electronic nose for reactor stability monitoring of …...• online monitoring: [ch4], [co2],...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of an Agricultural Co-
digestion Biogas Plant
Environmental Sciences and Management Department
University of Liège
G. Adam S. Lemaigre P. Delfosse A-C. Romain
1 Progress in biogas III, 10-11 September, 2014, Stuttgart
![Page 2: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2 Pearce et al., 2003
What is an electronic nose (e-nose) ?
It’s an array of complementary low-specificity gas sensors increased specificity using sensor array pattern (like a signature)
Introduction
![Page 3: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why e-nose technology?
Introduction
3
• Anaerobic digestion process monitoring:
• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH
• Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total), etc.
• No online tool for early warning of anaerobic digestion process disorders
• E-nose advantages:
• Online monitoring
• Gas phase sampling (easier than liquid-phase sampling in anaerobic reactors)
• Rapid turn-over of gas phase of the reactor (hours)
Sample Transport
(days)
Register sample (hours)
Measure (hours-days)
Results transmission
Decision
Sample Measure (minutes)
Decision
Adapted from Holm-Nielsen, 2008
Actual situation
Ideal situation
![Page 4: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phase I: 100 L pilot-scale CSTR monitoring
4
e-nose = array of 6 low-specificity gas sensors and a dilution system (25x)
Liquid phase Total solids [%], volatile solids [%TS] pH Alkalinity [ml CO2] NH4
+ [g L-3]
Gas phase CH4 [%], CO2[%], H2S (ppm), H2 (ppm) E-nose
Material and methods
![Page 5: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phase II: Full-scale reactor monitoring
5
Material and methods
![Page 6: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Material and methods
E-nose: array of 7 low-specificity commercial gas sensors (Figaro Engineering inc.)
During e-nose monitoring (650 days): weekly: VFA, VS, TS, VFA/TIC (FOS/TAC) Every 2 weeks: total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)
![Page 7: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Faascht farm (BE)
Co-digestion biogas plant of 750 kW 3 CSTR + two storage tanks + Digestate drying unit Substrates (18 000 T): •Food industry waste (54 %) •Cattle manure/slurry (33 %) •Maize silage (8 %)
Limited process monitoring capabilities: On-line: CH4, CO2, H2S and O2 (prior to CHP) When low gas quality/production: VFA, N-NH4
+ in the sludge
Material and methods
![Page 8: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Results – Pilot-scale monitoring
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TIC
(m
l CO
2 g
-1, N
-NH
4 (
g kg
-1)
pH
pH
TIC
N-NH4
0
2
4
6
8
10
OLR
(gV
S L-1
d-1
), g
as
pro
du
ctio
n r
ate
(m³
m-3
d
ay--1
)
OLR
biogas production
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
T2/l
im9
9 ,
SPE/
SPEl
im9
9
Time (days)
ratioT2/lim99
ratioQ/lim99
limit
Alkalinity decrease
pH decrease
E-nose indicators
![Page 9: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
0
20
40
60
80
100
CH
4 a
nd
CO
2 c
on
ten
t (%
)
CH4 CO2
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
H2
(p
pm
)
H2
S (p
pm
)
H2S
H2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
T2/l
im9
9 ,
SPE/
SPEl
im9
9
Time (days)
ratioT2/lim99
ratioQ/lim99
limit
Alkalinity decrease
pH decrease
Results – Pilot-scale monitoring
CH4-CO2
H2S-H2
E-nose indicators
![Page 10: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Results – Pilot-scale monitoring
Scores PC1 (44.5%)
Sco
res P
C2
(2
3.8
%)
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50Stable pH and TAC (days 1 to 78)
Stable pH, decreasing TAC (days 78 to 98)
Decreasing TAC and pH (days 98 to 113)
day 102
days 105-106
days 109-110
days 113
Stable operation cluster
PCA monitoring Different changes in the gas phase and liquid phase are observed by the e-nose
TIC decrease
![Page 11: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Phase II: Full-scale reactor monitoring
11
Results
![Page 12: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
VFA
an
d T
AN
[m
g L-
1]
Acetate
Propionate
TVFA
TAN
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
pH
VFA
/TIC
[-]
Time (days)
VFA/TIC
pH
VFA
Unknown cause CH4 CHP interruption
VFA
TAN
Results – real-scale monitoring
1 2 3 4
![Page 13: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Signal drift decreased model perfomance
13
Results – real-scale monitoring
1 2 3 4
![Page 14: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Adaptive model: detection of variation in process state
14
ok ok ??
Results – real-scale monitoring
1 2 3 4
1. Low gas quality and production. One engine turned off
2. VFA > 3500mg/L
3. Emptying and refilling reactor
4. VFA > 4000mg/L T-NH3> 3500 mg/L
5
![Page 15: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Conclusions and Perspectives
Highlights
• Gas phase monitoring should be considered to assess anaerobic digestion reactor state
• The e-nose could detect process AD disorders by monitoring the gas phase at the pilot-scale level
• A simple indicator, derived from the complex e-nose data, summarizes reactor state
• At the real-scale level, the e-nose failed for robust monitoring of the reactor state
![Page 16: Electronic Nose for Reactor Stability Monitoring of …...• Online monitoring: [CH4], [CO2], biogas production, pH • Offline analysis: alkalinity, Volatile Fatty Acids (individuals/total),](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071103/5fdd5b779bab0501fd405026/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Thanks for your attention
LABORELECLABORELECLABORELEC
Biogas Rohlingerhof
L’Europe investit dans votre avenir
Projet cofinancé par l’Union Européenne via le FEDER dans le cadre du programme INTERREG IV-A Dieses Projekt wird von der EU über den EFRE-Fonds im Rahmen des Programms INTERREG IV-A kofinanziert
European Project Interreg IVa
ECOBIOGAZ (2012-2015) www.ecobiogaz.eu
OPTIBIOGAZ (2009-2012)
www.optibiogaz.eu
Acknowledgements