electrochemical impulse
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SBI 4U. Electrochemical Impulse. Some Interesting Facts about the Neuron. Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and glucose. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Electrochemical Impulse
SBI 4U
Some Interesting Facts about the Neuron
Longevity – can live and function for a lifetime
Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception
High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and glucose
How do nerve cells pass along a message? Nerve impulses remain as strong at
the end of a nerve as they were at the beginning
Use cellular energy to generate current (which is the message)
Deals with a change in electrical potential energy across a membrane
Action vs Resting PotentialAction potential voltage
difference across a membrane when a nerve is excited
Resting potential voltage difference during resting stage
How do nerve cell membranes become charged? Molecular Level of the Nerve Cell
Neurons have a large amount of both + and – ions both inside and outside cell (unlike most cells)
Negative ions don’t contribute much charge (too big)
Key Focus:▪ Electrochemical message is caused by an
unequal concentration of + ions across the nerve cell membranes
How do nerve cell membranes become charged? Note
Sodium likes to diffuse into cell Postassium likes to diffuse out of cell▪ Both diffuse at the same time▪ However, diffusion is unequal; cell more permeable to
potassium, so more potassium diffuse out Since more K+ out, exterior of membrane more
positive than interior Conversely the excess negative ions
accumulate along the inside of the membrane▪ Creates a polarized membrane
How a charge is generated Ion gates allow ions into and out of
cell Steps1. Nerve excited2. Na+ gates open allowing more sodium ions
inside cell, while K+ gates close3. Rapid inflow of + ions causes charge reversal
(a.k.a. Depolarization)4. Inside of cell now positive so Na+ gates close5. Sodium-potassium pump restores resting
membrane by transporting 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in (a.k.a. Repolarization)
Process of Depolarization and Repolarization
Note how the action
potential is
moving away
from the site of origin
Refractory Period
Before a nerve can produce another action potential, it must repolarize
This recovery time is called the refractory period
Often lasts from 1 to 10 ms
Movement of Action Potential Once a nerve is stimulated, the
message needs to be carried along the length of the axon
Therefore, depolarization has to move from the zone it initiated in to adjacent regions
How does this happen?
Movement of Action Potential Once an action depolarization has
occurred, there are now more positive ions on the inside of the membrane
These positive ions are attracted to the negative ions in the adjoining regions that have not been stimulated
As these positive ions move toward the negative ions (the resting membrane), the nerve impulse is carried with them
This resting membrane then undergoes depolarization
Movement of Action Potential
Movement of Action Potential Once depolarization happens, it stimulates
the sodium channels to open which results in the movement in the action potential
This wave of depolarization therefore moves along the length of the nerve membrane
Depolarization of the membrane causes the sodium channels to close, the potassium ions to reopen
Note that every wave of depolarization is followed by a repolarization and a refractory period
Movement of Action Potential
Nodes of Ranvier How does one action potential move down the axon? Nodes of Ranvier are located between myelinated sections of
the axon Figure 8.15, p.358 Nodes contain many Na+ channels Nodes are the specific site of triggering an action potential Remember: sodium ions ENTER via the channels This DEPOLARIZES the membrane THRESHOLD occurs Prior membrane can not be stimulated. Why not? Next membrane in front can be. Once Threshold occurs,
action potential is triggered. Signal continues down axon. This process can also be referred to as : Saltatory
Conductions No jumping in non-myelinated axons. So which is faster?
Movement of an Action Potential, cont’d
Threshold Levels
Threshold Level A minimum level of stimulus is required
to produce a response Varies depending on the neuron
All-or-None Response Once you reach the threshold
level, adding more stimulus will not elicit a greater response
A nerve muscle fibre responds completely or not at all to a stimulus Note: the intensity of the response
will change depeding on:▪ If the brain recognizes a change in the
frequency of responses ▪ if neurons that have a higher
threshold are excited
Higher threshold of B, so two neurons are
excited
Synaptic Transmission
Messages need to be transmitted between neurons
Occurs via synapses Small spaces between neurons, or between
neurons and effectors (e.g. Muscles) As impulse moves along axon it reaches
the endplate and releaes vesicles that contain neurotransmitters (via exocytosis)
Neutrotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron, travel across the synaptic cleft, and create a depolarization of the post synaptic neuron
Synaptic Transmission
Example of Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine
Acts as excitatory neurotransmitter on many post synaptic neurons
Opens sodium channels, helping with depolarization
Potential problem keeps sodium channels open, so keeps cell in constant state of depolarization; not able to respond to next impulse since no refractory period▪ Solution: membrane enzyme cholinesterase destroys
acetylcholine
Real world application: insecticides blocks cholinesterase so insect heart remains contracted