electrical storms in tesla’s colorado springs notes
TRANSCRIPT
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ELECTRICAL STORMS IN TESLAS
COLORADO SPRINGS NOTES
(& THE TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY W/O WIRES)by
J.M. Hardesty, K.L. Corum and J.F. Corum, Ph.D.
http://www.nedyn.com/rf_history.html
Tesla Science Center Conference
Long Island, NY Nov. 5, 2011
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WHO WAS HE?
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Dr. Nikola Tesla: Professional Credentials
Baccalaureate Degrees: Graz Polytechnic Institute (Math/Phys/ME)
Graduate Studies: Prague (Physics)
Honors & Degrees (13): Columbia, Yale, Vienna, Prague, Paris, Sophia, PAW (Berlin) Vice-President IEEE, Life Fellow IEEE, Fellow AAAS, IEE (British), Am. Philo. Soc.,
Edison Medal, Elliott Cresson Medal,
Nominated for an Undivided Noble Prize in Physics (1937)
Inventions: (250+ US Patents)
1. Induction Motor
2. Polyphase Power Distribution System
3. High Frequency (RF) Generators4. Tesla Coil
5. High Frequency Effects & Phenomena
6. Robotics
7. Digital Logic Gates (AND Circuit)
8. The Wireless RF System: Radio (System of 4 Tuned Circuits)
9. Voltage Magnification via Standing Waves
His great conception of the rotating magnetic field is one ofthe greatest feats ofimagination ever achieved by the human mind.
He solved the greatest problem in Electrical Engineering of his time. The evolution of electric power from the discovery of Faraday to the installation of the
Tesla polyphase system is the most tremendous event in all engineering history. Honored by: Kelvin, Helmholtz, Crookes, Dewer, Rayleigh, Bohr, Rutherford, Bragg,
Compton, Millikan, Einstein, Armstrong, De Forest, Kennelly, Appleton, Bush
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Dr. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)
Dr. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
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As to the transmission of power through,
space, that is a matter which I consideredcertain, absolutely certain, years ago.(May 18, 1917)
Counsel
What was the distance of the receiver from the sending station
in the [1899] Colorado test? Could you give the number of
miles approximately?Tesla
Oh, 10 miles or so.
(1916 Transcript, pp. 172-173)
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Issues to be Resolved
Tesla divided his time among:1. Receiver design/construction
2. High Voltage RF Transmitter design
3. Electrical Discharge Phenomena4. Static/Storm/Cosmic signal reception
How did he get from these to convincinghimself of the practicality of efficient(industrial) wireless power transmission?
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NY World
March 8, 1896
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Colorado Springs Lab from Pikes Peak
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Prospect Lake
Prospect Lake
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Experimental Station fullydeveloped.
Activity (power delivery)
one hundred thousand
horsepower.
Teslas Lab(by moonlight)
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Lightning at Colorado Springs
Colorado is a country famous for the natural displays of
electric force. Tesla, 1904
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But the most curious feature is the appearance of fire balls.
Dec. 31, 1899
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owing to the power of the streamers, the luminous portion of
the same becomes a veritable fire ball. Dec. 31, 1899
f f
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I never saw fire balls, but as compensation for my disappointmen
I succeeded later in determining the mode of their formation and
producing them artificially. March 5, 1904
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Owing to some interference of the oscillations, veritable balls
of fire are apt to leap out to a great distance Feb. 9, 1901
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The streamers were very powerful
and the spots were about an inch or
more in diameter, actual fire balls.
Dec. 31, 1899
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QRN 1
ATMOSPHERIC NOISE:
COSMIC STATIC
(THE ORIGINS OF RADIO ASTRONOMY)
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1896-1897
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1899
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A highly sensitive, self-restorative device, controlling a
recording instrument, was included in the secondary circuit,
while the primary was connected to the ground and an
elevated terminal of adjustable capacity. The variations of
potential gave rise to electric surgings in the primary; these
generated secondary currents, which in turn affected the
sensitive device and recorder in proportion to their intensity.
The earth was found to be, literally, alive with electrical
vibrations, and soon I was deeply absorbed in the interesting
investigation. March 4, 1905
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Karl G. Jansky (1931)
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1. Local thunderstorms
2. Distant thunderstorms
3. A steady hiss, the origin
of which is not known
Three kinds of Static:
An Epic in the History of Science . . .
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Jansky Data: Feb. 24, 1932
Peaks (indicated by black arrows) occurring every 20
minutes as the antenna swept through the plane of
our galaxy. Note that the direction of each peak shiftedfrom nearly south (S) to southwest (SW) in about 2
hours. These peaks gave the first indication of radio
waves originating from beyond the Earth.
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John D. Kraus(W8JK)
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Spectral Distribution of E-Field Noise
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WINDOWS:IONOSPHERIC TRANSPARENCY
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WINDOWS:IONOSPHERIC TRANSPARENCY
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Grote Reber
(W9GFZ)
VHF/UHF Cosmic Static LF/MF
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OSU Radio Observatory (1952)
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Ohio State Sky Map (250 Mhz)
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Jodrell Bank - 1957
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Even now, at times,
I can vividly recall the
incident, and see my
apparatus as though it
were actually before me.
My first observations
positively terrified me,
as there was present in
them something
mysterious, not to say
supernatural, and I was
alone in my laboratory at
night.
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. . .
4 6 6 1 ---
. . . my ear barely caught signals coming in regular succession
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NAA CUTLER, MAINE 24 kHz
Static NAA Envelope Detector
NAA Tesla Receiver
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Are they dots? Or, are they dashes?
4 6 6 1
---- ------ ------ . ----....
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. ..
1 2 3 . . . . ---
I caught signals which I interpreted as meaning 1-2-3
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PATHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
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Sketches of Mars (1883 and 1897)
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Lowell Observatory
"Even these star-gazers stonisht are... and curse their lying bookes.
Edmund Spenser, Faerie Queene, Bk. 7, Canto 7
Oftentimes to win us to our harm the instruments of darkness tell us truths
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Joseph Weber (U of Md) Percival Lowell (Flagstaff)
Oftentimes, to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths.
Banquo (Macbeth, Act I Sc.3)
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Signals that came in distinct
separated pulses and followed
Venus across the sky. - Kraus
Donato Creti Prof. John Kraus (1956)
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Jupiter Donato Creti Venus
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QRN - 2
ATMOSPHERIC NOISE:
LIGHTNING
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REPLICATING
TESLAS OBSERVATION
OF GLOBAL
STATIONARY WAVES
(See: Aug. 4, 1899 and Sept. 9-10, 1899)
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Experimental Station in
another phase ofdevelopment. Discovery
of Stationary Waves
made July 3, 1899.
Teslas Lab(from West side)
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Basic Coherer Receiver
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The Coherer
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Application of Condenser Method
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Teslas June 1899 Coherer RCVR
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The Four Modes of Coherer Operation
1. Branley Resistance collapses when input
signal exceeds i-v knee
2. Lodge restorer (tapper)
3. Bose anticipates point-contact diode
4. Tesla(a) Condenser Method of magnifying
effects (insert break + Tesla coil)
(b) Self-Exciting Method:(locally generated RF injection + FB)
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Teslas Notes: September 1899
Nickel chip coherer
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Time Base
1897/1898: #609,251
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Tesla (March 5, 1904)
In the latter part of the month [June] I noticed several timesthat my instruments were affected stronger by discharges
taking place at great distances than by those near by.
One night, as I was walking home, meditating over these
experiences, I was suddenly staggered by a thought.
It was on the third of July the date I shall neverforget. A dense mass of strongly charged clouds gathered
in the west, and towards the evening a violent storm brokeloose which, after spending much of its fury in the
mountains, was driven away with great velocity over the
plains.
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Heavy and long persisting arcs formed almost in regular
time intervals. . . The apparatus indications became fainter
and fainter with the increasing distance of the storm, until
they ceased altogether. . . Surely enough, in a little while theindications again began, grew stronger and stronger and,
after passing through a maximum, gradually decreased and
ceased once more. Many times, in regularly recurring
intervals, the same actions were repeated until the stormhad retreated to a distance of about three hundred
kilometers. Nor did these strange actions stop then, but
continued to manifest themselves with undiminished
force. Subsequently, similar observations were also made
by my assistant, Fritz Lowenstein. No doubt, whatever
remained: I was observing stationary waves.
As the source of disturbances moved away the receiving
circuit came successively upon their nodes and loops.
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Observations of Passing Lightning Storms
May 29, 1994
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TESLAS OBSERVATIONS
The frequency should be smaller than20 thousand per second . . .
The wave-train should continue for 1/12th
or 0.08484 seconds, which is the timetaken in passing to and returning from the
region diametrically opposite the pole
over the earths surface . . .
The efficiency of transmission can be as
high as 96% or 97% . . .
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RECENT EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
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(1) Measured Data Thornton NH May 29 1994
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(1) Measured Data: Thornton, NH May 29, 1994
Interpretation
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Interpretation
The outgoing and returning currents
clash and form nodes and loops
( Tesla, January 1905)
Interpretation
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Interpretation
The outgoing and returning currents
clash and form nodes and loops
A spherical
transmission line:
Interpretation
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Interpretation
The outgoing and returning currents
clash and form nodes and loops
No doubt, whatever, remained. I was observing stationary waves. -Tesla
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Tesla -
Fowler
Memo
(7/16/25)
But Wait Theres More
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But Wait There s More
The outgoing and returning currents clash and form nodes and loops
. . . To traverse the entire distance of about twenty-five thousand
miles, equal to the circumference of the globe, the current requires a
certain time interval, which I have approximately ascertained.
(Tesla, January 1905)
What was that
propagation time?
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(2) Propagation Time: Set-Up
Plymouth, NH June 27, 2005
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Propagation Time: Measurement
(3) Propagation Loss: Echo Amplitude Observation
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(3) Propagation Loss: Echo Amplitude Observation
Propagation Loss (to Antipode & Back)
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Propagation Loss (to Antipode & Back)
1 10 100 1 103
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Frequency (kHz)
dB
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Propagation Efficiency vs. Frequency
SUMMARY
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SUMMARY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Conclusion: We think we are seeingwhat Tesla said he saw.
%7.3%10008484.0
08484.0088.0
t
%3.1%100714.0
705.0714.0 A
Moving Loops & Nodes Are Observed
Knee Frequency (Stay below 25 kHz)
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THE NEXT ISSUE . . .
HOW DO YOU EXCITE THISWAVE?
It is now certain that they can be produced with an oscillator.
(This is of immense importance.) Nikola Tesla, July 4, 1899
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ANALYSIS
OF
BASE-DRIVEN
HELICAL OSCILLATORS
Tesla Coil: A Distributed Resonator
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Tesla Coil: A Distributed Resonator
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001 10
5
5 104
0
5 104
1 105
Zin f( )
0
f 103
BC: Anisotropic Sheath
Soln: Surface Wave Modes
5.05.2
201
1
o
f
D
s
D
V
Dn
VZ
g
fc
358.060
Vmax S Vmin
Nov. 1, 1899
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Helical Resonator
Physical MeasurementsD = 8.25 ft
H = 106 inches
S = 1 inch
N = 106 Turns
#6 copper wire
fo
= 94 kHz (122 kHz w/o CT)
L = 0.020 henries
CT = 92 pF
Theoretically PredictedVf= 0.0042
Zo = 6380 ohms = 71 degrees
l = 0.0263 Nepers
Zbase = 160 ohms
Vbase = 250 kV
Vtop = 9.5 MV
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Resonance: Lumped and Distributed
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In examining the
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In examining the
photographs of his
experimental station
it is apparent to
experts that Tesla
did not employ
apparatus essential
to the launching of
such waves.
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I conceived the idea of
producing such waves in
the earth by artificial
means . . . #787,412
Lectures at Columbia & Philadelphia
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Seibts Experiment
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Seibts Experiment
Experiment to illustrate the
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Plate XXVI, CSN, pp. 351-357
Experiment to illustrate the
transmission of electrical
energy through the earthwithout wire. Lower end
connected to ground.
(June 1900; Fig. 4, pp. 186, 206)
That little lamp is nothing
spectacular but this is a
great experiment, markingan epoch in the art.
(Tesla to Counsel, 1916, p. 96.)
EM Wave Propagation (RF)
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p g ( )
Dr Franklin
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Dr. Franklin
AU GENIE DE FRANKLIN
(To the Genius of Franklin )
(Engraving by Jean-Honor
Fragonard)
(1778)
Eripuit Coelo Fulmen Sceptrumque
Tyrannis
He snatched lightning from the sky
and the scepter from the tyrant
Turgot
Sommerfeld/Zenneck Surface Waves
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Sommerfeld/Zenneck Surface Waves(Formal Maxwell Solution: 1907/09)
Tesla (1916):
Note, for instance, the
mathematical treatise of
Sommerfeld, who showsthat my theory is correct,
that I was right in my
explanations of the
phenomena, and that theprofession was
completely mislead.
1923
Pathological: Weyl Norton Burrows
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Pathological: Weyl, Norton, Burrows
Hermann Kenneth A. Charles R.
Weyl Norton Burrows
FCC
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FCC
Ground Wave
Propagation
(K.A. Norton)
Distinction Between the Zenneck Surface Wave and
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the Norton Ground Wave (Radiation)
1 103
0.01 0.1 1 10120
100
80
60
40
20
0
N rkm
S rkm
rkm
Burrows Seneca Lake Experiments
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Burrows Seneca Lake Experiments
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p
THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS
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THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS
BURROWS MEASURED DATA
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Hertzian Dipole Radiating Over a Lossy
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p g y
Earth or Sea: Some Early and Late 20th
Century Controversiesby Prof. R.E. Collin (CWRU)
There is no sign error in the
1909 Sommerfeld solution.
(April 2004)
Tesla
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Tesla
Some day I am going toAmerica and harness
Niagara Falls . . .(ONeill, p. 24: 30 years earlier)
UNSOLVED MYSTERIES
C(h) Mystery
Brushless DC
Parametric RegenerationPower Systems
Wireless Power
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TESLAS STATIC FILTER
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Filter Tuning via Coupling: k
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Dr. Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 - January 7, 1943)
Some experimenters
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pwho have gone after mehave found a difficulty.
They say, No wecannot [replicate it].
. . . Well, it is not myfault.I never had theslightest difficulty
Anyone who has no
more than my skill cando it.
NIKOLA TESLA
Richard Feynman
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Richard Feynman
Power networks
of the future mayhave little
resemblance to
those of today.
It would seem as though the Creator, Himself, had electrically
designed the planet just for [this] purpose
Nik l T l 1905
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Nikola Tesla, 1905
See the excitement coming . . .
SUMMARY
PIKES PEAK
AutoharpExperiment
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PLANETARY
VLF + HF SIGNALS
(Tesla-Reber-Kraus)
RADIO ASTRONOMY
Cosmic Static(Tesla-Jansky-Reber)
QRN: ATMOSPHERICS
STATICS
(Tesla-Jansky)
EXPERIMENT
(Burrows)
WEYL(1918)
NORTON CORRECTION (1935)
(RADIATION + GROUND WAVE)
GLOBAL
WIRELESS POWER
(WARDENCLYFFE)
1. STANDING WAVES
2. TIME DELAY
3. ATTENUATION
SOMMERFELD (1909)
(RADIATION + GROUND WAVE)
+
(ZENNECK SURFACE WAVE)
- THEORY -
(1907/1909)
(WAVE EQUATION +
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS)
WAVE PROPAGATION:
- EXPERIMENTS -(1899)
QRN: ATMOSPHERICS
LIGHTNING STORMS
(Tesla)
RECEIVERS -
BASE-FED
RESONATORS
BALL LIGHTNING
FIREBALLS ?(The Magnifying Transmitter)
TRANSMITTERS
Damped Wave
CW
COLORADO SPRINGS
LAB - 1899
Autoharp Experiment
(March 1896)
Great Pyramid
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De Fonvielle, Thunder and Lightning, 1886:
Werner Siemens was surprised by a storm
whilest upon the highest platform of the
pyramid at Giseh. He noticed that a flow of
hissing charge escaped from his finger
whenever he extended it toward the
heavens, which caused his Arab guides no
little astonishment. The celebrated physicist,taking hold of a gourd, which had a metallic
button, amused himself by drawing a few
sparks from it. This spectacle was more than
his guides could bear. (How could they
remain in the service of an enchanter who
could play with thunder and draw lightningfrom his pockets?) In spite of everything
Siemens could say, the Bedouins took to
their heels descended with dangerous