elementary energy infobook - birmingham...

ELEMENTARYENERGY INFOBOOK

GRADE LEVELElementary

SUBJECT AREASScience

Social StudiesLanguage Arts

Fact sheets about energy and the sources that provide us with energy.

Teacher Advisory BoardShelly Baumann, Rockford, MI

Constance Beatty, Kankakee, ILSara Brownell, Canyon Country, CA

Amy Constant, Raleigh, NCJoanne Coons, Clifton Park, NY

Nina Corley, Galveston, TXRegina Donour, Whitesburg, KY

Darren Fisher, Houston, TXDeborah Fitton, Cape Light Compact, MA

Linda Fonner, New Martinsville, WVViola Henry, Thaxton, VA

Linda Hutton, Kitty Hawk, NCDoug Keaton, Russell, KY

Michelle Lamb, Buffalo Grove, ILBarbara Lazar, Albuquerque, NMRobert Lazar, Albuquerque, NM

Mollie Mukhamedov, Port St. Lucie, FLDon Pruett, Sumner, WALarry Richards, Eaton, IN

Joanne Spaziano, Cranston, RIGina Spencer, Virginia Beach, VATom Spencer, Chesapeake, VANancy Stanley, Pensacola, FLDoris Tomas, Rosenberg, TX

Patricia Underwood, Anchorage, AKJim Wilkie, Long Beach CA

Carolyn Wuest, Pensacola, FLDebby Yerkes, Ohio Energy Project, OH

Wayne Yonkelowitz, Fayetteville, WV

Teacher Advisory Board Vision StatementNEED Mission Statement

The mission of the NEED Project is to promote an energy conscious and educated society bycreating effective networks of students, educators, business, government and community

leaders to design and deliver objective, multi-sided energy education programs.

In support of NEED, the national Teacher Advisory Board (TAB) is dedicated to developing andpromoting standards-based energy curriculum and training.

Permission to ReproduceNEED materials may be reproduced for non-commercial educational purposes.

© 2009 THE NEED PROJECT • PO BOX 10101 • MANASSAS, VA 20108 • 1-800-875-5029 Elementary Energy Infobook PAGE 3

Correlations to National Standards ............................. 4-5What Is Energy? ....................................................... 6-7History of Energy ...................................................... 8-9Biomass.............................................................. 10-11Coal .................................................................... 12-13Geothermal .......................................................... 14-15Hydropower .......................................................... 16-17Natural Gas ......................................................... 18-19Petroleum ............................................................ 20-21Propane............................................................... 22-23Solar ................................................................... 24-25Uranium .............................................................. 26-27Wind ................................................................... 28-29Electricity ............................................................. 30-34Energy Safety ....................................................... 35-36Saving Energy ...................................................... 37-38Index of Terms...........................................................39

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Elementary Energy Infobook © 2009 THE NEED PROJECT • PO BOX 10101 • MANASSAS, VA 20108 • 1-800-875-5029

CORRELATIONS TO NATIONAL SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARDS(Bolded standards are emphasized in the infobook.)

PRI–B: 1.a Objects have many observable properties, including size, weight, shape, color, temperature, andthe ability to react with other substances.

PRI–B: 3.a Light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object. Light can be reflected by a mirror,refracted by a lens, or absorbed by the object.

PRI–B: 3.b Heat can be produced in many ways, such as burning, rubbing, or mixing one substance withanother. Heat can move from one object to another by conduction.

PRI–B: 3.c Electricity in circuits can produce light, heat, sound, and magnetic effects. Electrical circuitsrequire a complete loop through which an electrical current can pass.

PRI–B: 3.d Magnets attract and repel each other and certain kinds of other materials.

PRI–C: 3.a All animals depend on plants. Some animals eat plants for food. Other animals eat animals thateat plants.

PRI–C: 3.b All organisms cause changes in the environment where they live. Some of these changes aredetrimental to the organism or other organisms, whereas others are beneficial.

PRI–D: 1.a Earth materials are solid rocks and soils, water, and the gases of the atmosphere. These materialshave different physical and chemical properties, which make them useful in different ways; forexample, as building materials, as sources of fuel, or for growing the plants we use as food.

PRI–D: 1.b Earth materials provide many of the resources that humans use.

PRI–D: 2.a The sun provides the light and heat necessary to maintain the temperature of the earth.

PRI–D: 3.a Weather changes from day to day and over the seasons.

PRI–D: 3.b Weather can be described by measurable quantities, such as temperature, wind direction andspeed, and precipitation.

PRI–E: 2.a People have always had questions about their world. Science is one way of answering questionsand explaining the natural world.

PRI–E: 2.b People have always had problems and invented tools and techniques to solve problems. Trying todetermine the effects of solutions helps people avoid some new problems.

PRI–F: 3.a Resources are things that we get from the living and nonliving environment to meet the needsand wants of a population.

PRI–F: 3.b Some resources are basic materials, such as air, water, and soil; some are produced from basicresources, such as food, fuel, and building materials; and some resources are nonmaterial, suchas quiet places, beauty, security, and safety.

PRI–F: 3.c The supply of many resources is limited. If used, resources can be extended through recyclingand decreased use.

PRI–F: 4.a Environments are the space, conditions, and factors that affect an individual’s and a population’sability to survive and their quality of life.

PRI–F: 4.b Changes in environments can be natural or influenced by humans. Some changes are good, someare bad, and some are neither good nor bad.

PRI–F: 4.c Pollution is a change in the environment that can influence the health, survival, or activities oforganisms, including humans.

PRI–F: 4.d Some environmental changes occur slowly, and others occur rapidly.

PRI–F: 5.a People keep inventing new ways of doing things, solving problems, and getting work done. Newideas and inventions often affect other people; sometimes the effects are good and sometimesthey are bad. It is helpful to try to determine in advance how ideas and inventions will affect otherpeople.


PRI–F: 5.b Science and technology have greatly improved food quality and quantity, transportation, health,sanitation, and communication. These benefits of science and technology are not available to allof the people in the world.

PRI–G: 1.a Science and technology have been practiced by people for a long time.

PRI–G: 1.b Men and women have made a variety of contributions throughout the history of science andtechnology.

PRI–G: 1.c Although men and women using scientific inquiry have learned much about the objects, events,and phenomena in nature, much more remains to be understood. Science will never be finished.

PRI–G: 1.d Many people choose science as a career and devote their entire lives to it. Many people derivegreat pleasure from doing science.


Energy helps us do things. It gives us light. It warms our bodies and homes. It bakescakes and keeps milk cold. It runs our TVs and our cars. It makes us grow and moveand think. Energy is the power to change things. It is the ability to do work.

WHAWHAWHAWHAWHAT IS ENERT IS ENERT IS ENERT IS ENERT IS ENERGY?GY?GY?GY?GY?

Energy is light.Light is a type of energy we use allthe time. We use it so we can see.We get most of our light from the sun.That’s why we stay awake during theday. It saves money. Sunlight is free.

At night, we must make our own light.Usually, we use electricity to makelight. Flashlights use electricity, too.This electricity comes from batteries.

Energy makes things grow.All living things need energy to grow. Plantsuse light from the sun to grow. Plants changethe energy from the sun into sugar and store itin their roots and leaves.

Animals can’t change light energy into sugars.Animals, including people, eat plants and usethe energy stored in them to grow. Animalscan store the energy from plants in their bodies.

Energy is heat.We use energy to make heat. The food we eatkeeps our bodies warm. Sometimes, when werun or work hard, we get really hot. In the winter,our jackets and blankets hold in our body heat.

We use the energy stored in plants and otherthings to make heat. We burn wood and naturalgas to cook food and warm our houses.Factories burn fuel to make the products theysell. Power plants burn coal to make electricity.


Energy makes things move.It takes energy to make things move. Cars run onthe energy stored in gasoline. Many toys run onthe energy stored in batteries. Sail boats arepushed by the energy in the wind.

After a long day, do you ever feel too tired to move?You’ve run out of energy. You need to eat somefood to refuel.

Energy runs machines.It takes energy to run our TVs, computers and videogames—energy in the form of electricity. We use electricitymany times every day. It gives us light and heat, it makesthings move, and it runs our toys and microwaves. Imaginewhat your life would be like without electricity.

We make electricity by burning coal, oil, gas, and eventrash. We make it from the energy that holds atomstogether. We make it with energy from the sun, the wind,and falling water. Sometimes, we use heat from inside theearth to make electricity.

Energy doesn’t disappear.There is the same amount of energy today as therewas when the world began. When we use energy,we don’t use it up. We change it into other formsof energy. When we burn wood, we change its energyinto heat and light. When we drive a car, we changethe energy in gasoline into heat and motion.

There will always be the same amount of energy inthe world. But more and more of it will be changedinto heat. Most of that heat will go into the air. Itwill still be there, but it will be hard to use.


In the beginning was the sun.The sun was the first energy source. It provided light and heat tothe first humans. During the day, the people searched for food.They had no home. When it began to get dark, they looked forshelter.

Once the sun went down, the world was dark and cold. The moon and stars gave theonly light. People huddled together for warmth.

HISTHISTHISTHISTHISTORORORORORY OF ENERY OF ENERY OF ENERY OF ENERY OF ENERGYGYGYGYGY

Humans discovered fire.Once in a while, lightning started fires. Early humans saw the fire and were afraid. Theysaw the animals run in fear. But one day they didn’t run away. Maybe they felt the heaton a cold day. Maybe they noticed they could see at night with the fire.

No one knows how it happened. One brave person carried a burning branch to a cave.People put wood on the fire to keep it going. The fire kept them warm. It gave themlight. It kept dangerous animals away.

For the first time, they had a home. They no longer slept wherever they were at the endof the day. The hunters came home at night to their fire and safety. The children and theold ones made sure the fire did not go out.

These early cave dwellers didn’t know how to start a fire. If the fire went out, they hadto wait until lightning struck again. Keeping the fire going was a very important job.They had the first energy source they could control.

People learned to start fires.Later, they learned how to start fires. They rubbedpieces of flint together to make sparks. One day,someone dropped a piece of meat into the fire. Theylearned that fire could cook food. Cooked meat tastedbetter and was easier to chew.

They used fire to make stronger tools. They used fireto help them capture animals for food. They had anenergy source that could do many things for them. Itmade life easier.


Communities began to use energy.The sun and wood gave man energy for a long time. It wasonly about 5,000 years ago that people started using othersources. People began using the wind to move from oneplace to another. They built boats with sails that capturedthe wind. They could travel to new places. Wind was thefirst energy source used for transportation.

About 2,500 years ago, people began using windmills andwater wheels to grind grain. Later, these simple machineswere used to pump water and run sawmills.

Early Egyptians collected oil that floated to the top of ponds. They burned the oil forlight. American Indians burned coal to bake clay pots. Ancient Chinese people usednatural gas to heat sea water for salt. They piped the gas from shallow wells. At aboutthe same time, people began using heat energy from inside the earth (geothermalenergy). They piped water from hot springs into their houses for heat.

People were learning how to use many different energy sources. But until 150 yearsago, the sun and wood provided most of the energy. In many parts of the world, theystill do today.

Energy is needed for a growing country.Early settlers used wood and water wheels for energy. They burned whale oil for light.Animals were used in farming and for transportation. In the 1800s, the country beganto grow. Villages grew into towns and cities. People needed more energy. The firstnatural gas well was dug in 1821. People used the gas to light their homes andstreets.

Coal mines were dug. Train tracks were built. We began burning coal for heat, to powertrains and boats, and to make things. By the start of the Civil War, coal was the majorenergy source for the country.

At the same time, oil was discovered. The first oil well wasdug in 1859. The oil was used to make kerosene for lights.They had no use for gasoline; they threw it away. The firstgasoline car wasn’t built until 1892—just over a hundredyears ago.

In New York, Thomas Edison built the first power plant. In1882, his Pearl Street Power Station sent electricity to 85buildings. At first, people were afraid of electricity. Theywouldn’t let their children near the lights. Today, electricity isa part of almost everything we do. We use more every year.


Biomass is anything that is alive. It is also anything that was alive a short time ago.Trees, crops, garbage, and animal waste are all biomass. Most of the biomass we usefor energy today is wood. We burn wood to make heat.

Biomass gets its energy from the sun. Plants store the sun’s energyin their leaves and roots. When we eat biomass, we use the energyto move and grow. When we burn biomass, we use the energy tomake heat. We can also change the energy in biomass into gas andliquid fuels.

Biomass is renewable.Biomass energy is renewable, which means wecan make more biomass in a short time. We canalways grow more plants.

We should plant new trees when we cut down oldones for wood. We also need to take care of thesoil in which our crops grow.

We use biomass every day.People and animals get their energy frombiomass. The energy in everything we eat comesfrom plants. Bread is made from wheat, a plant.Hamburgers were once cows that ate grass.

Until about 150 years ago, biomass gave peoplemost of the energy they used. The cave dwellersand settlers burned wood for heat. They burnedwood to cook food.

In many poor countries, wood is still used formost energy needs. People also burn corn cobsand straw. In places without trees, people burnthe waste from cows and pigs.

BIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASSBIOMASS


Biomass can make electricity.Biomass can be used to make electricity. Many townsburn their garbage in waste-to-energy plants. Insteadof putting the garbage into landfills, they burn it tomake electricity. This saves landfill space and givesthem energy, too.

Burning biomass doesn’t cause as much pollution as burning coalor oil. But many people don’t like to burn waste near their towns.Sometimes it smells bad.

Biomass can make biogas.Biomass can be used to make an energy-rich gascalled biogas. Biogas is like the natural gas weuse in our stoves and furnaces.

In China, many farmers use all of their garbage,even animal and human waste, to make biogas.They put the waste into big tanks without air. Thebiomass makes biogas as it rots. Farmers use thebiogas to cook food and light their homes. Thewaste that is left after the biomass rots can beused as fertilizer to grow more crops.

Biomass can make ethanol.Biomass can also be turned into a fuel likegasoline. Just as apples can be made intocider, corn and wheat can be made intoethanol.

Ethanol is a fuel a lot like gasoline.Ethanol costs more than gasoline touse, but it is cleaner. It is alsorenewable. In many places, gasolineand ethanol are mixed together tomake a fuel that any vehicle can use.


COALCOALCOALCOALCOALCoal looks like shiny black rock. Coal has lots of energy in it. When it is burned, itmakes heat and light energy. Many years ago, American Indians burned coal to makepots. The early settlers didn’t use much coal—they burned wood.

People began using coal in the 1800s to heat their homes. Trains and ships used coalfor fuel. Factories used coal to make iron and steel. Today, we burn coal mainly to makeelectricity.

Coal is a fossil fuel.Coal was formed millions of years ago, before the dinosaurs. Back then, much of theearth was covered by huge swamps. They were filled with giant ferns and plants. As theplants died, they sank to the bottom of the swamps.

Over the years, thick layers of plants were covered by dirt and water. They were packeddown by the weight. After a long time, the heat and pressure changed the plants intocoal. Coal is called a fossil fuel because it was made from plants that were once alive.The energy in coal came from the sun.

Coal is nonrenewable.The coal we use today took millions of years to form. We can’t make more in a shorttime. That is why it is called nonrenewable. There is a lot of coal in the U.S. There isenough to last for almost 300 years.


We dig for coal.Most coal is buried under the ground. We must digit out—mine it. If coal is near the surface, minersdig it up with huge machines. First, they scrape offthe dirt and rock, then dig out the coal. This iscalled surface mining.

After the coal is mined, they put back the dirt androck. They plant trees and grass. The land can beused again. This is called reclamation.

If the coal is deep in the ground, tunnels calledmine shafts are dug down to the coal. Machinesdig the coal and carry it to the surface. Some mineshafts are 1,000 feet deep. This is called deepmining.

Coal can make electricity.After the coal is mined, it is cleaned and shipped to market. Most coal is moved by trainsto power plants and factories. Sometimes it is moved on barges along rivers.

Power plants burn the coal to make electricity. Coal is one of our most importantenergy sources. It gives us half of the electricity we use and one fourth of our totalenergy.

Coal can pollute the air.When coal is burned, it can pollute the air. Power plants and factories work hard tokeep the pollution from getting into the air. They clean the coal before they burn it. Theyuse scrubbers to clean the smoke before it goes into the air.


Geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). Geothermalenergy is heat inside the earth. The inside of the earth is very hot. Sometimes this heatcomes near the surface. We can use this heat to warm our houses. We can makeelectricity with it.

The earth is not a solid ball.The earth is made in layers, like an egg. Atthe center is a core of iron. Around that isan outer core of iron and rock so hot therock is melted. This liquid rock is calledmagma. The next layer is a mixture of rockand magma called the mantle. The shell ofthe earth—with the oceans and mountains—is called the crust.

In some places, magma comes close to theear th’s surface. It heats the waterunderground. We can use this heated water.We dig wells and pump the hot water andsteam out of the ground.

GEOGEOGEOGEOGEOTHERMALTHERMALTHERMALTHERMALTHERMAL

Geothermal is renewable.The hot water we use will be replaced by rain. The heat inside the earth will always bethere. More heat is made every day in the earth’s core.

We won’t run out of geothermal energy. It is a renewable energy source.

Where is geothermal energy?Geothermal energy is everywhere under the ground, but sometimes it is hard to reach.In most places, the crust is miles thick. Magma is near the surface in only a fewplaces.

Earthquakes and volcanoes are signs that magma is near the surface. The lava fromvolcanoes has magma in it. Most of the geothermal energy in the United States isfound on the West Coast and in Hawaii.


We use geothermal energy.People have used geothermal energy for thousands of years. In someplaces, there are pools of water that are always hot. They are warmed byunderground springs. These hot springs have often been used for bathing.Many people believe these springs have healing powers.

Most people in Iceland use hot water from geothermal wells to heat their homes. Somescientists think that someday we will be able to capture the energy in volcanoes.

Geothermal steamcan make electricity.Power plants use steam fromgeothermal wells to makeelectricity. The steam is used tospin turbines. The turbines spinmagnets in coils of copper wireto make electricity.

The power plants are built closeto the wells. The steam ispumped straight from the wellsto the power plants.

Geothermal is clean energy.Geothermal energy is clean energy. No fuel is burned, so there is no air pollution. Thesteam is turned into water and put back into the earth. And geothermal energy ischeap—new power plants can make electricity for about the same cost as coal plants.

Geothermal Power Plant


HYDRHYDRHYDRHYDRHYDROPOOPOOPOOPOOPOWERWERWERWERWERHydro means water. Hydropower is the energy we make with moving water. Movingwater has a lot of energy. We use that energy to make electricity.

Gravity––the force of attraction between all objects––makes the water move. Gravitypulls the water from high ground to low ground. The rain that falls in the mountainsflows down the valleys to the oceans.

Hydropower is renewable.The sun heats the water in the oceans, lakes, and rivers, turning some of it into watervapor, a gas. This is called evaporation. The water vapor rises and turns into clouds.When it reaches the cold air above the earth, it turns back into liquid water. The cloudsrelease the water as precipitation––rain or snow––that falls to the earth. The waterflows back into rivers, lakes, and the ocean and the cycle starts again. This is calledthe water cycle.

The water cycle will keep going forever. The water on earth will always be there. Wewon’t run out of it. That’s why we call hydropower a renewable energy source.


People can use hydropower.Water wheels can use the energy of moving water. A water wheel has buckets arounda big wheel. The buckets fill with water at the top of the wheel. The weight of the waterturns the wheel and dumps the water at the bottom.

Early settlers used water wheels to grind grain and run sawmills. Factories used waterwheels to run their machines. In many countries, water wheels are still used.

Moving water can make electricity.Moving water can be used to make electricity. First, a dam is built across a river. Thisstops the water and makes a big lake behind the dam. This lake is called a reservoir.

When gates in the dam are opened, water flows down big pipes called penstocks andturns giant wheels, called turbines. The turbines power generators to make electricity.The first hydro plant was built at Niagara Falls in 1879. Today, there are about 2,000dams in the United States that make electricity.

Hydropower is clean energy.Hydropower is a clean source of energy. No fuel is burned, so the air is not polluted.It is the cheapest source of electricity because the water is free to use. And we won’trun out of water––it is renewable.

The reservoirs can be used for swimming, fishing,boating, and other sports. When dams are built,however, the reservoirs flood a lot of land. They changethe flow of the rivers. Sometimes, fish can’t swimup the rivers and lay their eggs like they could before.


NANANANANATURAL GASTURAL GASTURAL GASTURAL GASTURAL GASNatural gas is similar to air––you can’t see it, smell it, or taste it. But it is different,too. It has a lot of energy in it. You can burn it to make heat. The early Chinese burnednatural gas for heat to separate salt from sea water.

Natural gas is a fossil fuel.Natural gas was formed in the earth millionsof years ago, before the dinosaurs. Oceanscovered much of the earth, filled with tiny seaplants and animals.

When the plants and animals died, they sankto the bottom and were covered by sand. Layersof dead plants, animals, and sand built upover time and turned into sedimentary rock.

Heat from the earth and pressure from therock layers above turned the remains of theplants and animals into natural gas andpetroleum. Since natural gas is made fromthe remains of plants and animals, it is calleda fossil fuel.

The plants and animals received their energywhen they were alive from the sun. It wasstored in them when they died. This is theenergy in natural gas.

Natural gas is nonrenewable.The natural gas we use today took millions of years to form. That’s why we call it anonrenewable energy source. We can’t make more in a short time. Someday, most ofthe natural gas we can reach by drilling underground will be gone.

Garbage sometimes produces methane, the main gas in natural gas, as it rots. Methanefrom rotting garbage is a renewable energy source because there will always begarbage.


We drill for natural gas.Natural gas is found underground in pockets of rock. Wedrill wells into the ground to reach the gas so that it canflow to the surface. Some wells are a mile deep!

The natural gas is piped from the wells to machines thatclean it and remove any water. An odor like that of rotteneggs is added to the gas so that we can detect any leaks.

Natural gas is movedby pipelines.We move natural gas from oneplace to another in undergroundpipelines. There are 300,000miles of pipelines all across theUnited States moving natural gasfrom wells to cleaning plants tomajor cities.

We use natural gas every day.Almost everyone uses natural gas. Most homes use natural gas for heat. So doschools and hospitals. Many stoves and water heaters use natural gas, too.

Factories burn natural gas to make products like paper and cement. Natural gas is alsoan ingredient in paints, glues, fertilizers, plastics, medicines, and many other products.

Power plants burn natural gas to make electricity. Most new power plants burn naturalgas. Sometimes, natural gas is even used to run cars, trucks, and buses. Most mailtrucks use natural gas instead of gasoline.

Natural gas is clean to burn.Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. It doesn’t pollute the air as much ascoal or oil. That’s why it is a good fuel for heating our homes and making electricity.


PETRPETRPETRPETRPETROLEUMOLEUMOLEUMOLEUMOLEUMPetroleum is a liquid that is found underground. Sometimes we call it oil. Oil can beas thick and black as tar or as thin as water. Petroleum has a lot of energy. We can turnit into different fuels—like gasoline, kerosene, and heating oil. Most plastics and inksare made from petroleum, too.

People have burned oil for a long time. Long ago, they didn’t dig for it. They gatheredoil that seeped from under the ground into ponds. It floated on the water.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel.Long before the dinosaurs, oceans covered most of the earth. They were filled with tinysea animals and plants. As the plants and animals died, they sank to the ocean floor.Sand and sediment covered them and turned into sedimentary rock. Millions of yearspassed. The weight of the rock and heat from the earth turned them into petroleum.

Petroleum is called a fossil fuel because it was made from the remains of plants andanimals. The energy in petroleum came from the energy in the plants and animals.That energy came from the sun.

Petroleum is nonrenewable.The petroleum we use today was made millions of years ago. It took millions of yearsto form. We can’t make more in a short time. That’s why we call petroleum nonrenewable.The United States doesn’t produce enough oil to meet our needs. We import more thanhalf the oil we use from other countries.


We drill oil wells.Petroleum is buried underground in tinypockets in rocks. We drill oil wells into therocks to pump out the oil. A few wells aremore than two miles deep. Texas and Alaskaare the states that produce the most oil.

A lot of oil is under the oceans along our shores. Oil rigs that can float are used toreach this oil. Most of these wells are in the Gulf of Mexico.

After the oil is pumped to the surface, it is sent to refineries. At the refineries, it isseparated into different types of oil and made into fuels. Most of the oil is made intogasoline. The oil is moved from one place to another through pipelines and by shipsand trucks.

We use petroleum every day.What would we do without petroleum? Our country would come toa stop! Most of our cars, trucks, and planes are powered by fuelmade from oil.

Our factories use oil to make plastics and paints, medicines andsoaps. We even burn oil to make electricity. We use more petroleumthan any other energy source.

Petroleum can pollute.Petroleum keeps us going, but it can damage ourenvironment. Burning fuels made from oil canpollute the air. Pollution from cars is a big problemin many parts of the country. Oil companies aremaking cleaner gasoline and other fuels everyyear.

Oil can pollute soil and water, injuring the animalsthat live in the area. Oil companies work hard todrill and ship oil as safely as possible. They try toclean up any oil that spills.


PRPRPRPRPROPOPOPOPOPANEANEANEANEANEPropane is the gas we use to fuel our backyard grills. It’s a lot like natural gas—youcan’t see it, smell it, or taste it, but you can burn it to produce heat energy.

Propane has been around for millions of years, but no one knew it. It is buried undergroundin sedimentary rocks with natural gas and petroleum.

Propane wasn’t discovered until 1912. The scientists knew they had found a good newenergy source. One year later, people were using it to heat their homes.

Propane is a fossil fuel.Propane is a fossil fuel. It was formed millions ofyears ago, long before the dinosaurs. Like oil andgas, it was formed from tiny sea animals andplants.

The plants got their energy from the sun. This isthe energy in propane. Propane’s energy came fromthe sun.

Propane is mixed with natural gas and petroleumwhen it comes from the ground. It is separated outat natural gas cleaning plants and oil refineries.

Propane is nonrenewable.The propane we burn today was made a long timeago. It took millions of years to form. We can’tmake more propane in a short time. It is anonrenewable source of energy.

We get propane from petroleum and natural gas.Our supply of propane depends on our supply ofthese fossil fuels.


We use propane every day.Half of the farms in the United States use propaneto dry crops, run tractors, and heat barns.Businesses use propane for heating and cooking.Most vehicles that we drive inside buildings usepropane for fuel. It is a clean fuel. It doesn’t pollutethe air.

Some people in the country can’t get natural gas pipelines to their homes. They usepropane instead. They put big propane tanks outside their houses. Small trucks bringthe propane right to their houses.

Propane is portable.When propane comes out of the ground, it is a gas. But when it is put under pressure,it becomes a liquid. A lot more liquid can be put into a tank than gas. A tank of propanegas might last a week. The same sized tank of liquid propane would last five years!

Liquid propane is easy to move from place to place in tanks. It is portable—that meanseasy to move. We use small tanks of propane for our barbecue grills. One tank can lastall summer.

Propane is a clean fuel.Some cars and buses use propane for fuel. It is a very clean fuel. It doesn’t pollute theair like gasoline does. Engines must be changed to use propane though, and that isexpensive. There aren’t many propane filling stations either.


SOLARSOLARSOLARSOLARSOLARWe get most of our energy from the sun. We call it solarenergy. It travels from the sun to the earth in rays. Someare light rays that we can see. Some rays we can’t see,like x-rays.

The sun is a giant ball of gas. It sends out huge amountsof energy every day. Most of the energy goes off into space.Only a small part reaches the earth.

We depend on solar energy.We use solar energy in many ways.All day, we use sunlight to see whatwe’re doing and where we’re going.

Sunlight turns into heat when it hitsthings. Without the sun, we couldn’tlive on the earth—it would be toocold. We use the sun’s energy to heatwater and dry clothes.

Plants use the light from the sun togrow. Plants take the energy in lightand store it in their roots and leaves.That energy feeds every living thingon earth. We can also burn plants tomake heat.

The sun’s energy is in many things.The energy from the sun makes rain fall and wind blow. We can capture that energy withdams and windmills.

Coal, oil and natural gas were made from prehistoric plants and animals. The energyin them came from the sun. We use that energy to cook our food, warm our houses, runour cars, and make electricity.


Solar energy is renewable.Solar energy is free and clean. There is enough for everyone, and we will never run outof it. Solar energy is renewable. The sun will keep making energy for millions of years.

Why don’t we use the sun for all our energy needs? We don’t know how to yet. The hardpart is capturing the sunlight. It shines all over the earth and only a little bit reachesany one place. On a cloudy day, most of the light never reaches the ground at all.

We can use solar energy.Lots of people put solar collectors on their roofs. Solar collectors capture the sunlightand turn it into heat. People heat their houses and their water using the sun’s energy.

Solar cells can turn light energy into electricity. Some toys and calculators use solarcells instead of batteries. Big solar cells can make enough electricity for a house. Theyare expensive, but they are good for houses far away from power lines.

Today, solar energy provides only a tiny bit of the electricity we use. In the future, itcould be a major source of energy. Scientists are looking for new ways to capture anduse solar energy.

Solar Cells


URANIUMURANIUMURANIUMURANIUMURANIUMWhat is uranium?Uranium is a mineral found in rocks in the ground.Uranium is nonrenewable. We can’t make more. Thereis plenty of uranium in many parts of the world. Wesplit uranium atoms to get energy.

Everything is made of atoms. Stars, trees, horses,air—all are made of atoms. Atoms are tiny, tinyparticles.

Every atom is made of even smaller particles. In thecenter of an atom is the nucleus. It has protons andneutrons in it. Moving around the nucleus areelectrons.

The number of protons tells us what kind of atom it is. So far, 109 different atoms havebeen found. You haven’t heard of most of them. There are some you do know. Hydrogenis a gas—every atom of hydrogen has one proton. Oxygen has eight, tin has 50, anduranium has 92. You’ll learn more about uranium later.

What is nuclear energy?There is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. It is called nuclear energy. It holdsthe atom together. To use this energy, we have to set it free. There are two ways to freethe energy in atoms.

The first way is to combine atoms to make a new atom. This is called fusion. Theenergy from the sun is from fusion. Inside the sun, hydrogen atoms combine to makehelium. Helium atoms don’t need as much energy to hold them together. The extraenergy is released as light and heat.

Another way to free the energy inatoms is to split them apart. We cansplit one atom into two smalleratoms. This is called fission. Thetwo smaller atoms don’t need all theenergy that held the larger atomtogether. The extra energy is releasedas heat and radiation.


NucNucNucNucNuclear Plear Plear Plear Plear Pooooowwwwwer Planter Planter Planter Planter Plant

We use nuclear energy every day.Power plants use fission to make electricity. Atoms of uranium are split into twosmaller atoms. The extra energy is released as heat. This heat is used to makeelectricity.

Nuclear power is clean since no fuel is burned to pollute the air. And uranium is acheap fuel. Right now, about 20 percent of our electricity comes from splitting atomsof uranium in nuclear power plants.

Radiation can be dangerous.During fission, heat isn’t the only energy that is released. Rays of energy, like x-rays,are also given off. These rays of energy, called radiation, can be dangerous. Radiationis everywhere. It comes from the sun and TV sets. When we break a bone or havecancer, radiation is used to help us. Small amounts of radiation from TVs and x-raysare not dangerous.

Large amounts of radiation can kill our cells and poison our food and water. Powerplants are very careful to keep radiation from escaping. The power plants in the UnitedStates are very safe.

Nuclear waste is a problem.The fuel from nuclear power plants produces radiation for a long time. After the fuel isused, it still is radioactive—it gives off radiation. It can’t be put into a landfill. It mustbe carefully stored away from people.

Some people don’t think we should use nuclear energy. They thinkthe radiation is too dangerous. Other people think nuclear energyis a clean, safe way to make electricity.


WINDWINDWINDWINDWINDWind is moving air. We can use the energy in wind to do work. Early Egyptians used thewind to sail ships on the Nile River. People still use wind to move them in sailboats.In Holland, people used windmills to grind wheat. The Pilgrims used windmills to grindcorn, to pump water, and to run sawmills. Today, we use wind to make electricity.

The sun makes the wind blow.The energy in wind comes from the sun. When the sun shines, some of its lightreaches the earth’s surface. The earth near the equator receives more of the sun’senergy than the North and South Poles.

Some parts of the earth absorb more solar energy than others. Some parts reflectmore of the sun’s rays back into the air. Light-colored surfaces and water reflect moresunlight than dark surfaces. Snow and ice reflect sunlight, too.

Some types of land absorb more solar energy than others. Dark forests absorb sunlight,while light desert sands reflect it. Land areas usually absorb more energy than waterin lakes and oceans.

When the earth’s surface absorbs the sun’s energy, it turns the light into heat. Thisheat on the earth’s surface warms the air above it. The air over the equator gets warmerthan the surface air near the poles. The air over the desert gets warmer than the air inthe mountains.

The air over the landusually gets warmerthan the air over thewater. As air warms,it expands. The warmair over the land isbecomes less densethan the the cooler airand rises into theatmosphere. Cooler,denser air nearbyflows in to take itsplace. This moving airis what we call wind.It is caused by theuneven heating of theearth’s surface.


Wind energy is renewable.As long as the sun shines, there will be winds on the earth. We will neverrun out of wind energy. It is a renewable energy source. It is also freesince no one can own the sun or the air.

We can capture the wind.Some places have more wind than others. Areas near the water usually have a lot ofwind. Flat land and mountain passes are good places to catch the wind, too.

Today we use big wind turbines to capture the wind. Sometimes, there are hundreds ofwind turbines in one place. This is called a wind farm. Some wind turbines are as tallas 20-story buildings!

Wind can make electricity.When the wind blows, it pushes against the blades of the wind turbines. The bladesspin around. They turn a generator to make electricity. The wind turbines don’t run allthe time though. Sometimes the wind doesn’t blow at all. Sometimes the wind blowstoo hard. Most wind turbines run about three-fourths of the time.

Today wind energy makes a small amount of the electricity we use in the United States.Most of the big wind farms are in California. There are plans for many more all over thecountry and the world.

Wind is clean energy.Wind is a clean energy source. Windturbines don’t burn fuel, so they don’tpollute the air. Wind is a renewableenergy source and it is free.

Older wind turbines can make a lotof noise as they spin, but new onesdo not.

One wind turbine doesn’t makemuch electricity. Most wind farmshave many wind turbines. Windfarms take up a lot of land; most ofthe land they are on can still befarmed or used to graze animals.

Wind is a safe, clean, renewableenergy source for making electricity.


ELECTRICITYELECTRICITYELECTRICITYELECTRICITYELECTRICITYElectricity is a mysterious force. We can’t see it like we see the sun. We can’t hold itlike we hold coal. We know when it is working, but it is hard to know exactly what it is.Before we can understand electricity, we need to learn about atoms.

What are atoms?Everything is made of atoms—every star, every tree, every animal. Even you and I aremade of atoms. The air and water are, too.

Atoms are the building blocks of the universe. They are very, very tiny particles. Millionsof atoms would fit on the head of a pin.

Atoms are made of even smallerparticles.An atom looks like the sun with the planets spinningaround it. The center is called the nucleus. It ismade of tiny protons and neutrons. Electrons movearound the nucleus in clouds, or shells, far fromthe nucleus.

When an atom is in balance, it has the samenumber of protons and electrons. It can have adifferent number of neutrons.

Protons and electrons attract each other.Electrons stay in their shells because a special force holds them there. Protons andelectrons are attracted to each other. We say protons have a positive charge (+) andthe electrons have a negative charge (-). Opposite charges attract each other.

Electricity is moving electrons.The electrons near the nucleus are held tight to the atom. Sometimes, the onesfarthest away are not. We can push some of these electrons out of their shells. We canmove them. Moving electrons are called electricity.


Electrons move from place to place.Electricity has been around forever. Lightning iselectricity. It is electrons moving from one cloud toanother or jumping to the ground.

Have you ever felt a shock after walking across the carpet? A bunch of electronsjumped to you from another object. This kind of electricity is called static electricity.Electrons aren’t moving through a wire, they are jumping from one object to another.

Electrons repel each other.Have you ever rubbed a balloon over your head? Did yourhair stand straight up on your head? If so, you rubbed electronsoff the balloon.

The electrons moved into your hair from the balloon. Theytried to get far away from each other. They moved to theends of your hair. They pushed against each other and madeyour hair move—they repelled each other.

Magnets are special.In most objects, all the atoms are in balance. Half of the electrons spin in one direction;half spin in the other direction. They are spaced randomly in the object. Magnets aredifferent. In magnets, the atoms are arranged so that the electrons are not in balance.

The electrons don’t move fromone end to the other to find abalance. This creates a forceof energy called a magneticfield, around a magnet.

We call one end of the magnetthe North (N) pole and theother end the South (S) pole.The force of the magnetic fieldflows from the North pole tothe South pole.


Magnets can make electricity.We can use magnets to make electricity. A magnetic field can pull and push electronsto make them move. Some metals, like copper, have electrons that are loosely held.They are easily pushed from their shells.

Magnetism and electricity are related. Magnets can create electricity and electricitycan produce magnetic fields. Every time a magnetic field changes, an electric field iscreated. Every time an electric field changes, a magnetic field is created. Magnetismand electricity are always linked together; you can’t have one without the other. This iscalled electromagnetism.

Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They don’t act likemost objects. If you try to push the two North poles (N) together, theyrepel each other. If you try to push the two South poles (S) together, theyrepel each other.

Turn one magnet around and the North (N) and the South (S) poles attract. Themagnets stick to each other with a strong force. Just like protons and electrons,opposites attract.


Power plants use magnets.Power plants use huge magnets to make, or generate, electricity. In agenerator, a big coil of copper wire spins inside the magnets. As it spins,the magnetic fields push and pull electrons in the wire.

The electrons in the copper wire flow into power lines. These moving electrons are theelectricity that powers our houses.

Power plants use giant wheels, called turbines, to spin the coils of wire in the generators.It takes a lot of energy to spin turbines. Power plants use many fuels to get that energy.

Electricity travels through wires.The spinning turbines make electricity. It flows into power lines. The electrons flowthrough the power lines to our houses. They flow through the wires in our houses andback to the power plant. Then they start their journey again.

Electricity moves through the wires very fast. In just one second, electricity can travelaround the world seven times.

We get our electricity through wires.The power plant makes electricity. The electricity flows through transmission linesheld up by power towers. The transmission lines carry large amounts of electricity toelectric poles in cities and towns.

Distribution lines carry small amounts of electricity from the electric poles to housesand businesses.


Electricity travels in loops.Electricity travels in closed loops, or circuits (from the word circle). Itmust have a complete path from the power plant through the wires andback.

If a circuit is open, the electricity can’t flow. When we flip on a light switch, we closea circuit. The electricity flows through the light and back into the wire. When we flip theswitch off, we open the circuit. No electricity flows to the light. It flows straight throughthe switch.

Electricity does work.When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wiregets very hot and glows. When a lightbulb burns out, it means the tiny wire has broken.The path through the bulb is gone.

When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, making picturesand sound. Sometimes electricity runs motors—in washers or mixers.

We use electricity every day.Electricity does a lot of work for us. We use it many times each day. It lights ourhomes—and warms and cools and helps us keep them clean. It runs our TVs, VCRs,DVD players, video games, computers, and fax machines. It cooks our food and washesthe dishes. It can power our lawn mowers and leaf blowers. It can even run our cars.We use more electricity every year.


ENERENERENERENERENERGY SAFETYGY SAFETYGY SAFETYGY SAFETYGY SAFETYWe use energy every day—many kinds of energy. Sometimes, energy can be dangerous.It is important to know the dangers and how to be safe. Here are some ways to staysafe when you are using energy.

Natural Gas SafetyWe use natural gas to warm our homes, cook ourfood, and heat our water. Natural gas is burned tomake heat. That means there is fire in the furnaceand in the water heater. There is fire on the stove.

Fires are always dangerous. Don’t play near thefurnace, water heater, or stove. Never touch themunless an adult is with you.

Natural gas can also be dangerous if there is aleak. The gas company puts a special smell innatural gas. It smells like rotten eggs. That smelllets you know if there is a gas leak. Your parentsor your teacher can show you how it smells.

If you ever smell natural gas, tell an adult. Don’t use the phone or turn on the lights.Leave your house right away. Never light a match or start a fire if there is a gas leak.

Petroleum SafetyWe use petroleum for lots of jobs. Gasoline runs ourcars and our lawn mowers. Sometimes we burn oil inour furnaces for heat. We burn kerosene in lanterns.

All of these fuels can be dangerous. You should neverput them in your mouth or breathe their fumes. Theyalso burn easily and can cause fires. Tell an adult ifthere is a spill and stay away from it. Don’t try to cleanit up yourself.


Propane SafetyPropane is used in gas grills and on farms for heat.Propane is stored in tanks. It can be dangerous. Nevertouch a propane tank. If you hear propane leaking froma tank or smell gas, tell an adult and stay away.Companies add that same rotten egg smell to propanethat they do to natural gas.

Electrical SafetyElectricity is amazing. It gives us heat and light, and runs appliances––our TVs,computers, refrigerators, hair dryers, and washers. Electricity can also be dangerous.It can cause fires and injuries, even death.

Here are some rules for using electricity safely:

Don’t put anything into an outlet except a plug.

Don’t pull on the cord to unplug an appliance,hold the plug and pull.

Dry your hands before you plug in or unplug acord.

If a plug is broken or a cord is cut or worn, don’tuse it.

Don’t plug too many cords into one outlet.

Turn off a light or unplug it before changing a lightbulb.

Never touch the inside of an appliance while it’s plugged in.

Keep appliances away from water. Don’t use a hair dryer if there’s water in the sinknearby.

If there’s a big storm, turn off the TV and computer.

Don’t touch any power lines outside.

Some power lines are buried underground. If you are digging and find a wire, don’ttouch it.

Don’t fly a kite or climb a tree near a power line.


Most of the energy we use today comes from coal, oil, and natural gas. They are fossilfuels. They take millions of years to form. We can’t make more quickly. They arenonrenewable. We need to save energy whenever we can. You can help.

Reduce waste.A good way to save energy is by not wasting things. Don’t use paperplates or cups all the time. You only use them once––then throwthem away. Write on both sides of your paper. Use a lunch box andthermos instead of paper bags and box drinks.

Buy one big bottle of juice instead of six little ones.Buy one big bag of chips—not ten little ones. Reducingwaste saves energy. It takes energy to make thingsand to get rid of them. Buy things without a lot ofpackaging. Some candy has more plastic around itthan food in it. What a waste!

Reuse things.Try to use things more than once. Wash out plasticsandwich bags and use them again. Use the comicsfrom newspapers to wrap presents. Buy toys at yardsales and you can save energy and money, too.

Paint your big sister’s old bike instead of buying a newone. Fix old things whenever you can. Give your oldclothes and toys to someone who needs them—don’tthrow them away.

Recycle.You can recycle lots of things—cans, paper, glass, andplastic. It only takes a minute to recycle, and it savesenergy. It takes a lot of energy to dig up metal andmake a can. It only takes a little energy to make a newcan from an old one. Cans can be recycled over andover again.

Plastic bottles can be recycled into clothes and rugs.Paper can be recycled into boxes and bags. Don’t throwaway anything you can recycle.

SASASASASAVING ENERVING ENERVING ENERVING ENERVING ENERGYGYGYGYGY


Save electricity.You use a lot of electricity every day. Use onlywhat you need. Don’t turn on two lights if youonly need one.

Remember to turn off the lights when you leave a room. Turnoff the TV and video games, too. On a sunny day, read by awindow. It’s a simple way to save energy.

Keep the refrigerator door closed. Know what you want beforeyou open the door. If you’re pouring a drink, don’t leave thedoor open. It takes a lot of energy to cool things.

If the air conditioner is on, keep doors and windows closed.Don’t go in and out, in and out. If you can, just use a fan andwear light clothes instead of using the air conditioner.

Save gasoline.It takes a lot of energy to operate a car. Walk or ride your bike wherever you can. If youand some of your friends are going to the same place, go together. Take the businstead of asking for a ride to school.

Save heat.It takes a lot of energy to heat houses and water. If theheat is on, keep doors and windows closed. Wear warmclothes instead of turning up the heat. At night, useblankets to stay warm.

When you take a bath, use only the water you need.And don’t stand in the shower for a long time. Heatingwater uses energy.

You can make a difference.The things you do every day make a difference. If everyone saves just a little energy, itadds up to a lot. When you save energy, you save money, too. You have more money tospend on other things.

Saving energy also helps protect the environment.


Atom 26, 30Attract 31

Biomass 10, 11

Circuit 35Closed circuit 33Coal 12, 13Core (earth) 14Crust 14

Deep mining 13Distribution line 33

Electric poles 33Electricity 30–34Electron 26, 30Energy 6 – 9Ethanol 11Evaporation 16

Fission 26Fossil fuel 12, 18, 20, 37Fusion 26

Gasoline 21, 38Generator 15, 27, 33Geothermal energy 9, 14–15Gravity 16Hot spring 15Hydrogen 26Hydropower 16–17Hydropower plant 17

Magma 14Magnet 30, 31Magnetic field 31Mantle 14Methane 18Mine shaft 13

Natural gas 18–19Natural gas formation 18Negative charge 30Neutron 26, 30Nonrenewable 12, 18, 20, 37North pole 31Nuclear energy 25, 26Nucleus 26, 30

Oil 20–21Oil well 21Open circuit 34Oxygen 26

Penstock 17Petroleum 20–21Petroleum formation 20Power line 33Power tower 33Precipitation 16Propane 22–23Proton 26, 30

Radiation 26–27Radioactive 26Reclamation 13Recycle 37Reduce 37Refinery 21Renewable 10, 16, 25Repel 31–32Reservoir 17Reuse 37

Sawmill 9, 28–29Scrubber 13Sediment 18, 20Sedimentary rock 18, 20Solar cell 25Solar collector 25Solar energy 24–25South pole 31Static electricity 31Surface mining 13

Transmission line 33Turbine 15, 33

Uranium 26–27

Water cycle 16Water vapor 16Water wheel 9, 17Wind energy 28–29Wind farm 29Wind formation 28Wind machine 29

INDEX

American Association of Blacks in EnergyAmerican Electric Power

American Electric Power FoundationAmerican Petroleum InstituteAmerican Solar Energy Society

American Wind Energy AssociationAramco Services Company

ArevaArmstrong Energy Corporation

Association of Desk & Derrick ClubsAll Wild About Kentucky’s Environment

Robert L. Bayless, Producer, LLCBP Foundation

BPBP AlaskaBP Solar

Bureau of Land Management –U.S. Department of the Interior

C&E OperatorsCape and Islands Self Reliance

Cape Cod Cooperative ExtensionCape Light Compact–Massachusetts

L.J. and Wilma CarrCenter for the Advancement of ProcessTechnology–College of the Mainland–TX

Chesapeake Public Schools–VAChesterfield County Public Schools–VA

ChevronChevron Energy Solutions

ComEdConEd SolutionsConocoPhillips

Council on Foreign RelationsCPS Energy

Cypress-Fairbanks Independent SchoolDistrict–TX

Dart FoundationDesk and Derrick of Roswell, NM

DominionDominion Foundation

Duke EnergyE.OnEDF

East Kentucky PowerEl Paso Foundation

EnCanaEnergy Information Administration –

U.S. Department of EnergyEnergy Training Solutions

Energy and Mineral Law FoundationEnergy Solutions Foundation

Equitable ResourcesEscambia County School District–FL

FPL Energy Encounter–FLFirst Roswell Company

Florida Department of EnvironmentalProtection

NEED National Sponsors and PartnersFoundation for Environmental Education

Georgia Environmental Facilities AuthorityGuam Energy Office

Gulf PowerHalliburton Foundation

Gerald Harrington, GeologistHouston Museum of Natural ScienceHydro Foundation for Research and

EducationIdaho Department of Education

Illinois Clean Energy Community FoundationIndependent Petroleum Association of

AmericaIndependent Petroleum Association of

New MexicoIndiana Office of Energy and Defense

DevelopmentInterstate Renewable Energy Council

Iowa Energy CenterKentucky Clean Fuels CoalitionKentucky Department of EnergyDevelopment and IndependenceKentucky Oil and Gas Association

Kentucky Propane Education and ResearchCouncil

Kentucky River Properties LLCKeyspanKidWind

Lenfest FoundationLlano Land and Exploration

Long Island Power Authority–NYMaine Energy Education ProjectMaine Public Service CompanyMarianas Islands Energy OfficeMaryland Energy Administration

Massachusetts Division of EnergyResources

Michigan Energy OfficeMichigan Oil and Gas Producers Education

FoundationMinerals Management Service –U.S. Department of the Interior

Mississippi Development Authority–Energy Division

Montana Energy Education CouncilNarragansett Electric – A National Grid

CompanyNASA Educator Resource Center–WV

National Alternative Fuels Training Center–West Virginia University

National Association of State EnergyOfficials

National Association of State Universitiesand Land Grant Colleges

National Hydropower AssociationNational Ocean Industries AssociationNational Renewable Energy Laboratory

Nebraska Public Power District

The NEED Project PO Box 10101 Manassas, VA 20108 1-800-875-5029 www.NEED.org

New Jersey Department of EnvironmentalProtection

New York Power AuthorityNew Mexico Oil Corporation

New Mexico Landman’s AssociationNorth Carolina Department of

Administration–State Energy OfficeOffshore Energy Center/Ocean Star/

OEC SocietyOffshore Technology Conference

Ohio Energy ProjectPacific Gas and Electric Company

PECOPetroleum Equipment Suppliers

AssociationPoudre School District–CO

Puerto Rico Energy Affairs AdministrationPuget Sound Energy

Roswell Climate Change CommitteeRoswell Geological Society

Rhode Island State Energy OfficeSacramento Municipal Utility District

Saudi AramcoSentech, Inc.

ShellSnohomish County Public Utility District–

WASociety of Petroleum Engineers

David SorensonSouthern Company

Southern LNGSouthwest Gas

Spring Branch Independent SchoolDistrict–TX

Tennessee Department of Economic andCommunity Development–Energy Division

ToyotaTransOptions, Inc.

TXU EnergyUnited Technologies

University of Nevada–Las Vegas, NVUnited Illuminating Company

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyU.S. Department of Energy

U.S. Department of Energy–Hydrogen,Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies

U.S. Department of Energy – Windfor Schools

Virgin Islands Energy OfficeVirginia Department of Mines, Minerals

and EnergyVirginia Department of Education

Virginia General AssemblyWake County Public Schools–NCWashington and Lee University

Western Kentucky Science AllianceW. Plack Carr Company

Yates Petroleum

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