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Electronic Instrumentation Project 4
•1. Optical Communications •2. Initial Design •3. PSpice Model •4. Final Design •5. Project Report
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 2
1. Optical Communications
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 3
Transmitting an audio signal using light
Receiver Circuit
Transmitter Circuit
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 4
Modulation • Modulation is a way to encode an
electromagnetic signal so that it can be transmitted and received.
• A carrier signal (constant) is changed by the transmitter in some way based on the information to be sent.
• The receiver then recreates the signal by looking at how the carrier was changed.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 5
Amplitude Modulation
http://cnyack.homestead.com/files/modulation/modam.htm
Frequency of carrier remains constant.
Input signal alters amplitude of carrier.
Higher input voltage means higher carrier amplitude.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 6
Frequency Modulation
http://cnyack.homestead.com/files/modulation/modfm.htm
Amplitude of carrier remains constant.
Input signal alters frequency of carrier.
Higher input voltage means higher carrier frequency.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 7
Pulse Width Modulation
http://cnyack.homestead.com/files/modulation/modpwm.htm
Period of carrier remains constant.
Input signal alters duty cycle and pulse width of carrier.
Higher input voltage means pulses with longer pulse widths and higher duty cycles.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 8
Pulse Position Modulation
http://cnyack.homestead.com/files/modulation/modppm.htm
Pulse width of carrier remains constant.
Input signal alters period and duty cycle of carrier.
Higher input voltage means pulses with longer periods and lower duty cycles.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 9
Pulse Frequency Modulation Duty cycle of carrier remains constant.
Input signal alters pulse width and period of carrier.
Higher input voltage means pulses with longer pulse widths and longer periods.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 10
2. Initial Design
• The initial design for this project is a circuit consisting of a transmitter and a receiver.
• The circuit is divided into functional blocks. • Transmitter: Block A-B and Block B-C • Transmission: Block C-D • Receiver: Block D-E, Block E-F, Block F-G, and Block
G-H • You will need to examine each block of the circuit.
transmitter receiver
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 11
Transmitter Circuit
X1
555D
GN
D1
TRIGGER2
OUTPUT3
RESET4
CONTROL5
THRESHOLD6
DISCHARGE7
VC
C8
R2
27k
R3
1k
C2
.001uF
C34.7uF
V15V
Function_Gen_1
C8
330uR19
100ohms
D1
LED
0
Rpot
100k
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 12
X1
555D
GN
D1
TRIGGER2
OUTPUT3
RESET4
CONTROL5
THRESHOLD6
DISCHARGE7
VC
C8
R2
27k
R3
1k
C2
.001uF
C34.7uF
V15V
Function_Gen_1
C8
330uR19
100ohms
D1
LED
0
Rpot
100k
Input and Modulated Output
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 13
X1
555D
GN
D1
TRIGGER2
OUTPUT3
RESET4
CONTROL5
THRESHOLD6
DISCHARGE7
VC
C8
R2
27k
R3
1k
C2
.001uF
C34.7uF
V15V
Function_Gen_1
C8
330uR19
100ohms
D1
LED
0
Rpot
100k
Special Capacitors
Bypass Capacitor (Low Pass Filter)
DC Blocking Capacitor (High Pass Filter)
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 14
Sample Input and Output
• When input is higher, pulses are longer • When input is lower, pulses are shorter
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 15
Your signal is what?
The type of modulation this circuit creates is most closely categorized as pulse frequency modulation.
But the pulse width is also modulated and we will use that feature.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 16
Sampling Frequency
• The pot (used as a variable resistor) controls your sampling frequency
• Input frequency in audible range • max range (20 - 20kHz) • representative range (500 - 4kHz)
• Sampling frequency should be between 8kHz and 48kHz to reconstruct sound
• Input amplitude should not exceed 2Vp-p • Function generator can provide 1.2Vp-p
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 17
Receiver Circuit
56k
Add a 100 Ohm resistor in series with the speaker to avoid failures.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 18
Receive Light Signal
56k
Add a 100 Ohm resistor in series with the speaker to avoid failures.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 19
Inverting Amplifier (Pre-Amp)
56k
Add a 100 Ohm resistor in series with the speaker to avoid failures.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 20
Audio Amplifier
Add a 100 Ohm resistor in series with the speaker to avoid failures.
56k
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 21
Audio Amplifier Details
volume
386 audio amplifier
low pass filter
high pass filter
increases gain 10X (not needed)
Add a 100 Ohm resistor in series with the speaker to avoid failures.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 22
Special Capacitors
Bypass Capacitor
DC Blocking Capacitor
Add a 100 Ohm resistor in series with the speaker to avoid failures.
Not needed 56k
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 23
3. PSpice Model • You will compare the performance of
your circuit to a PSpice model. • The PSpice for the initial design will be
given to you. • You will use the PSpice to help you
make decisions about how to create your final design.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 24
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 25
Comparing Output of Blocks
• Take pictures of the signal on each side of the circuit block. • A on channel 1 and B on channel 2 • B on channel 1 and C on channel 2
• Take all measurements relative to ground • Does the block behave as expected? • How does it compare to the PSpice output?
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 26
Comparing Output of Blocks
“close-up” view • Output divided
by 10 • Shows
sampling frequency
• Shows shape of samples
“wide-angle” view • Shows overall
shape and size of input and output
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 27
4. Final Design • The signal is reconstructed well enough by
the initial design that it will be audible. • In order to improve the quality of the signal,
you will add an integrator, which will more exactly reconstruct it.
• Types of integrators • passive integrator (low pass filter) • active integrator (op amp integrator circuit)
• You will then improve the signal further with a smoothing capacitor.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 28
Passive Integration
C1
R1 VoutVin
0
Integration works only at high frequencies f >>fc. Unfortunately, your amplitude will also decrease.
RCf
dtVRC
V
C
inout
π21
1
=
= ∫
E
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 29
Active Integration
CRf
dtVCR
V
fC
ini
out
π21
1
=
−= ∫
• Integration works at f >>fc • Your gain goes from -Rf/Ri to -1/RiC • The amplitude of your signal will decrease or increase depending on components
E F
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 30
Input at A vs. Output at H
Before addition of integrator
After addition of integrator
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 31
Effect of Smoothing Capacitor
Recall what the smoothing capacitor did to the output of the half wave rectifier.
0
V
D1
D1N4148V
V1
FREQ = 1kVAMPL = 5vVOFF = 0 C1
5u
R1
1k
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 32
Input at A vs. Output at H
Before smoothing capacitor
After smoothing capacitor
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 33
Project Packet • Initial Data with Function Generator
• PSpice • Mobile Studio plots from circuit • Brief Comparison • Block Description • For
• Blocks: A-B, A-C, A-D, A-E, A-F, A-G • Overall System: A-H
• Initial Data with Audio • Mobile Studio plots from circuit • For E-F and A-H
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 34
Project Packet • Final Data (integrator only) with Function
Generator • PSpice • Mobile Studio plots from circuit • Brief Comparison • For E-F and A-H
• Final Data (integrator and smoothing) PSpice only • PSpice • Compare to without smoothing • For E-F and A-H
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 35
Project Packet • Final Data with Integrator (and possibly
Smoothing) with Audio • Mobile Studio plots from circuit • For E-F and A-H
• Extra Credit • Mobile Studio picture of A-H with input from
function generator and integrated, smoothed output. Indicate values of components and where used.
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10/1/2014 ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation 36
Work in teams • Put the transmitter on one protoboard and the
receiver on a second. • One pair do the transmitter circuit
• This is the easier circuit, so maybe also start the PSpice simulation.
• The other pair build the receiver circuit • One report for the entire team
• Report is closer to an experiment report than a project report
• See details in handout.