electronic flight instrument system 2.docx

7/27/2019 Electronic Flight Instrument System 2.docx

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Electronic Flight Instrument System

Boeing 747-400

Introduction

The Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) is an avionics system connected with

most of the aircraft systems. It consist of Primary Display System (PFD), Engine

Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS), Navigational Display (ND) and other

instruments.

Primary Display System

The primary display system (PDS) is part of the airplane information management

system (AIMS). The PDS shows information in many different formats on six display

units (DUs) in the flight deck. The information includes:

Airplane status

Navigation data

Flight plan data

Engine indicating and crew alerting data

Communication data

Checklists

Maintenance data.


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PRIMARY DISPLAY SYSTEM

The AIMS PDS provides dynamic and static information to the flight and ground crews.

The PDS also provides crew interface with other avionics systems. These are the major

components of the AIMS PDS:

Six display units (DUs)

Two EFIS control panels (EFIS CPs)

Display select panel (DSP)

Two cursor control devices (CCDs)

Two remote light sensors (RLSs)

Two instrument source select panels (ISSPs)

Two display switching panels

Center display control panel.

Three control display units (CDU) give alternate EFIS CP functions and alternate DSP

functions.


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EFIS Control Panel

Two identical EFIS control panels (EFIS CP) control data on the PFD and ND formats.

PFD Controls

Use these controls to manage data on the PFD:

Minimums reference selector

Flight path vector (FPV) switch

Meters (MTRS) switch

Barometric (BARO) reference selector.

The minimums reference selector selects and sets altitude minimums. The minimums

reference outer selector selects either RADIO or BARO minimums. The inner selector

sets the altitude. The reset (RST) push-button switch cancels the RADIO or BARO alert

annunciation.

The FPV switch enables or disables the display of the FPV vector symbol. The meters

(MTRS) switch is an alternate action switch that controls the display of actual and

selected altitude in meters. This is in addition to the display of these parameters in feet.

The barometric reference selector selects and sets the barometric reference. This

selector has three controls, outer, middle, and inner. The baro reference outer selector

selects either inches of mercury (IN) or hectopascals (hPa) as the barometric referenceon the related PFD. The barometric middle selector sets the barometric correction. The

inner pushbutton switch selects the standard baro setting 29.92 inches of Hg or 1013

hpa.

ND Controls

The ND mode selector enables either the approach (APP), VOR, MAP, or PLAN modes.

Use the center (CTR) push-button to toggle between an expanded display that covers

90 degrees and a centered display that covers 360 degrees in all modes except PLAN.

The ND range selector controls the map range or display range in the MAP or PLAN

mode. This selector also controls weather radar range and TCAS intruder symbol range

in the expanded APP mode, expanded VOR mode and MAP modes. The traffic switch

selects or cancels TCAS traffic data.


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The VOR/ADF switches show radio navigation aid data in all modes except PLAN. The

OFF position causes the VOR and ADF information to go out of view. Bearing

information shows on the compass rose when you set either switch to VOR or ADF.

VOR/ADF identification or frequency data also shows in the lower corner or the display.

Co-located DME distance shows when the switches are in the VOR position. These ND

map switches cause data to show on the NDs or cause data on the NDs to go out of

view:

Terrain (TERR)

Weather radar (WXR)

Station (STA)

Waypoint (WPT)

Airport (ARPT)

DATA

Position (POS)

The terrain map switch causes ground proximity warning computer (GWPC) terrain data

to show. The weather map switch causes weather radar (WXR) data to show. The

station map switch causes navigation aids not in the flight plan to show. The waypoint

map switch causes waypoints and ground reference points to show.

The airport map switch causes airports not in the flight plan to show. The DATA map

switch causes route data to show. The STA, WPT, ARPT and DATA switches affect the

map background display.

The position map switch causes VOR/DME and air data inertial reference system

(ADIRS) position data to show on the map display.

Alternate Control Panel Functions

The left and right control display units (CDUs) provide alternative EFIS CP functions.

CDU menu selections enable the alternate EFIS CP functions.


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EFIS Control Panel


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Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS)

The EICAS performs the functions of engine indicating and crew alerting. The EICAS

displays data transmitted from many systems. In addition to indicating engine data, the

EICAS displays and/or stores information related to airplane maintenance, dispatch

condition, and system configuration.

There are three configurations of the EICAS display format. These configurations are:

Normal configuration:

Two EICAS capable DUs available.

Secondary engine parameter exceedances (oil pressure, oil temperature, oil

quantity, vibration) do not exist.

Non-normal configuration

Two EICAS capable DUs available

Secondary engine parameter exceedances exist.

Degraded configuration

One EICAS capable DU available.

The EICAS display normally shows on the upper center display unit (DU). When theupper center DU fails, the display automatically shows on the lower center DU. The

display shows primary engine parameters and other data which require continuous

display for flight safety. The EICAS display shows:

Total air temperature (TAT) and assumed temperature

Thrust reference mode

Thrust reverser indication

Primary engine parameters

Anti-ice indication

Pressurization indications

Alerting and other annunciation messages

Engine in-flight start envelope

Gear position


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TAT and Assumed Temperature

TAT shows above the EPR scales in white. Assumed temperature shows above the

EPR scale in green when a request is made from the CDU thrust limit page. Assumed

temperature is for reduced thrust takeoffs.

Thrust Limit Mode Annunciations

The thrust limit mode annunciation shows in green above and between the EPR scales.

Thrust Reverser Indication

REV shows above each engine EPR actual readout when the thrust reverser is in transit

or the extended position. The indication temporarily overrides the primary thrust

reference readout. The REV readout is amber when the thrust reverser is in transit and

is green when the thrust reverser is fully extended.

Engine Parameters

The engine parameters show in a round dial format in a vertical column. EPR shows

first, then N1 and EGT. Each parameter has a digital readout and an analog round dial.

EPR

The EPR scale starts at an EPR minimum (3 oclock position). EPR maximum shows at

the 210 degree position. A pointer and the gray shading behind the pointer show the

actual EPR. An amber bar at the upper end of the scale shows EPR maximum. Digital

readouts for EPR show above the round dials. EPR command shows as a white sector

that moves around the EPR scale. The reference EPR shows as a green digital readout

above the actual EPR box.


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Anti-Ice Indication

A green engine anti-ice (EAI) indication shows next to the N1 scale when the engine

anti-ice valve is open. The wing anti-ice (WAI) indication shows near the bottom of the

N1 scale when the wing anti-ice valve is open. N1 and EGT N1 and EGT also show in a

round dial format. A pointer and a gray scale show the actual values. Redline limits,

amber band and amber band limits show on the scales. The reference N1 readout and

bug, N1 maximum line, and N1 command show during alternate mode operation. Digital

readouts for N1 and EGT show above the analog dials.

When an engine exceedance occurs, this data changes from white to red or amber:

Scale

Digital readout

Digital readout box

Fill area.

For redline exceedances, the box around the digital readout stays red after the

exceedance goes away. The CANC/RCL switch removes or shows the exceedance

indication. The engine exceedance maintenance page shows the exceedance

information and controls the data. Both N1 and EGT show exceedances when they

occur.

ATC Datalink Message Field

An ATC message shows in the communication message field at the bottom left corner

of EICAS when there is an ATC uplink. If ECS information shows the ATC text shows

above it. If the EICAS display is not in the compacted format, ATC message text shows

in the ATC datalink message field.

The ATC datalink message field has a maximum of 30characters across. It also has:

A maximum of 5 lines of text

1 line for accept, reject, cancel, and time information.


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Pressurization Indications

Pressurization indications show below the EGT scales when an associated crew alert

message shows or a parameter exceedance occurs. The data shows for the length of

the condition when no AIR synoptic shows. The data includes:

Duct pressure

Cabin altitude

Cabin rate

Cabin differential pressure

Outflow valves

Landing altitude.

Any non-normal condition shows in red or amber.

Alerting and Other Annunciation Messages

These crew alerting and annunciation messages show on the right side of the display:

Warning

Caution

Advisory

Communication

Memo.

The messages show by priority and in chronological order. The message field shows

eleven messages. When more than eleven messages exist, a white page number

shows. A small box shows adjacent to these messages when there is a non-normal

checklist with the message:

Warning

Caution Advisory.

The small box goes away when electronic checklists are on and the checklist for the

message is complete.


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STATUS Cue and RECALL Annunciation

The STATUS cue shows when the PDS makes a new status message and the status

page is not showing. The STATUS cue goes away when the operator selects the status

page or when the condition that causes the status message goes away. The STATUS

cue is cyan.

The RECALL annunciation shows for one second each time the operator uses the recall

switch. The RECALL annunciation is white.

In-flight Start Envelope

The range of airspeed for an in-flight start shows below the crew alerting message field.

This occurs during flight if any engine is shut down and its fire switch is on. The flight

level shows in hundreds of feet and is to the nearest 1,000 feet of actual airplane

altitude. If the airplane is above the maximum flight level for in-flight start, the maximum

and current flight level show.

Gear Position Indication

A single landing gear indication shows the condition of the nose, left, and right main

gear during normal operation. A white UP shows when all gear are up and locked. A

green DOWN shows when all gear are down and locked. When the gear are in transit, a

series of white diagonal lines show. The gear display goes blank after the gear UP

shows for ten seconds.

During non-normal conditions, a multiple gear indication shows all individual gear

positions.

Flap Position Indication

During normal flap operation, a single thermometer style indicator shows for all flap

segments. The indicator shows the flap lever detents of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 25, and 30

degrees along the scale. Zero is at the top. A horizontal bar and a digital readout show


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the commanded flap position. The digital readout shows when the flap handle is in

detent. The bar and readout are green when the flaps/slats are in the commanded

position. Otherwise they are magenta.

The flap position indication goes blank ten seconds after the commanded flap position is

0 and both the flap handle and the flaps are in the 0 detent.

During non-normal conditions, a multiple flap indication shows. The multiple indication

shows all individual flap/slat segments for each wing.

Fuel Data

Total fuel quantity and fuel temperature show as white numerical readouts in the lower

right corner of the display. TOTAL FUEL and TEMP show in cyan.

During a fuel imbalance condition, a fuel quantity block shows to help the crew balance

the fuel in the main tanks. A low fuel temperature condition causes the fuel temperature

readout to change to amber.

During fuel jettison, the fuel temperature readout changes to fuel-to-remain indication.

EICAS DISPLAY FORMAT


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EICAS Message Processing

EICAS shows messages when certain conditions are met. Each type of message goes

through several possible conditions before it shows on the display. Each message

condition needs certain logic to be true.

Crew Alert Messages

Crew alert messages have these three possible conditions:

ENABLED

ACTIVE

DISPLAYABLE.

A message is ENABLED when the logic is true and configuration requirements are true.

A message is ACTIVE when it is ENABLED and there are no inhibits.

A message is DISPLAYABLE when it is ACTIVE and it is not cancelled.

ACTIVE crew alerting messages that are inhibited by the starter cutout inhibit or that go

away because of an overflow condition are DISPLAYABLE. Use the CNCL/RCL switch

on the display select panel (DSP) to review the starter cutout inhibit messages. Also use

the CNCL/RCL switch to go to the next page to review the overflow messages.

Status Messages

Status messages have these four possible conditions:

ENABLED

CURRENT

ACTIVE

DISPLAYABLE.

A message is ENABLED when the logic is true and configuration requirements are true.

A message is CURRENT when it is ENABLED and there are no inhibits. (ESI must be

false or ESI became true after the message was ACTIVE.)

A message is ACTIVE when it becomes current or when it is latched.

A message is DISPLAYABLE when it is ACTIVE and it is not cancelled.


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ACTIVE status messages that go away because of an overflow condition are

DISPLAYABLE. Use the STAT switch on the DSP to go to the next page of messages.

EICAS Message Processing


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Primary Flight Display (PFD)

The primary flight display (PFD) gives the crew this information:

Attitude

Critical parameters cross comparison

Airspeed

Altitude

Marker beacon

Vertical speed

Heading

Localizer and glide slope deviation

Autopilot and autothrottle mode annunciations

Autopilot status annunciations

Radio altitude and decision height

Time critical warning (TCW) messages.

Attitude

The attitude area supplies the flight crew with pitch and roll information from the air data

inertial reference system (ADIRS). This data shows as sky/ground shading, a horizon

line and a fixed airplane symbol. Additional information in this area includes this:

Flight director (F/D) bars

Flight path vector (FPV)

Flight path angle (FPA)

TCAS commands

Slip/skid information

Pitch limit indications.


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Critical Parameter Cross Comparison

Each PFD graphic generator compares this data with the data for the other PFD:

Track

Heading

Pitch attitude

Roll attitude.

When the difference between pitch or roll attitude exceeds three degrees, heading

exceeds four degrees, or track exceeds six degrees, the system makes an EICAS

ATTITUDE message.

Airspeed

The airspeed indication is to the left of the attitude area. Digital readouts show

computed air speed (CAS) and MACH values. Reference speeds, maximum and

minimum limit speeds, and speed trend data also show.

Altitude

The barometric altitude indication shows as a digital readout and a moving tape to theright of the attitude area.

Marker Beacon

The marker beacon indication shows in the upper right area of the attitude display. Inner

marker (IM) white, middle marker (MM) amber, or outer marker (OM) blue, show as the

airplane flies over a marker beacon.

Vertical Speed

The vertical speed indication shows on a fixed scale with a pointer. It is to the right of

the barometric altitude indication.


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Heading

Heading and track data show on a partial compass rose at the bottom of the PFD.

ILS Data

ILS data shows when the ILS receiver tunes to a valid frequency. This data includes:

localizer and glide slope deviation

ILS frequency

ILS identifier

DME distance and

Selected runway course.

The identifier and selected runway course show at the upper left corner of the attitude

area. Co-located DME distance shows just below the identifier.

Flight Mode Annunciations

Autopilot and auto throttle flight mode annunciations show at the top of the PFD. The

top lines show auto throttle, AFDS roll, and AFDS pitch active modes in large green

letters. The lower line shows AFDS roll and pitch armed modes in the center and rightareas in small white letters.

AFDS Status

The AFDS status shows at the top center of the attitude area. These annunciations

show for a flight director (F/D) only or an autopilot and F/D engaged:

FLT DIR - F/D only

A/P - autopilot only or autopilot and F/D.

These are the autoland status annunciations:

NO AUTOLAND

>LAND 2

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