elements and the periodic table - chino valley unified ... · the current periodic table is...
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Elements and the Periodic table
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Atomic structure
A. Quarks
Hypothetical particles (smallest form of matter)
Proposed in 1963 (Gell- Mann and Zweig)Quarks have fractional chargesCome in six flavorsGrouped together in threes to form almost all subatomic particles
Experimental evidence exist to show ALL six flavors exist
Each quark has an antiquark; antimatter
Gluon is the force that holds quarks together
Subatomic particles (3 types)
1. Proton (+ charge; has mass)
2. Neutron (no charge; has mass)
3. Electron (- charge; has mass BUT very little)
1 and 2 found in the atomic nucleus AND
Accounts for ALL of the atom’s mass
Atomic Terms
A. Atomic Number
Total # of protons in the nucleus
Total # of electrons
Name of the atom (element)
# of protons = # of electrons
B. Atomic Mass Number (AMUs)
# of protons + # of neutrons in the nucleus of the atomIn the periodic table atomic mass number that we see is an average of all the different types of isotopes for that atom (this is why the atomic mass number is not even)
To find the # of neutrons in a atom:
# of neutrons = Atomic Mass # - Atomic #
C. Isotopes
The name, of the atom, remains the same.
Has the same number of protons and electrons.
Has a different number of neutrons.
Some isotopes are radioactive (Radioisotopes)
α β γ emitters
D. Ions
Same number of protons/ neutrons
Different number of electrons (add or remove)
Ions have a “net charge” (either + or -)
Not very stable
# of electrons in the outer most energy level determines how the atom react with other atoms; ∴ the properties of that atom
These electrons have a name:
Valence electrons
Determines the family the element is in.
Name of Element Symbol # of protons # of Neutrons Atomic Mass Atomic Number
Neon Ne 10 20
Cobalt Co 27 59
Gold Au 118 197 79
Chlorine Cl 18 17
Thorium Th 142 90
Lead Pb 82 207
Nickel Ni 28 59
Chromium Cr 28 52
Silicon Si 28
Tungsten W 110
Carbon C 8
Copper Cu 64
Cesium Cs 133
10 1032 27
7917 3590 232
125 8231 28
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Elements- groups of similar atoms with similarproperties
Dimitri Mendeleev (1869)
Looked for patterns based on properties:
Chemical and physical
Atomic mass
Bonding power (form compounds with O2)
Patterns appeared when elements were arranged in order of increasing atomic mass
He also noticed that the bonding power changed in an orderly way
Arranging elements by ↑ AM did not make a perfect table; It left blank spaces
Periodic table (regular, repeating pattern)
Predicted the properties of the “blank spaces”
The current Periodic Table is arranged with two things in mind.Horizontal ROWS:
7 PERIODS- Arrange the elements in order ofincreasing atomic number
Vertical COLUMNS:
18 GROUPSOf these, 8 GROUPS are special FAMILIES
Elements with similar properties
Noble gases
http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.html
Alkali Metal Family
Never found alone in nature
Valence # is 1
H is NOT a metalSoft metalsCan cut with a knifeSilver and shiny
Highly reactive
Alkaline Earth Metals
Valence # of 2
Slower to react
BUT chemically active
Harder and more dense than family 1Higher MP and BP
Transition MetalsNot a family
Valence # of 1 or 2Most familiar metals Fe, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au
Cu + Zn → Brass
Cu + Sn → Bronze
Sn + Pb → Solder
Au + Cu → 14 karat gold
Boron Family
Carbon Family
Half-way between the reactive metals and non-metals
Over 5 million compounds; Organic chemistry
Nitrogen Family
Oxygen Family
Halogen Gases
Valence # 7
VERY REACTIVE
Poisonous
Noble Gases
Will not react
Inert
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/elements/Elements.html
Noble gases
http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.html
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Alien Periodic Table
1 181 2 13 14 15 16 172345
Alien Periodic Table
1 181 2 13 14 15 16 172345
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