electron configuration. the way electrons are arranged around the nucleus
TRANSCRIPT
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Electron Configuration
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Electron Configuration
The way electrons are arranged around the nucleus.
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Quantum Mechanical Model
1920’s Werner Heisenberg (Uncertainty
Principle) Louis de Broglie (electron has wave
properties) Erwin Schrodinger (mathematical
equations using probability, quantum numbers)
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Principal Quantum Number, n
Indicates main energy levelsn = 1, 2, 3, 4…
Each main energy level has sub-levels
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Energy Sublevels
s p d f g
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The principle quantum number, n, determines the number of sublevels within the principle energy level.
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Orbital Quantum Number, ℓ(Angular Momentum Quantum Number)
Indicates shape of orbital sublevels ℓ = n-1
ℓ sublevel0 s1 p2 d3 f4 g
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Orbital
The space where there is a high probability that it is occupied by a pair of electrons.
Orbitals are solutions of Schrodinger’s equations.
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Orbitals in Sublevels
Sublevel # Orbitals # electronss 1 2p 3 6d 5 10f 7 14g 9 18
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Three rules are used to build the electron configuration:
Aufbau principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule
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Aufbau Principle
Electrons occupy orbitals of lower energy first.
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Aufbau Diagram
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-Pauli Exclusion Principle(Wolfgang Pauli, Austria, 1900-1958)-Electron Spin Quantum Number
An orbital can hold only two electrons and they must have opposite spin.
Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms):
+1/2, -1/2
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Hund’s Rule
In a set of orbitals, the electrons will fill the orbitals in a way that would give the maximum number of parallel spins (maximum number of unpaired electrons).
Analogy: Students could fill each seat of a school bus, one person at a time, before doubling up.
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Electron Configurations Electrons fill the lowest energy levels first (calcium shown)
5s
4s
3s
2s
1s
2p
3p
4p
3d
4d
E E N N E E R R G G YY
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Aufbau Diagram for Hydrogen
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Aufbau Diagram for Helium
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Aufbau Diagram for Lithium
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Aufbau Diagram for Beryllium
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Aufbau Diagram for Boron
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Aufbau Diagram for Carbon
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Aufbau Diagram for Nitrogen
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Aufbau Diagram
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Notations of Electron Configurations
Standard Shorthand
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Aufbau Diagram for Fluorine
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Standard Notation of Fluorine
Main Energy
Level
Numbers
1, 2, 2Sublevels
Number of electrons in the sub level 2,2,5
1s2 2s2 2p5
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Shorthand Notation
Use the last noble gas that is located in the periodic table right before the element.
Write the symbol of the noble gas in brackets.
Write the remaining configuration after the brackets.
Ex: Fluorine: [He] 2s2 2p5
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Blocks in the Periodic Table