electron shells a)atomic number = number of electrons b)electrons vary in the amount of energy they...
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electron shells
a) Atomic number = number of Electrons
b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy they possess, and they occur at certain energy levels or electron shells.
c) Electron shells determine how an atom behaves when it encounters other atoms
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Electrons are placed in shells according to rules:
1) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons, and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8 electrons.
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Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to N would like toO would like to
Gain 4 electronsGain 3 electronsGain 2 electrons
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Chemical bonds: an attempt to fill electron shells
1. Ionic bonds –
2. Covalent bonds –
3. Metallic bonds
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IONIC BONDbond formed between
two ions by the transfer of electrons
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Formation of Ions from Metals
Ionic compounds result when metals react with nonmetals
Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
electrons of their nearest noble gas
Positive ions form when the number of electrons are
less than the number of protons
Group 1 metals ion 1+
Group 2 metals ion 2+
• Group 13 metals ion 3+
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Formation of Sodium Ion
Sodium atom Sodium ion
Na – e Na +
2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)
11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
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Learning Check
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum1) 1 e- 2) 2 e- 3) 3 e-
B. Change in electrons for octet1) lose 3e- 2) gain 3 e- 3) gain 5
e-
C. Ionic charge of aluminum 1) 3- 2) 5- 3) 3+
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Solution
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum3) 3 e-
B. Change in electrons for octet1) lose 3e-
C. Ionic charge of aluminum 3) 3+
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Ionic Bond
• Between atoms of metals and nonmetals• Bond formed by transfer of electrons• Forms crystal lattices• Conductors and have high melting point.• Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
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Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog!
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1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged particles or ions.
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COVALENT BONDbond formed by the sharing of electrons
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Covalent Bond
• Between nonmetallic elements of similar electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron pairs• Not conductors at any state• Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
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Bonds in all the polyatomic ions and diatomics
are all covalent bonds
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2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.
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Can you see what’s wrong with this oxygen molecule?
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Molecule (O2)
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when electrons are shared but shared
unequally
POLAR COVALENT BONDS
H2O
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Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share.
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- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.
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