Class 4 Program

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This book has been produced for Gyan Lab Programs. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the copyright owner. Published in India by ADD onGYAN Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

© ADD on GYAN Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

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Material Required

GRAB THESE:

[ Green Board ]

[ Metal Plate ]

[ Wire ]

[ Brackets ]

ket]

[ Nut ]

[ Battery Holder ]

[ Bulb ]

[ CopperPlate ]

[ Long Bolt ]

[ Short Bolt ]

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1: Shine a Light

(Build a Simple Electric Circuit)

Ever imagined what life was like before theinvention of the LIGHT BULB? It was rather dimand definitely smoky due to the burningcandles and gas lamps. Then in 1879, JosephSwan and Thomas Edison both had the samebright idea...

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Hey Anna, I am planning to make a circuit today. Do you want to come?

Yes, yes! I have always wanted to make my own circuit. Let‟s go!

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Place the bulb holder on the green board.

Fix the bulb into the bulb holder. Use the long and

thin bolt to fix the bulb holder on

the green board.

Use a nut to tighten the bolt. Use the screwdriver to

hold the bolt in position.

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Loosen the screw of one of the ends of the bulb holder

as shown.

Who invented the bulb?

And, this is what Anna and Bulb made!

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Connect one end of the wire to the bulb holder as shown.

Tighten the screw such that the wire is fixed

Similarly connect another wire to the other end of the bulb holder.

Loosen the outer nut of the battery end.

Connect the wire from the bulb holder to the battery end and tighten the nut to secure the wire.

Fix the battery in the battery holder as shown. Observe the “+” (positive) and “-“ (negative) signs on the battery.

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Remove the battery from the battery holder to avoid drainage of the battery.

Similarly connect the other wire from the bulb holder to the free end of the battery holder. You‟ll notice that the bulb glows.

Remove all the connections one by one and keep the materials back in your Gyan Lab Kit Box

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When your circuit is complete (i.e.) the bulb isconnected to the battery, electricity begins to flowthrough the filament, which starts to heat up. Thismakes the electrons in the filament of the bulbexcited. A filament is a thin coil of metal that glowsbrightly when heated. Can you notice the filamentin the bulb that you have in your kit? So, as theelectrons move, they give out energy in the form ofheat and light. Thus, the bulb glows!!!

Super Inventor

Benjamin FranklinDo you know about him?Try finding his contribution to the electricity we use today.

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2: Who can Resist?

(Conductors & Insulators)

Why does ascrewdriver havea plastic handle?

Well, this is because plastic isan insulator.

Insu..? What?What is that?

Let us do somethinginteresting to learnmore…

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Place the bulb on the bulb holder and connect the wires to it as you had done in the previous chapter.

Place the L bracket on the green board with the holes aligned as shown in the image

Insert a bolt through one of the holes as shown

Connect the free end of the wire from the bulb holder under the bolt.

Secure the bolt using a nut as shown in the figure.

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Did you Know?

The awesome Empire State Building in New York City uses 3,194,547 light

bulbs! The top floors are on display and you can see them from long distances

as well due to 204 flood lights and 310 fluorescent lamps!

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Place the copper plate on the green board right next to the bulb as shown in the figure.

Turn the green board upside down while holding on to the copper plate and insert a bolt through the hole such that it passes through the copper plate.

Turn the board upwards again while holding on to the bolt and use a nut to tighten it.

Take an additional wire and place it on the nut used to tighten the copper plate

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Use a second nut to fix the wire.

Connect the free end of this wire to the free end of the battery holder.

Place the battery in the battery holder.

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The set up is ready.Use a pencil to connect the L bracket and the metal plate. You‟ll notice that the bulb doesn‟t glow.

Use a screw driver to connect the L bracket and the metal plate. You‟ll notice that the bulb glows this time.

Remove the connections from the battery holder. Remove the wires and other matherials. Keep back the material in your Gyan Lab Box.

Now try this activity using other things such as a pen, other metal pieces, spoons, etc and note the cases in which the bulb glows. Make a list of these items and show it to your Lab Teacher.

Did you Know?

Lightning is a discharge of electricity in the atmosphere. Lightning bolts can

travel at around 210,000 kph (130,000 mph), while reaching nearly 30,000 °C(54,000 °F) in temperature.

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The bulb didn‟t glow when the pencil was there!

Yes! Because the pencil is made of wood.Wood is an insulator. It doesn‟t allowelectricity to pass through. But the screwdriver lets the bulb glow. This is because thematerial is steel - a good conductor ofelectricity.

Materials which easily allow the passage ofcurrent through them are called conductorsof electricity and the ones which don‟t areinsulators.

Safety First: You must have seen wires in the kit as well as other wires having nice

colourful material. This is a plastic covering on the wire which is a copper material. The

plastic acts as insulator and protects us from touching the copper which is a conductor.

Human beings are conductors which is why we are prone to getting electric shock. Do

you know why? (Hint: Human Body comprises of 70% water) Now you must try and

find more about this.

Think: Why is it advised to wear rubber slipper while working with electrical

appliances?

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3: Battery Bank

(Batteries in Series)

Why does my TV Remote Control have two AA batteries?

That is because it needs 3V rating to work and each battery provides 1.5V only

What is this „V‟ that you are talking about, Bulb?

Well, V is Volt and the unit of Voltage which is the potential difference between the bulging positive end and negative end of the battery. I know it is difficult to understand. Come!!! Let us find three batteries and have some fun...

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Place the bulb on the bulb holder and connect the wires to it as you had done in the previous chapters.

Connect a free wire to one end of the battery holder.

Similarly connect the other end of this wire to one end of another battery holder.

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Connect one end of a free wire to the free end of one of the battery holders mentioned in the previous step.

Now, connect the free end of this wire to the one of the ends of the third battery holder.

Super Inventor

James WattA Scottish inventor, his Steam Engine work changed many things and led to Industrial Revolution. Try finding more about this genius.

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Connect the free end of one of the wires from the bulb holder to the free end of the third battery holder

You‟ll notice that the bulb glows.

Connect the free end of the other wire from the bulb holder to the free end of the first battery holder.

Insert the batteries into the battery holders as shown. Note the positive and negative terminals of the batteries while inserting.

Remove the batteries from the holder and dismantle the circuit. Now, carefully put all the things back into your Gyan Lab Box

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So, this means that since I had put three 1.5 Volt batteries together, I got a total of 4.5 Volts (1.5 x 3 = 4.5) due to which I had more power and, hence, the bulb glowed stronger!

Yes absolutely correct! Infact, if you just keep two AA batteries, the total voltage will be 3V as needed by your television remote and other devices. Also, did you know that in order to get a supply of 220 Volts, we would need nearly 150 such batteries! It will be so expensive as an alternate to our household power of 220 V AC (Alternating Current)

Did you Know?

Benjamin Franklin carried out extensive electricity research in the 18th century,

inventing the lightning rod amongst his many discoveries. Lightning rods protect

buildings in the event of lightning by conducting lightning strikes through a

grounded wire.

Super Inventor

Thomas Alva Edison was one ofthe greatest inventors of all times.His inventions included acommercially viable light bulb,motion picture camera,phonograph, etc. He was also asuccessful businessman setting uppower stations to generate andsupply electricity! Check thenumber of patents he had.© 20

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1: Battery Bank

(Batteries in Series)4: Circuits in Your House A

(Batteries in Parallel)

Oh! I feel a little silly. I just told you about batteries in series. What if we want more current and not more voltage? Come, I will show you the new circuit with the same three batteries.

Bulb, I went and showed my battery bank to some people. They asked me what happens if we connect batteries in parallel. What is that? You did not tell me about it!

Let us quickly see what is this new circuit that Bulb showed Anna which is called Batteries in Parallel!

Did you Know?

Electricity travels at the speed of light more than 300,000 kilometres per second!

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Connect the third battery holder to the second one as shown. Note that the connections are being made on the same side of the battery ends and two wires are meeting at the battery holder in the middle.

Connect two battery holders as shown using a free wire.

Place the bulb on the bulb holder and connect the wires to it as you had done in the previous chapters.

Similarly make the connections at the other end of the battery holders.

Did you Know?

Thomas Edison didn't invent the first light bulb but he did invent one that

stayed lit for more than a few seconds. Thomas Edison invented more

than 2,000 new products, including almost everything needed for us to

use electricity in our homes: switches, fuses, sockets and meters.

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Connect one of the wires from the bulb holder to the top end of the leftmost battery holder. Similarly connect the other wire from the bulb holder to the bottom end of the rightmost battery holder.

Place the batteries in the battery holders. You must place this in a way that the positive end of one battery is connected to the negative end of the second one and so on.

This is what the circuit looks like. You'll notice that the bulb glows

Remove the batteries from the holder and dismantle the circuit. Now, carefully put all the things back into your Gyan Lab Box

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1: Battery Bank

(Batteries in Series)5: Lit Up Diwali

(Bulbs in Series Circuit)

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Bulb, Diwali is coming up and I did not get any Diwali lights in the shop. What do I do now?

I have an idea!!! Let us make our own Diwalilight using the concept of series circuit.

And let us see the concept as to how Bulb taught me to make Diwali lights

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Now, you will need two additional bulb holders with bulbs and two new pairs of long bolts with nuts.

Use a thin & long bolt to place the bulb holder on the green board.

Use a nut to tighten it.

Similarly fix the other bulb holder on the green board such that it looks just like in the figure as shown.

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Super Inventor - Nikola Tesla Back in the 1880‟s there was even a „war of currents‟between Thomas Edison (who helped invent DC) andNikola Tesla (who helped invent AC). Both wanted theirsystem to be used with AC eventually winning out due tothe fact that it is safer and can be used over longerdistances. You should try and read about the works of thisgenius.

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Loosen the screw of one of the ends of the rightmost bulb holder.

Place a free wire under the screw and tighten it.

Now take a wire attached to the central bulb holder and connect it to the rightmost bulb holder as shown.

Repeat the same process for the leftmost bulb holder

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Super Inventor

Michael Faraday

Do you know abouthim?Try finding hiscontribution to theelectricity we use today.

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Connect a free wire to one end of the battery holder. Similarly connect the other end of this wire to one end of another battery holder as shown.

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Do the same with another wire as shown

Connect the free end of the wire from the rightmost bulb holder to the free end of the rightmost battery holder.

Similarly, connect the free end of the wire from the leftmost bulb holder to the free end of the rightmost battery holder.

This is what the complete circuit looks like.

Did you Know?

A spark of static electricity can

measure up to three thousand

(3,000) volts.

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Insert the batteries into the battery holders. Note the positive and negative terminals of the batteries while inserting.

You‟ll notice that the bulbs glow.

Remove the batteries from the holder and dismantle the circuit. Now, carefully put all the things back into your Gyan Lab Box

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While series circuit did help Anna and me build a Diwali light successfully by adding more bulbs to the circuit and using a more powerful car battery, you would have noticed that the the bulbs are very dim and the glow reduces from the first bulb to the second and second one to the third. Also, if you remove the first bulb in the circuit, the other two will also go off. How do you think can we solve this problem? Let‟s think!!!© 20

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1: Battery Bank

(Batteries in Series)6: Circuits in Your House B

(Bulbs in Parallel Circuit)

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I am wondering that on removing the first bulb in series circuit in our Diwali light, all other lights also went off. So, shouldn‟t it happen at my home as well that when I switch off one light, all others also go off?

That is a good question, Anna. But, the circuits in our house is a parallel circuit. Come, let us make one such circuit and see the difference!

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Fix the three bulbs and bulb holders as you had done in the previous activity.

Connect a free wire to the same end of the central bulb holder.

Connect a free wire to one of the ends of the rightmost bulb holder as shown.

Connect the other end of this wire to one end of the central bulb holder.

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So, come let us again make the circuit which Bulb and I made.

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Connect one of the free ends of the wires from the battery holders to the same end of the left bulb holder that has been connected to the central bulb holder.

Connect the other end of this wire to the one end of the leftmost bulb holder as shown.

This is what the circuit will look like

Connect a free wire to one end of the battery holder. Similarly connect the other end of this wire to one end of another battery holder as shown.

Do the same with another wire as shown which makes the connections look as seen in the figure.

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This is what the circuit would look like now.

Connect a free wire to the free end of the leftmost bulb holder as shown.

Connect the other end of this wire to the free end of the central bulb holder.

Connect a free wire to the same front end of the central bulb holder. Connect the other

end of this wire to the free end of the rightmost bulb holder.

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Connect the only free end of the wire from the rightmost battery holder to the same front end of the rightmost bulb holder.

This is what the circuit looks like

Insert the batteries into the battery holders as shown. Note the positive and negative terminals of the batteries while inserting.

You‟ll notice that the bulbs glow.

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Did you Know?

If you had a light bulb on the

moon connected to a switch

in your bedroom, it would

take only 1.26 seconds for

that bulb to light up, 384,400

kilometres away.

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So, Bulb and I also triedand tested this circuit byremoving one of thebulbs and the otherbulbs still glowed. And,now I am very clear onhow does our householdcircuit work. I am sureyou are as well!

So, we hope you learnt a lot about electricity and are now a Gyan Lab Expert on Electricity!

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