electrons in atoms. bohr model of the atom e - are arranged in orbits around the nucleus e - have...
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Energy Levels a “ quantum ” of energy is required to move an e - to a higher level Like the rungs of the strange ladder, the energy levels in an atom are not equally spacedTRANSCRIPT
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Electrons in Atoms
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Bohr Model of the Atom e- are arranged in
orbits around the nucleus
e- have a fixed energy level and cannot exist between energy levels
n=2n=3n=4
energy level
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Energy Levels a “quantum” of energy is required to move an e- to a higher level
Like the rungs of the strange ladder, the energy levels in an atom are not equally spaced
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The Quantum Theory
1. A quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one.
2. The higher an electron is on the energy ladder, the further it is from the nucleus.
3. Energy levels in an atom are not spaced equally.
4. The further the energy levels are from the nucleus, the more closely spaced they become.
5. The higher the energy level occupied by an electron, the easier the electron escapes from the atom.
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Atomic Orbitals Different atomic orbitals are identified by letters.
s orbitals are spherical p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped
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Four of the five d orbitals have the same shape but different orientations in space.
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• Orbits (or energy levels) contain a limited number of e-
–1st orbit = 2 e- (s orbital)–2nd orbit = 8 e- (s and p orbitals)–3rd orbit = 18 e- (s, p and d orbitals)–4th orbit = 32 e- (s, p, d and f orbitals)
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e- Configurations Arrangement of e- around the nucleus of an atom…
1) e- enter orbitals of the lowest energy 1st (Aufbau principle)
2) An atomic orbital may contain only 2 e – with opposite spins (Pauli exclusion principle)
3)Split up e- in orbitals before they pair up (Hund’s rule)
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Aufbau Table
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Aufbau Diagram
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Orbitals s p d f
Maximum # of 2 6 10 14
e- allowed
H ____ 1s
Energy levelnumber of electrons in orbital
orbital
He ____ 1s
first level filled stable configuration
(noble gas)
1s1
1s2
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Writing electron configurations:
C ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 1s 2s 2p
Ne ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1s 2s 2p
O ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1s 2s 2p
1s22s22p2
1s22s22p4
1s22s22p6
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Writing electron configurations:
Na = 11 e- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
P = 15 e-
K = 19 e-
Pb = 82 e-
1s2
1s2
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p2
[Xe] 6s24f145d106p2
2s2 2p6 3p3
2s2 2p6 3s23p6 4s1
3s2
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***ExceptionsCr Family and Cu Family:
“rob” one electron from an s orbital to fill or half-fill a d orbital
Cr [Ar]4s23d4
Ag [Kr]5s14d10
[Ar]4s13d10Cu [Ar]4s23d 9
Mo
[Ar]4s13d5
[Kr]5s14d5
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Dual properties (wave and particle) Ground state - lowest energy level Energy is needed to raise the e- from the
ground state to an excited state When the e- drops back down to the
ground state, light energy is emitted
Electrons