electronics principles & applications fifth edition chapter 13 integrated circuits ©1999...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Electronics Principles & Applications Fifth Edition Chapter 13 Integrated Circuits ©1999 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Charles A. Schuler](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649f325503460f94c4e75b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ElectronicsElectronics
Principles & ApplicationsPrinciples & ApplicationsFifth EditionFifth Edition
Chapter 13Integrated Circuits
©1999 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Charles A. Schuler
![Page 2: Electronics Principles & Applications Fifth Edition Chapter 13 Integrated Circuits ©1999 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Charles A. Schuler](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649f325503460f94c4e75b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• IC fabrication• The 555 Timer• Additional ICs• Digital Signal Processing• Troubleshooting
INTRODUCTION
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The base process is called photolithography.
• Silicon wafer (the substrate) oxidized on its surface
• Coated with photoresist
• Covered with a photomask
• Exposed to light and developed
• Etched to expose the substrate
• Impurity diffusion into the substrate
• Repeat five or more times
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Silicon substrate
Start with a silicon substrateCoat with silicon dioxideCoat with photoresistCover with photomaskExpose with lightDevelopEtchDiffusion
Dopant
A PN junction has formed
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Batch processing
Each wafer will yield dozens of ICs (or more).
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Probetest
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During the probe test, the defective ICs are marked.
After the wafer is scribed and separated,the defective ICs are discarded.
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Using photolithography to form an NPN BJT
1. P-type substrate
2. N+ diffusion layer
3. N epitaxial layer
4. Silicon dioxide layer
5. Expose and etch
6. Boron diffusion
7. Silicon dioxide layer
8. Expose and etch
9. Boron base diffusion
10. Emitter diffusion
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Using photolithography to form an NPN BJT
11. Coat, expose and etch
12. Aluminum metalization layer
13. Coat, expose and etch away extra aluminum
Collector contact Emitter contact
Base contact
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IC fabrication quiz
The base process in making monolithic ICsis _______________. photolithography
The wafer is coated with photoresist andexposed through a _________. photomask
Etching produces windows through whichimpurities are ________. diffused
The electrical performance of each chip on thewafer is checked during the ____ test. probe
Individual sections are electrically connectedwith a film of __________. aluminum
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5 k
R
S Q
Q5 k
5 k
Gnd1
Out
3
+VCC8Discharge
Threshold
Control
Trigger
7
6
5
2
555555
Reset4
UTP VCC
LTP VCC
A popular timer IC
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SRQ
Q
R
S Q
Q
How the RS flip-flop in the 555 timer works:
Once set, the Q output remainshigh until the flip-flop is reset.
Outputs are inopposite states.
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1
3
+VCC
7
6
2
8One-shot operation
R
C
VCC
The input trigger resets the flip-flop and C then chargesuntil the top comparator trips and sets the flip-flop.
SR
input triggeroutput pulse
Dischargetransistor
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+ VCC
555
48
7
6
1
3
2
R
C
t = 1.1RCOutput pulse
Trigger1/3 VCC
The external components determine the output pulse width.
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1
3
+VCC
7
6
2
8
Free-running orastable operationRB
C
RA
SR
VCC
VCC
C charges through RA+ RB
and discharges through RB.
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+ VCC
555
48
7
6
1
3
2
RA
C
Astablemode duty
cycle > 50%
RB
f =1.45
(RA + 2RB)C
Duty Cycle = RA + 2RB
x 100%RA + RB
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+ VCC
555
48
7
6
1
3
2
RA
C
Astablemode duty
cycle < 50%
RB
f =1.45
(RA + RB)C
RADuty Cycle =
RA + RB
x 100%
C chargesthrough RA
and dischargesthrough RB.
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+ VCC
555
48
6
1
3
2
R
C
Trigger
Time-delaymode
Time delay = 1.1 RCOutput
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555 timer quiz
The voltage of the trigger signal must beless than _________. VCC
The threshold and trigger comparatorscontrol the ___________. RS flip-flop
The Q output of the RS flip-flop controlsthe __________ transistor. discharge
In one-shot mode, the external R and C setthe _______ of the output pulse. width
In astable mode, the 555 timer acts as an____________. oscillator
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ErrorAmplifier
Phasedetector
LPF
VCO
Phase-locked loop
In
In
VCO
The VCO locks onto the input phase.
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ErrorAmplifier
Phasedetector
LPF
VCO
In
The VCO also locks onto the input frequency.
Out
Ou
tpu
t vo
ltag
e
Input frequency
Lock range
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ErrorAmplifier
Phasedetector
LPF
VCO
In
PLLs can serve as FM detectors.
Out
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ErrorAmplifier
Phasedetector
LPF
VCO
fREF
PLL frequency synthesizer
fOUT
Digitaldivide by N fOUT = N(fREF)
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DSP can replace several types of analog circuits
• Filters
• Noise reduction circuits
• Interference reduction circuits
• Compressors and expanders
• Modulators and demodulators
• Special effects circuits
• Echo canceling circuits
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MemoryA/Dconverter
Sample& hold
LPFD/Aconverter
Processor
Digital signal processing
01101110110010001100001001101110000011100000100101101110
In
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MemoryA/Dconverter
Sample& hold
LPFD/Aconverter
Processor
Digital signal processing
01101110110010001100001001101110000011100000100101101110
In
01100010110010111100001001101011000011100001100101101111
Out
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4-bit D/A converter
Vout
R R
2R
4R
8R
Output states = 2N = 24 = 16
N = 4
5 V8
5 V0 V
-9.375 V
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Troubleshooting
• Be sure to take a system point-of-view
• Supply voltages may be critical
• Waveform analysis is often used
• Sampling/clock rate in DSP is important
• The software and/or coefficients are critical in DSP systems
• Check A/D and D/A converters
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IC applications quiz
When a PLL is locked, the VCO tracks theinput _________. signal
PLLs can be used as FM _________.detectors
With a divide by N, a PLL serves as afrequency _____________. synthesizer
In DSP systems, analog signals are firstconverted to _______ signals. digital
The output of a 6-bit D/A converter has_______ possible output levels. 64
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REVIEW
• Fabrication• The 555 Timer• Additional ICs• Digital Signal Processing• Troubleshooting