electronic navigation chapter 23. many toys speed up and make easier many tasks tools are better...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Electronic Navigation Chapter 23. Many Toys Speed up and make easier many tasks Tools are better with knowledge Common: –VHF –Depth Sounder –RADAR –LORAN](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022072011/56649e225503460f94b0f3b0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electronic NavigationChapter 23
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Many Toys
• Speed up and make easier many tasks• Tools are better with knowledge• Common:
– VHF– Depth Sounder– RADAR– LORAN– GPS– EPIRPBS
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Depth Sounders
• Echo sounders
– Time from sound emission and receiving its echo
– Rate sound travels through water is known
• Transmitter-receiver (near helm)
– processes and displays results
• Transducer (on hull)
– Sends ultrasonic pulse and picks up signal
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RADAR
• Radio Detection and Ranging
• Transmits microwave which bounces off metal
• Determines distance to and direction of object
• Useful at night and poor visibility
• Not shielded – stay out of beam
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RADAR
• 5 parts:– Transmitter: produces radio waves– Modulator: sends waves in pulses– Rotating antenna– Receiver: picks up weak incoming signal
and processes it– Display unit
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RADAR
• Pro’s– One object fix (RB and distance)
– Greater distances to objects than visual
– Magnetic anomalies
• Con’s– Training and experience for proper interpretation
– Two people needed
– No small boats if near other objects or shore
– Subject to mechanical or electric failure
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Radar Reflectors
• 3 flat, metallic plates set at right angles to each other
• Enhance the strength of transmitted RADAR beam
• Big ships can better see smaller vessels and non-metallic objects
• Used on some buoys and other aids to navigation
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RADAR Beacon
• Transmits a coded signal when it detects a RADAR beacon (stronger signal)
• “Racon” or “Raymark” on charts
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Land-Based Radio Navigation
• Land-based radio transmitter and shipboard receiver
• Measure time differential between arrival of signals from 2 different stations (master and secondary)
• Charts printed with a lattice of lines (each line same time difference)
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LORAN
• Long Range Navigation
• LORAN-C current version
• Covers all navigable waters of North America – See Canadian Aids to Navigation booklet for map
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How LORAN-C Works
• Receiver measures time difference between 2 stations (LOP)
• Using 2 sets of MASTER/secondary pairs gives a FIX (microprocessor gives the Lat/Long)
• Problems:– Traveling over a lot of land distorts data– Grids not on large-scale charts
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• LORAN’s with microprocessors can store waypoints and calculate:
– Speed over Ground– Velocities of Currents– ETA’s– Cross Track Error
• Some can interface with autopilots and maintain anchor watch
LORAN Capabilities
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LORAN Selection Criteria
• Portable?
• Interfacing capabilities
• Antenna installation
• Wiring, grounding, interfacing technicalities
• Daylight readability
• Accuracy
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GPS
• Global Positioning System• 24+ polar-orbiting satellites emit position
and time signals in a network covering all earth
• Receiver interprets and displays position (FIX)
• Also displays:– Course over Ground, Speed over Ground
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EPIRB
• Emergency Position Indication Radio Beacon• Safety Equipment at Sea• Needs activating when in distress and sinking• Signal picked up by 1 of 4 orbiting satellites • Transmitted to nearest Search and Rescue • Must register with Coast Guard upon purchase