ELECTRONİC NAVİGATİON

Electronic Navigational Devices on ShipPrepared by: İsmail KARACA – Halit Arda BİRGÜL

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Gone are the days when a ship navigation officer had to take help of unconventional ways to plan and navigate a voyage at sea. Today, a ship officer has myriad of marine navigation equipment which makes his life a lot simpler, thanks to the advancement in technology. Moreover, present day seafarers are trained so as to know the functioning and operation of all modern day navigational equipment that have made the journey at sea smoother and safer.

Electronic Navigational Devices on Ship

With modern day facilities and automation, a ship today has several advanced navigation equipment systems which give accurate data for the voyage.

Herein, we have enlisted 30 types of navigational equipment, both old and new, which are present on all merchant ships.

Electronic Navigational Devices on Ship

A gyrocompass is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and rotation of the Earth (or another planetary body if used elsewhere in the universe) to automatically find geographical direction. Although one important component of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic effect.

1. Gyro Compass

Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigation on ships, because they have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:

they find true north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north, and

they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as ship's steel hull, which change the magnetic field

1. Gyro Compass

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Marine radars are usually short range radars that are used by ships to pinpoint locations about other ships and land in the area. The frequencies with which these radars are operated are known as x-band or s-band frequencies. The x stands for secret, as the ship radar was mainly a hidden frequency while used for the purpose of tracking ship during the Second World War. The s stands for small range in the second type.

2. Radar

Tracking ship devices are compulsory as per COLREGS (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea). COLREGS is a publication that is published regularly by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to help make marine travel safe.

With the help of ship radar, accidents can be prevented in the oceanic area. However, even while the ships are docked in the port, with the help of these radars, the coast guard and the other authorities can use them to monitor the traffic in the small radar range.

2. Radar

The ship radar has a screen that displays all the objects that are present in the immediate range of the radar. Since all the objects are clearly visible on the screen, navigating and monitoring the position of the ship becomes really feasible.

2. Radar

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The magnetic compass is the most familiar compass type. It functions as a pointer to "magnetic north". When the compass is held level, the needle turns until, after a few seconds to allow oscillations to die out, it settles into its equilibrium orientation.

3. Magnetic Compass

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It is a combination of hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical system and is used to control the ship’s steering system from a remote location (Navigation bridge).

4. Auto Pilot

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A marine radar with automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA) capability can create tracks using radar contacts. The system can calculate the tracked object's course, speed and closest point of approach (CPA), thereby knowing if there is a danger of collision with the other ship or landmass.

5. Arpa

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Just like ARPA, automatic tracking aid displays the information on tracked targets in graphic and numeric to generate a planned layout for a safer and collision free course.

6. Automatic Tracking Aid

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The device is used to measure the speed and the distance traveled by a ship from a set point. By calculating the same, ETA of the ship is adjusted or given to the port authority and agent.

7. Speed & Distance Log Device

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Echo sounding is a type of SONAR used to determine the depth of water by transmitting sound pulses into water. The time interval between emission and return of a pulse is recorded, which is used to determine the depth of water along with the speed of sound in water at the time. This information is then typically used for navigation purposes or in order to obtain depths for charting purposes.

8. Echo Sounder

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An Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS) is a computer-based navigation information system that complies with International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper nautical charts. IMO refers to similar systems not meeting the regulations as Electronic Chart Systems (ECS).

9. Electronic Chart Display Information System(ECDIS)

An ECDIS system displays the information from electronic navigational charts (ENC) or Digital Nautical Charts (DNC) and integrates position information from position, heading and speed through water reference systems and optionally other navigational sensors. Other sensors which could interface with an ECDIS are radar, Navtex, automatic identification systems (AIS), and depth sounders.

9. Electronic Chart Display Information System(ECDIS)

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The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is an automatic tracking system used on ships and by vessel traffic services (VTS) for identifying and locating vessels by electronically exchanging data with other nearby ships, AIS base stations, and satellites. When satellites are used to detect AIS signatures then the term Satellite-AIS (S-AIS) is used. AIS information supplements marine radar, which continues to be the primary method of collision avoidance for water transport.

10. Automatic Identification system(AIS)

Information provided by AIS equipment, such as unique identification, position, course, and speed, can be displayed on a screen or an ECDIS. AIS is intended to assist a vessel's watchstanding officers and allow maritime authorities to track and monitor vessel movements. AIS integrates a standardized VHF transceiver with a positioning system such as a GPS or LORAN-C receiver, with other electronic navigation sensors, such as a gyrocompass or rate of turn indicator. Vessels fitted with AIS transceivers can be tracked by AIS base stations located along coast lines or, when out of range of terrestrial networks, through a growing number of satellites that are fitted with special AIS receivers which are capable of deconflicting a large number of signatures.

10. Automatic Identification system(AIS)

The International Maritime Organization's International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea requires AIS to be fitted aboard international voyaging ships with gross tonnage (GT) of 300 or more, and all passenger ships regardless of size.

10. Automatic Identification system(AIS)

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LRIT information is provided to Contracting Governments to the 1974 SOLAS Convention and Search and rescue services entitled to receive the information, upon request, through a system of National, Regional and Cooperative LRIT Data Centres using the International LRIT Data Exchange.

11. Long-range identification and tracking (LRIT)

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Rudder angle indicator, as the name indicates, provide the angle of the rudder. The display is provided on bridge to control the rate of turn and rudder angle of the ship.

12. Rudder Angle Indicator

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Just like in Airplanes, a ship is also provided with a black box known as Voyage data recorder. It is said that the accident rate of ship is higher than that of an air plane, as the former is bigger in size and carries several machineries in a harsh environment, which makes it extremely important to have a voyage data recorder on board.

13. Voyage Data Recorder(VDR)

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It indicates how fast the ship is turning at steady rate, normally shown as number of degree turned.

14. Rate of turn indicator

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A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver is a display system used to show the ship’s location with the help of Global positioning satellite in the earth’s orbit.

15. GPS Receiver

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This system is required for a ship with fully enclosed type bridge. It enables the navigating officer inside the cabin to listen to the sound signals and fog horn from other ships.

16. Sound Reception System

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The following illustrate the required navigation lights as described in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea along with some memory aids and real world notes.

Every effort has, and is being made to ensure the accuracy of this information and to continue to add aditional real world notes and examples - should you have any comments, corrections, or suggestions please contact us

17. Navigational Lights

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A ship’s horn is known as whistle and it is generally provided in duplicate. One is driven by air and the other is electrically operated.

18. Ship Whistle

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They are light signaling devices used for emergency signaling in the day time.

19. Daylight Signaling Lamp

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It is an informative booklet provided to the ship’s pilot. It consists of the dimension, draught, turning circle, maneuvering, propulsion equipment etc. of the vessel for safe maneuvering.

20. Pilot Card

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A voyage Plan must be present onboard for referring past voyage plans or planning a future voyage.

21. Voyage Plan

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It is used to mark the presence of the ship in fog or bad weather and sound the alarm in case of any emergency.

22. Forecastle Bell

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In this booklet the performance of the propulsion plant and the ship during maneuvering in different weathers and situations is recorded for quick reference.

23. Maneuvering Booklet

It is a day time signaling shape used to determine the characteristics of vessel with different arrangement of ball shapes. For e.g. a vessel at anchor will show a blackball at foremost end of the forecastle.

24. Black Ball Shape

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All the navigational activities must be recorded and kept on board for ready reference. This is a mandatory and the most important log book.

25. Record of Navigation Activities

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Hard copy of the record must be present onboard ships for ready reference of port and regulatory authorities and must be signed by master and duty officers of the ship.

26. Record of Maintenance of Navigational Equipment

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Present in the Navigation bridge, it displays a detailed information of maneuvering characteristics of the ship.

27. Wheelhouse Posters

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They are used to display the information of the vessel’s true heading.

28. Transmitting Heading Device

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When the ship is being towed or when a vessel is unable to maneuvers on itself, a black diamond shape is shown during the day time.

29. Black Diamond Shape

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Various types of ship flags with different colors and signs are used to indicate a ship’s position. Signal flags are they are commonly known, have been used since the ancient times and are still used on all vessels.

30. Ship Flags

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Http://www.marineinsight.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/ http://www.e-marineeducation.com/ http://www.marine-ed.org/ http://oceana.org/ http://www.imo.org/ http://www.lr.org/

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