant : nitrogen, phosphorusnitrogen, phosphorus rare:rare: arsenic, antimony, bismuth arsenic, antimony, bismuthformform covalent compounds, oxidation numbers usually +3 or covalent compounds, oxidation numbers usually +3 or +5+5atoms have 5 electrons in their outermost energy levelatoms have 5 electrons in their outermost energy levelExist in ≥2 allotropic forms Exist in ≥2 allotropic forms exceptexcept nitrogen & bismuthnitrogen & bismuthSolids at room temperature, Solids at room temperature, exceptexcept nitrogen nitrogen

GROUP 16 GROUP 16 Oxygen FamilyOxygen Family

nonmetal:nonmetal: oxygen, sulfur, seleniumoxygen, sulfur, seleniummetalloid:metalloid: telluriumtelluriummetal:metal: poloniumpoloniumoccur as elements & in combined statesoccur as elements & in combined statesform covalent compounds, oxidation numbers form covalent compounds, oxidation numbers usually -2usually -2atoms have 6 electrons in outermost energy shellatoms have 6 electrons in outermost energy shelloften exist as diatomic & polyatomic molecules often exist as diatomic & polyatomic molecules (i.e. O(i.e. O22, S, S66))exist in several allotropic forms exist in several allotropic forms (i.e. sulfur(i.e. sulfur can can exist as orthorhombic or monoclinicexist as orthorhombic or monoclinic crystal crystal structure)structure)

GROUP 17 GROUP 17 HalogensHalogens

all nonmetalsall nonmetalsoccur in combined form, usually as metal halidesoccur in combined form, usually as metal halidesfound in rocks of Earth’s crust & dissolved in sea found in rocks of Earth’s crust & dissolved in sea waterwaterAt room temperature --- gas: At room temperature --- gas: FF2 2 Cl Cl22

liquid: liquid: BrBr2 2

solid: solid: II22

all reactive, esp. fluorineall reactive, esp. fluorineAtoms have 7 electrons in outermost energy levelAtoms have 7 electrons in outermost energy levelUsually gain an electron to form a halide, XUsually gain an electron to form a halide, X-- ion, but ion, but can share electrons & have positive oxidation can share electrons & have positive oxidation statesstates

GROUP 18 GROUP 18 Noble GasesNoble Gases

inertinertessentially demonstrate ideal gas behavior over essentially demonstrate ideal gas behavior over a wide range of temperatures & pressuresa wide range of temperatures & pressuresgroup has highest ionization energy, therefore group has highest ionization energy, therefore strongly resist losing electronsstrongly resist losing electronscomplete octet of electrons in highest energy complete octet of electrons in highest energy levellevelgases at room temperaturegases at room temperature11stst noble gas compound prepared in 1962, XeF noble gas compound prepared in 1962, XeF44

Neon, Argon, Krypton XenonNeon, Argon, Krypton Xenon used in used in lightinglightingHeliumHelium used in balloons since less dense than used in balloons since less dense than airair