electrical

POSCO

Electrical Steel

Product Technology Div. 2006

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Manufacturing Facilities

Pickling The pickling process removes oxide film which causes surface defects in the final cold rolled products by putting the hot rolled steel coil through a scale breaker and the chloric acid tank.

Cold Rolling To secure the precise thickness for the appropriate material, the supply rate is 40%~90% and uses such cutting-edge systems as automatic gauge control system and automatic shaper control for uniform thickness and shape.

Annealing Process to soften the steel coil hardened by cold rolling. A productive manufacturing process that can produce deep drawing quality and high tensile strength steel magnetized by metal heating and abrupt cooling. Both box annealing and continuous annealing methods are employed.

Insulation Coating When processing electrical steel and piling it to use as steel wire, a coating is continuously applied to the top and the bottom part of the steel to improve drawability to minimize electric loss. -Grain-oriented steel: C-10 (non-organic coating) -Non-oriented: C-6A,B (organic+non-organic combined),

C-9A,B(organic+non-organic combined) * C-9A,B : excellent insulation property

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Usage

The usage presented in this section reflects the general use and shall be used as a reference. Please be sure to consult with our associates when making orders for specific usage.

1. Electrical Applications

2. Electrical Usage

GO NO

PH-Core PG-Core PN-Core PNM-Core 23PHD080

-35PH135

27PG110

-35PG155

35PN210-35PN360

50PN250-50PN400

35PN440

50PN470-50PN700

50PN800-

50PN1300PNM-Core

Large rotating machine Medium rotating machine General use AC motor Hermetically sealed motor

Rotating Machines

Small motor & Intermittent

Service AC motor

Large power transformer Medium & small power

transformer

Distribution transformer Reactor & magnetic amplifier

Audio transformer

Current & potential transformer

Ballast

Welding transformer

Static Machines Magnetic switch core

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel

1. PG-Core

The grain's easy magnetization direction is aligned to the rolling direction. Therefore, this product features excellent magnetic properties in the rolling direction. It is widely used for large-sized power transformers or large or small size transformers.

Standard Size

Width(mm) Product Grade Thickness (mm) Available Standard

Inside Diameter (mm)

27PG110 27PG120 27PG130

0.27

30PG110 30PG120 30PG130 30PG140

0.30 PG-Core

35PG145 35PG155 0.35

850-1000 1000 508-520 (standard:508)

Note: For non-standard sizes, please contact us

Surface Insulation

C-10 coating (ASTM C2+C5) is applied.

Specification

Magnetic properties and lamination factor

Grade Thickness (mm)

Density (g/)

Core Loss , Max w/kg (w17/50)

Induction, Min

Tesla (B8) Lamination

Factor, Min (%)

27PG110 27PG120 27PG130

0.27 1.10 1.20 1.30

95.0

30PG110 30PG120 30PG130 30PG140

0.30 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

95.5

35PG145 35PG155 0.35

7.65

1.45 1.55

1.80

96.0

Note: the above test is conducted in accordance to IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000). Core loss and induction are measured after stress relief annealing in a longitudinal direction.

Dimension & Shape Tolerance

Width (mm)

Thickness (mm)

Thickness Tolerance (mm)

Thickness deviation in transverse direction

(mm)

Width Tolerance (mm)

Camber (mm) (length :2 meter)

850 and over 0.27 0.30 0.35

0.03 0.03 and under +0.6 -0 1.0 and under

Note : The thickness deviation in width direction means the gap between the thickness of center and the one of part 15mm away from the edge part.

Typical Electrical and Magnetic Property

Core Loss(w/kg) Grade Thickness (mm)

Density (g/)

Resistivitym (10-8) W15/50 W17/50 w15/60 W17/60

Induction(T)(B8)

27PG110 27PG120 27PG130

0.27 0.76 0.78 0.82

1.05 1.15 1.22

1.01 1.02 1.07

1.37 1.48 1.55

1.85 1.85 1.84

30PG110 30PG120 30PG130 30PG140

0.30 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90

1.08 1.17 1.25 1.32

1.05 1.09 1.12 1.17

1.48 1.53 1.61 1.70

1.85 1.85 1.84 1.84

35PG145 35PG155 0.35

7.65 48

0.98 1.01

1.37 1.45

1.29 1.33

1.80 1.89

1.84 1.83

Note : Above values are not guaranteed. Tests are conducted in accordance with IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000) method, using specimens taken longitudinal to the rolling and then annealed to develop full magnetic properties.

Typical Mechanical Property and Lamination Factor

Tensile Strength (N/)

Yield Point (N/)

Elongation (%)

Thickness (mm)

L C L C L C

Hardness Hv1

Lamination Factor (%)

0.27 344 385 322 340 10 36 180 98.0

0.30 355 395 330 350 10 38 180 98.0

0.35 364 423 345 357 10 40 180 98.5

Note : 1. Tests are conducted in accordance with IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000). 2. L : Specimens taken longitudinal to the rolling direction C : Specimens taken transverse to the rolling direction 3. Specimens with C-10 coating are used for lamination factor test.

2. PH-Core

The directional property of grain-oriented electrical steel is more reinforced in the rolling direction than PG-Core and therefore features low core loss and high induction. It is used for iron core of both large and other size power transformers and desirable for high efficiency and miniaturization of machinery.

Standard Size

Width(mm) Product Grade Thickness (mm) Available Standard


23PHD080 23PHD085 23PH090 23PH095 23PH100

0.23

27PHD090 27PHD095 27PH095 27PH100

0.27

30PH100 30PH105 0.30

PH-Core

35PH115 35PH125 35PH135

0.35

850-1000 1000 (PHD : 950) 508-520

(Stadard:508)

Note: For non-standard sizes, please contact us. PHD is magnetic domain refined product treated by Laser-irradiation.

Surface Insulation

C-10 coating (ASTM C2+C5) is applied.

Specification


Grade Thickness (mm)

Density (g/)


Induction, Min

Tesla (B8) Lamination

Factor, Min (%)

23PHD080 23PHD085 23PH090 23PH095 23PH100

0.23

0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

94.5

27PHD090 27PHD095 27PH095 27PH100

0.27 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00

95.0

30PH100 30PH105 0.30

1.00 1.05 95.5

35PH115 35PH125 35PH135

0.35

7.65

1.15 1.25 1.35

1.88

96.0

Note: the above test is conducted in accordance to IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000). Core loss and induction are measured after stress relief annealing in a longitudinal direction. PHD is tested by SST


Width (mm)

Thickness (mm)



(mm)



850 and over 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.35

0.03 0.03 and under +0.6 -0 1.0 and under



Core Loss(w/kg) Grade Thickness (mm)

Density (g/)

Resistivitym (10-8) W15/50 W17/50 w15/60 W17/60

Induction(T)(B8)

23PHD080 23PHD085 23PH090 23PH095 23PH100

0.23

0.57 0.59 0.64 0.65 0.70

0.77 0.80 0.88 0.90 0.95

0.75 0.78 0.85 0.86 0.92

1.01 1.05 1.15 1.17 1.26

1.91 1.91 1.91 1.91 1.90

27PHD090 27PHD095 27PH095 27PH100

0.27 0.64 0.66 0.70 0.72

0.87 0.91 0.93 0.97

0.85 0.86 0.92 0.95

1.14 1.18 1.23 1.27

1.91 1.91 1.91 1.90

30PH100 30PH105 0.30

0.74 0.76

0.99 1.01

0.98 1.00

1.29 1.33

1.91 1.90

35PH115 35PH125 35PH135

0.35

7.65 48

0.87 0.93 0.96

1.14 1.22 1.26

1.15 1.20 1.26

1.53 1.60 1.69

1.91 1.90 1.90

Note : Above values are not guaranteed. Tests are conducted in accordance with IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000) method, using specimens taken longitudinal to the rolling and then annealed to develop full magnetic properties. PHD is tested by SST.



Yield Point (N/)

Elongation (%)

Thickness (mm)

L C L C L C

Hardness Hv1


0.23 0.27 0.30 0.35

381 370 353 353

442 412 410 410

356 337 330 330

383 367 358 358

7 7 8 8

38 38 40 40

195 195 185 185

97.5 97.5 98.0 98.0

Note : 1. Tests are conducted in accordance with IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000). 2. L : Specimens taken longitudinal to the rolling direction C : Specimens taken transverse to the rolling direction 3. Specimens with C-10 coating are used for lamination factor test.

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

1. PN-Core

The non-oriented electrical steel features even magnetic properties in the rolling direction and in other directions. They are widely used for iron core materials of rotating machines ranging from large-size power generators to small-size precision electric motors. They are also desirable for iron core of small-size power transformers.

2. PNM-Core

It is utilized as steel material for magnetic switches and improved in wear resistance and residual magnetism.

3. PN-Core

Standard Size

Width (mm) Product Grade Thickness(mm) AvailableStandard

Inside Diameter(mm)

35PN210, 35PN230, 35PN250, 35PN270, 35PN300, 35PN360, 35PN440 0.35

50PN250, 50PN270, 50PN290, 50PN310, 50PN350, 50PN400, 50PN470 0.50

65PN290, 65PN310, 65PN350, 65PN400, 65PN470 0.65

850-1120 1000 1100

50PN600, 50PN700, 50PN800, 50PN1000, 50PN1300 0.50

PN-Core (Coil)

65PN600, 65PN700, 65PN800, 65PN1000, 65PN1300 0.65

850-12501000 1100 1200

508-520 (starndard:508)


Surface Insulation Generally, C-6 coating is applied. Regarding C-9 coating, please contact us.

Specification


Grade Thickness (mm) Density (g/)


Induction, Min Tesla (B50)

Lamination

Factor, Min (%)

35PN210 35PN230 35PN250 35PN270 35PN300 35PN360 35PN440

0.35

7.60 7.60 7.60 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.70

2.10 2.30 2.50 2.70 3.00 3.60 4.40

1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.63 1.65

95.0

50PN250 50PN270 50PN290 50PN310 50PN350 50PN400 50PN470 50PN600 50PN700 50PN800 50PN1000 50PN1300

0.50

7.60 7.60 7.60 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.70 7.75 7.80 7.85 7.85 7.85

2.50 2.70 2.90 3.10 3.50 4.00 4.70 6.00 7.00 8.00 10.00 13.00

1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70

96.0

65PN290 65PN310 65PN350 65PN400 65PN470 65PN600 65PN700 65PN800 65PN1000 65PN1300

0.65

7.60 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.70 7.75 7.80 7.85 7.85 7.85

2.90 3.10 3.50 4.00 4.70 6.00 7.00 8.00 10.00 13.00

1.62 1.62 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70

97.0

Note: the above test is conducted in accordance to IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000), using as-sheared specimens one half longitudinal and one half transverse to the rolling direction.


Width (mm)

Thickness (mm)



(mm)



1000 and under 0.35 0.50 0.65

0.035 0.040 0.052

0.02 and under 0.03 and under 0.04 and under

+1.5 0

1000 and over 0.35 0.50 0.65

0.035 0.040 0.052

0.03 and under 0.04 and under 0.04 and under

+1.5 0

1.0 and under



Core Loss(w/kg) Induction(T) Grade Thickness (mm)

Density (g/)

Resistivity m (10-8) W10/50 W15/50 w10/60 W15/60 B25 B50

35PN210 35PN230 35PN250 35PN270 35PN300 35PN360 35PN440

0.35

7.60 7.60 7.60 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.70

59 59 55 52 45 45 42

0.84 0.89 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.25 1.39

2.04 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.53 2.80 3.08

1.03 1.07 1.17 1.28 1.38 1.55 1.73

2.53 2.60 2.85 3.00 3.18 3.45 3.82

1.561.571.571.581.591.591.62

1.651.661.661.671.691.691.71


0.50

7.60 7.60 7.60 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.70 7.75 7.80 7.85 7.85 7.85

59 59 56 53 50 45 42 34 30 17 17 17

1.00 1.05 1.09 1.21 1.30 1.41 1.64 1.98 2.62 2.93 3.20 3.75

2.37 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.93 3.18 3.55 4.40 5.55 6.26 6.80 7.56

1.31 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.63 1.82 2.06 2.49 3.30 3.63 4.10 4.75

3.08 3.22 3.35 3.46 3.74 4.01 4.56 5.63 7.03 7.94 8.62 9.54

1.571.571.581.591.601.611.611.621.641.661.671.67

1.671.671.671.681.691.701.701.711.721.741.751.75




Yield Point (N/)

Elongation (%) Grade

Thickness (mm)

L C L C L C

Hardness (Hv1)

LaminationFactor (%)

35PN210 35PN230 35PN250 35PN270 35PN300 35PN360 35PN440

0.35

567 550 490 485 485 460 405

587 570 510 500 500 470 415

450 440 378 365 360 330 275

460 450 388 375 370 340 285

14 16 18 21 22 25 26

16 18 20 23 24 27 29

225 220 205 190 185 170 150

97.5


0.50

580 550 510 495 495 480 410 395 385 375 370 350

590 570 530 510 510 490 420 405 395 385 380 360

470 450 385 380 370 355 265 260 270 270 265 250

480 460 395 390 380 365 375 270 280 280 275 260

19 20 23 26 26 28 34 37 38 39 40 42

22 23 25 28 28 30 36 39 39 40 41 43

223 220 195 185 185 177 143 130 120 115 113 105

98.0

Note : 1. Tests are conducted in accordance with IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000). 2. L : Specimens taken longitudinal to the rolling direction C : Specimens taken transverse to the rolling direction

4. PNM-Core

Standard Size

Width (mm) Product Grade Thickness (mm) Available Standard


65PNM540 0.65 PNM-Core (Coil) 70PNM500 0.70

850-1120 1000 1050 1100

508-520 (standard:508)


Surface Insulation

Generally, C-6B coating (organic + inorganic) is applied.

Specification


Grade Thickness (mm) Density (g/)


Induction, Min Tesla (B50)

Lamination Factor , Min (%)

65PNM540 70PNM500

0.65 0.70

7.70 7.65

5.40 5.00

1.66 1.65 97



Width (mm)

Thickness (mm)



(mm) Width Tolerance

(mm) Camber (mm) (length :2 meter)

1000 and under

0.65 0.70

0.052 0.056

1000 and over

0.65 0.70

0.052 0.056

0.04 and under +1.5 0 1.0 and under



Core Loss(w/kg) Induction(T) Grade Thickness (mm)

Density (g/)

Resistivity m (10-8) W10/50 W15/50 W10/60 W15/60 B25 B50

65PNM540 0.65 7.70 42 1.96 4.14 2.52 5.44 1.65 1.73

70PNM500 0.70 7.65 44 1.89 3.99 2.42 5.25 1.61 1.70



Tensile Strength(N/)

Yield Point (N/)

Elongation (%) Grade

Thickness (mm)

L C L C L C

Hardness (Hv1)


65PNM540 0.65 425 435 285 295 30 32 150

70PNM500 0.70 490 500 365 375 29 31 175 98.0

Note : 1. Tests are conducted in accordance with IEC60404-2 (or JIS C 2550-2000). 2. L : Specimens taken longitudinal to the rolling direction C : Specimens taken transverse to the rolling direction

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Surface Insulation

1. Types and Features of Surface Insulation

C-10 C-6A C-6B C-9A C-9B

Grade GO NO

composition Inorganic Organic & inorganic combination

Organic & inorganic combination



Coating Thickness (m/face)

2.0~4.0 0.4~0.8 0.8~1.5 1.0~2.5 2.0~3.5

Appearance (Color) Gray Colorless Light green Light green Light green

Workability Excellent adhesion, good welding

Excellent punchability and welding

Excellent punchability, low welding



Heat Resistance

Resistant up to

850C of stress

relief annealing in

non-oxidization atmosphere

Resistant up to 800C of stress relief annealing in non-oxidization atmosphere




Corrosion Resistance

Excellent rust-prevention, corrosion-resistant to machine oil

Good rust-prevention, corrosion-resistant to machine oil and insulation oil

Good rust-prevention, corrosion-resistant to machine oil and insulation oil



Note: 1) Please designate surface insulation according to usage. Regarding coating properties, please contact us. 2) C-9 Coating has extremely excellent insulation property. 3) The coating thickness value is typical value, not guaranteed.

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Stress Relief Annealing

Stress relief annealing is a process that is carried out to acquire desired magnetic properties of electrical steel sheets by relieving stress generated in the process of shearing and punching at a proper temperature for a certain period of time.

1. Annealing Temperature

If the annealing temperature is too low, it is difficult to acquire adequate magnetic properties and if the temperature is too high, it may erode surface insulation and degrade insulation properties. The optimum annealing temperature for grain-oriented electrical steel is 780C to 840C and 750C to 800C for non-oriented electrical steel for improved magnetism.

2. Annealing Time

Annealing time means the in-furnace time of materials at the highest temperature during the annealing process. During this time, the materials in the furnace should be evenly heated. The annealing time varies depending upon amount of materials or type of furnace. Generally, the annealing time is between 1.5 to 2.5 hours.

3. Heating and Cooling Speed

Abrupt heating and cooling must be avoided to prevent any deformation of the iron core. Slow cooling must be applied until it reaches 300~350C before air cooling is applied.

4. Furnace Atmosphere

Furnace atmosphere should be controlled to minimize carburization or oxidization which can diminish magnetic properties. Therefore a pure nitrogen atmosphere is ideal and the dew point of gas should be maintained as low as possible, below 0C is adequate. The oil used in shearing and punching should be removed completely. Otherwise both sides of piled-up core will be damaged during the annealing process, deteriorating the work capacity.

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Relations Among Coil Weight, Outside Diameter and Width

Note: Inner diameter is 508mm (20 inch).

Location : Main > Our Products > Eletrical Steel > Major International Industrial Standards

The product standards are subject to change. Please be sure to confirm the recent standards when making orders or to consult our associates. 1. Grain-Oriented

POSCO JIS ASTM EN Thickness mm (inch)

(2006) w/kg 17/50

JIS C 2553 (2000) w/kg 17/50

(1999) w/kg 17/60

EN10107 (1995) w/kg 17/50

0.23 (0.009)

23PHD085 0.85 23PH090 0.95 23PH095 0.95 23PH100 1.00

23R085 0.85 23P090 0.90 23P095 0.95 23P100 1.00

23Q054 1.19

23P060 1.32

M100-23P 1.00

0.27 (0.0106)

27PHD090 0.90 27PH095 0.95 27PH100 1.00 27PG110 1.10 27PG120 1.20 27PG130 1.30

27R090 0.90

27P100 1.00 27P110 1.10 27G120 1.20 27G130 1.30

27P066 1.46

27H074 1.63

M103-27P 1.03

M130-27S 1.30

0.30 (0.0118)

30PH100 1.00 30PH105 1.05 30PG110 1.10 30PG120 1.20 30PG130 1.30 30PG140 1.40

30P105 1.05 30P110 1.10 30P120 1.20 30G130 1.30 30G140 1.40

30H083 1.83

M105-30P 1.05

M111-30P 1.11 M117-30P 1.17

M140-30S 1.40

0.35 (0.0138)

35PH115 1.15 35PH125 1.25 35PH135 1.35 35PG145 1.45 35PG155 1.55

35P115 1.15 35P125 1.25 35P135 1.35 35G145 1.45 35G155 1.55

35H094 2.07

M150-35S 1.50 Note : The core loss of POSCO products is the maximum guarantee value at 1.7T and 50Hz.

2. Non grain-Oriented

POSCO JIS ASTM EN Thickness mm (inch)

(2006) w/kg 15/50

JIS C 2552 (2000) w/kg 15/50

(1999) w/kg 15/60

EN10106 (1995) w/kg 15/50

0.35 (0.0138)

35PN210 2.10 35PN230 2.30 35PN250 2.50 35PN270 2.70 35PN300 3.00 35PN360 3.60 35PN440 4.40

35A210 2.10 35A230 2.30 35A250 2.50 35A270 2.70 35A300 3.00 35A360 3.60 35A440 4.40

36F145 3.20 36F155 3.42 36F175 3.86 36F205 4.52

M235-35A 2.35 M250-35A 2.50 M270-35A 2.70 M300-35A 3.00

0.50 (0.0197)

50PN250 2.50 50PN270 2.70 50PN290 2.90 50PN310 3.10 50PN350 3.50 50PN400 4.00 50PN470 4.70 50PN600 6.00 50PN700 7.00 50PN800 8.00 50PN1000 10.00 50PN1300 13.00

50A230 2.30 50A250 2.50 50A270 2.70 50A290 2.90 50A310 3.10 50A350 3.50 50A400 4.00 50A470 4.70 50A600 6.00 50A700 7.00 50A800 8.00 50A1000 10.00 50A1300 13.00

47F165 3.64 47F180 3.97 47F200 4.41 47F210 4.63 47F240 5.29

47F400 8.82 47F450 9.92

M250-50A 2.50 M270-50A 2.70 M290-50A 2.90 M310-50A 3.10 M350-50A 3.50 M400-50A 4.00 M470-50A 4.70 M600-50A 6.00 M700-50A 7.00 M800-50A 8.30 M1000-50A 10.00

Note : The core loss of POSCO products is the maximum guarantee value at 1.5T and 50Hz.

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > The International System of Units (SI)

1. Magnetization Force

Oersted A/m A/in

1 Oersted 1 7.96 x 10 2.02

1 Ampere per Meter (A/m)

1.256 x 10 1 2.54 x 10

1 Ampere per Inch (A/in)

4.95 x 10 3.94 x 10 1

2. nduction

Gauss Tesla WB/m line/in

1 Gauss(G) 1 10 10 6.45

1 Tesla(T) 10 1 1 6.45 x 10

1 Weber per Square Meter(Wb/m)

10 1 1 6.45 x 10

1 Line per Square Inch(Line/in)

1.55 x 10 1.55 x 10 1.55 x 10 1

3. Core Loss

W/kg W/lb

1 Watt Per Kilogram(W/kg) 1 4.54x10

1 Watt Per Pound(W/lb) 2.204 1

Location : Main > Our Products > Electrical Steel > Packaging & Marking

1. Packaging

2. Marking

Domestic Export

electrical

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