electric vehicles global markets by fung global retail ......these vehicles. it also analyzes the...
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1
JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
• Governmentincentiveprogramsinmajormarketsfueledarapidincreaseinelectricvehicle(EV)salesin2015.WorldwidesalesofEVsgrewby79%lastyearandthenumberofEVsinusesurpassed1million.
• China’splug-inelectricpassengercarsalesgrewbyafactorofthreein2015,makingthecountrytheworld’slargestEVmarket.
• InEurope,theEVmarketisstartingtoshowsignsoffull-scalecommercializationincountriessuchasNorwayandtheNetherlands.
• AmidtheEVboom,ane-mobilityvaluechainisemerging.Weareseeinginnovationandnewbusinessmodels,includingcombinedEVchargingservices/retailbusinesses.
D E B O R A H W E I N S W I G M a n a g i n g D i r e c t o r ,
F u n g G l o b a l R e t a i l & T e c h n o l o g y d e b o r a h w e i n s w i g @ f u n g 1 9 3 7 . c o m
U S : 6 4 6 . 8 3 9 . 7 0 1 7 H K : 8 5 2 . 6 1 1 9 . 1 7 7 9
C H N : 8 6 . 1 8 6 . 1 4 2 0 . 3 0 1 6
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
TableofContentsExecutiveSummary 3
IntroductiontotheEV 4
GlobalMarketOverview 5
GeographicAnalysis 11
China 11
US 15
Europe 18
Japan 22
FutureDevelopment:InnovativeBusinessModelsandE-Mobility 24
Conclusion 25
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
ExecutiveSummaryThis reportprovidesanoverviewof theglobalelectricvehicle (EV)marketandanalyzesthedriversandchallengesthatareimpactingtheadoptionofthese vehicles. It also analyzes the market trends and specific factorsaffectingtheEVmarketinChina,theUS,EuropeandJapan.
The global EV market saw huge growth in 2015, with worldwide salesincreasing by 79% during the year and the global stock surpassing the 1-million-vehiclemilestone.Chinawasthefastest-growingEVmarketin2015.Thenumberofplug-inelectricpassengercars sold in thecountrygrewbythreetimeslastyear,toover200,000units.Saleswere80%higherthanintheUS,makingChinatheworld’s largestelectricpassengercarmarket forthefirsttime.TheexceptionalgrowthofEVsalesinChinaoverthepasttwoyearshasbeendrivenbygovernment incentives,especiallyapurchasetaxexemptionscheme.
TheUSmarket,whichusedtobethelargest,suffereda4%declineinplug-invehiclesalesin2015,whichwasmainlyattributedtothedipinfuelcosts.
In both Europe and Japan, EV sales growth outperformed that of thebroaderautomarketsin2015.Europe’sEVmarketisonitswaytofull-scalecommercialization, but is still affected by beneficial government incentiveprograms, some of which are due to be phased out within the next fewyears.InJapan,EVsalesgrewbydoubledigitsin2015,whilethecountry’soverallautomarketsufferedadecline.
ThedevelopmentofglobalEVmarketsisleadingtotheemergenceofane-mobilityvaluechain,which isgivingrisetonewpartnershipsandbusinessmodels.Wedetailsomeoftheseinthelastsectionofthisreport.
TheglobalEVmarketsawhugegrowthin2015,withworldwidesalesincreasingby79%duringtheyearandtheglobalstocksurpassingthe1-million-vehiclemilestone.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
IntroductiontotheEVGlobal EVmarkets have undergone rapid development over the past fiveyears,althoughtheelectriccarisnotanentirelynewinvention.
ABriefHistoryoftheEV
The history of electric mobility can be traced back to the 19th century,when Scottish inventor Robert Anderson built the prototype electric-poweredcarriageinthe1830s.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,electriccarshadenteredthemarket,andwerebeingwellreceivedintheUS.Accordingto the International Energy Agency (IEA), electric-powered cars were thetop-selling road vehicles in the US in 1900, accounting for 28% of themarket,andtheglobalelectriccarstockreachedahistoricalpeakof30,000in1912.
However,thefirstelectriccarboomsooncametoanend,withtheadventof light and powerful internal combustion engine vehicles and theavailabilityofcheapfuel.Bythemid-1930s,electriccarswerealmostextinct.Theygainedrenewed interest in the late20thcentury,againstabackdropof rising oil prices and heightened concern over air pollution caused byvehicleemissions.Since then,publicandprivate sectorsaround theworldhave committed more to the development of electric cars, leading to asecondelectriccarboom.
MajorCategories
An EV is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion.MajortypesofEVsincludebatteryelectricvehicle(BEVs,orall-electriccars)andplug-inhybridelectricvehicles (PHEVs).SometypesofPHEVsarealsocalled extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs). Both BEVs and PHEVs arecategorized as plug-in vehicles, and are different from hybrid electricvehicles (HEVs), which use both an electric motor and an internalcombustionengineandcannotberechargedbybeingpluggedintoanoff-vehicle power source.HEVs use regenerative brakes to recharge batteriesinstead.
Source:sce.com
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
WhileHEVscameintomassproductioninthe1990s,markedbythelaunchoftheToyotaPriusin1997,plug-invehiclesalesstartedtopickupin2010,following the releaseof theNissanLEAF (aBEV)and theChevroletVolt (aPHEV).
Theindustryfocusesonplug-invehicleswhendiscussingEVsandreportingrelated figures. In this report, “EV” refers to plug-in vehicles (PHEVs andBEVs, unless otherwise specified). These mainly comprise light-duty andpassenger cars, except inChina,where a largeproportionof plug-ins soldareforcommercialuse(forexample,electricbuses).
GlobalMarketOverview
2015WastheYearoftheEV
TheglobalEVstock(cumulativesalessince2005)hit1millionvehiclesinthesecond half of 2015 and reached 1.26 million by the end of the year,accordingtotheIEA.Morethan565,000plug-invehicles—oralmosthalfoftheworld’s stock—were sold in key EVmarkets, includingNorthAmerica,WesternEurope,JapanandChina, lastyear.Globalsalesgrewby79%lastyear,acceleratingfrom48%growthin2014.
Figure1.Plug-InEVSalesinSelectedCountries/Regions,2011–2015
WhencomparingEVsalesindifferentcountries/regions,wearecomparingelectricpassengercarsales.ArgonneNationalLaboratorysaidthat214,283plug-invehiclesweresoldinChinain2015,whichexceedsthefigurereportedbytheChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers(207,382electricpassengercarssold).
Source:USDepartmentofEnergy/ArgonneNationalLaboratory
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Morethan565,000plug-invehicles—oralmosthalfoftheworld’sstock—weresoldinkeyEVmarkets,includingNorthAmerica,WesternEurope,JapanandChina,lastyear.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
ChinawasthebrightestspotintheglobalEVmarketin2015.FiguresfromtheArgonneNationalLaboratory,theChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturersandtheElectricDriveTransportationAssociationallindicatethatsalesofelectricpassengercarsinChinasurpassedthoseintheUSin2015,makingChinathelargestEVmarketforthefirsttime.
However,eventhoughEVsalesgrowthwasimpressivein2015,theproportionofEVsontheworld’sroadsisstillminiscule,ataround0.1%asof2015,comparedtotheproportionofpassengercars.
ThepicturelooksabitbetterwhenwelookatEVs’shareofnewcarsalesin2015versusthosealreadyontheroad.EVs’globalmarketshareroseto0.9%in2015from0.5%in2014and,accordingtotheIEA,thatsharewasabove1%insevencountries:Norway,theNetherlands,Sweden,Denmark,France,theUKandChina.
Figure2.EVs’MarketShareinSelectedCountries(EVSalesas%ofTotalAutoSales)
Source:IEA
NorwayhasthehighestEVmarketshare;itjumpedto23%in2015fromaround14%in2014.EVs’marketshareintheNetherlandsincreasedtonearly10%in2015fromabout4%in2014.TherelativelyfastadoptionofEVsinthesetwocountriesshowsthattheirEVmarketsaremovingtowardfullcommercialization.
EVSalesAreExpectedtoDoubleEveryYearUntil2020
AccordingtotheElectricVehiclesInitiativeandtheIEA,therewillbe20millionEVsontheroadworldwideby2020,whichmeansthatsalesofEVs
23.3%
9.7%
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2014 2015
EVs’globalmarketshareroseto0.9%in2015from0.5%in2014and,accordingtotheIEA,thatsharewasabove1%insevencountries.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
areexpectedtodoubleeveryyearforthenextfiveyearsandthattheglobalEVstockwillgrowataCAGRof76%duringtheperiod.Theprojectionissupportedbyproductionestimatesforelectrifiedpowertrains,whicharetheenginesthatgeneratepowerforEVs.KPMGexpectstheproductionofpowertrainstogrowfrom3.1millionin2015to5.1millionin2020,whichwouldcertainlymeetthegrowingneedsoftheEVindustry.
Figure3.EstimatedElectricPowertrainProduction,2011–2020F
Source:KPMG/LMCAutomotive/Statista
TeslaIsLeadinginRangeTechnology,butBYDIsLeadinginSales
AlookattheperformanceofthemajorEVcompaniesshowsthatChinesebrandBYDledglobalplug-invehiclesalesin2015,thankstoastrongEVmarketinChina.BYDsold61,722plug-invehiclesgloballyin2015,whileTeslasold50,580andBMWsaiditproducedmorethan30,000ofitsiSerieselectriccars.
Figure4.GlobalPlug-InEVSales,byManufacturer,Jan.–Oct.2015
Source:Statista/BusinessWire
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Intermsofvehicletravelrange,orhowfarthecarcantravelonasinglecharge,Teslawastheleaderintheindustryin2015,witharangeof263miles(421km)fortheModelS.BYD’se6electriccarhasbeencatchingup,however.TherangeofitsupdatedBYDe6modelincreasedfromaround188miles(300km)to250miles(400km)duetoanincreaseinbatterycapacity.NewEVmodelsthatareexpectedtolaunchin2017,suchasTesla’sModel3andChevrolet’s2017Bolt,arealsogoingtohaverangesof200milesormore.
Figure5.TravelRangeofSelectedEVs,asofJuly2015
Source:CleanTechnica/Statista/FungGlobalRetail&Technology
MarketDriversandChallenges
AnumberoffactorsaredrivingEVmarketgrowtharoundtheworld:
• Governmentincentives:GovernmentsinmajorEVmarketshavebeenprovidingfiscalincentives—suchastaxbreaksandsubsidiesforpurchasingEVs—thathaveproventobekeydriversofEVsales.Otherincentives,suchasfreeparkingandaccesstobuslanesforEVs,havealsoboostedEVadoption.
• Increasingawarenessofenvironmentalconcernsandtighteningregulations:RegulationsonCO2emissionsarebeingtightenedaroundtheworld,whichisforcingmanyautomakerstoincreasetheirshareofEVproduction.
• BrandsusingEVstodifferentiatethemselvestoconsumers:MoremanufacturersareaddingEVstotheirproductlinestoattractenvironmentallyconsciousconsumers.
• Emergenceofthee-mobilityvaluechain:AstheEVmarketgrows,ane-mobilityvaluechaininvolvingplayersotherthanautomakers—suchasutilitycompanies,charginginfrastructureoperators,mobilityproviders,andfinancialservicesandleasing
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i-MiEV(Mitsubishi)SmartED(Daimler)
FocusElectric(Ford)i3(BMW)
ChevroletSparkEV(GM)e-Golf(VW)
LEAF(Nissan)Mercedes-BenzB-ClassElectricDrive(Daimler)
500e(Fiat)KiaSoulEV(Hyundai-Kia)
e6(BYD)ModelS(Tesla)
GovernmentsinmajorEVmarketshavebeenprovidingfiscalincentives—suchastaxbreaksandsubsidiesforpurchasingEVs—thathaveproventobekeydriversofEVsales.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
companies—istakingshape,andgivingrisetonewbusinessmodelsandrevenueopportunities.
• Decliningbatterycosts:HighbatterycostshavechallengedEVadoption,buttheyhavebeendeclininginrecentyearsandareexpectedtodecreasefurther.AccordingtotheUSDepartmentofEnergy,EVbatterycostshavefallenconsiderably:in2008,thecostwasabout$1,000perkilowatt-hour,butby2014,ithadfallentoabout$289perkilowatt-hour.Teslaprojectedthat,by2020,thecostoflithium-ionbatteriescoulddeclineto$100perkilowatt-hour,whichislessthanhalfthecurrentprice.
Figure6.BatteryCost(LeftAxis)andUSCumulativePlug-InEVSales(RightAxis)
Source:USDepartmentofEnergy
TheglobalEVmarketsarealsofacingsignificantchallenges,however,including:
• Charginginfrastructure:ThekeyEVmarketsstillneedtobuildmorepublicchargingstationsandmakechargingmoreconvenient.Thegraphbelowshowsthat,globally,thenumberofpubliclyavailablechargersisstilllow,althoughthenumberofEVsupplyequipmentoutletsincreasedby72%yearoveryearin2015,to190,000.AccordingtotheIEA,45EVsaresharingonepubliclyavailablefast-chargingoutlet.
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Figure7.GlobalEVSupplyEquipmentOutlets(LeftAxis,Thou.)andYoY%Change(RightAxis)
Privatechargersareestimated,assumingthateachEViscoupledwithaprivatecharger.
Source:IEA
• Broadconsumeradoption:ManyconsumersstillhaveconcernsaboutthetravelrangeofEVbatteries,andtheyprefershorterchargingtimes.
• Long-termeffectofsomegovernmentincentivesbeingphasedout:AsEVmarketsmature,governmentsinsomecountrieswillstartphasingoutincentivestobuyEVs.Forexample,inChina,thegovernmentintendstograduallyreduceconsumersubsidiesforEVpurchases,andthepurchasetaxexemptionwillexpirebytheendof2017.InNorway,taxbreaksforEVswillbemaintainedthrough2017,butafterthat,somewillbegraduallyphasedout.AndintheUS,taxcreditswillstarttobephasedoutonceamanufacturerhassoldmorethan200,000plug-invehiclescumulativelysincetheendof2009(nomanufacturerhasreachedthatpointintheUSyet).WhileitisimpossibleforgovernmentstosubsidizetheEVmarketforever,itisimportantthatincentivesarephasedoutinacontrolledmanner,soasnottodisruptmarketgrowthtoomuch.
GasPrices:ADriverandaChallenge
OilandgaspricescaneitherdriveorinhibitEVsales.Historically,therehasbeenacorrelationbetweengaspricesandHEVsalesintheUS.Whengaspricesdeclined,HEVsalesalsodeclined,andviceversa.Eventhoughsalesofplug-invehiclesintheUSappeartobemoreresilientthanthoseofHEVs,theystillshowsomelevelofcorrelationwithgasprices.Asthemarketforplug-inEVsmatures,therelationshipcouldbecomemorepronounced,mimickingthatobservedintheHEVmarket.
IntheUS,taxcreditswillstarttobephasedoutonceamanufacturerhassoldmorethan200,000plug-invehiclescumulativelysincetheendof2009
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Figure8.MonthlySalesofHEVsandPlug-InEVs(LeftAxis)andGasPrice(RightAxis)
Source:USEnergyInformationAdministration/ElectricDriveTransportationAssociation/FungGlobalRetail&Technology
GeographicAnalysisInthissection,wetakeacloserlookatthedomesticEVmarketsinChina,theUS,EuropeandJapan,andanalyzethespecificfactorsaffectingeach.
ChinaGovernmentincentives,includingapurchasetaxexemptionandconsumersubsidies,havebeenkeysupportingfactorsfortheChinaEVmarket.Thegovernment,however,isplanningtograduallyphaseoutsomeoftheincentivesincomingyears,whichmaypresentachallengeforthemarketbeginningin2018.Atthesametime,thegovernmentisincreasingitssupportforbuildingcharginginfrastructure.
MarketSizeandTrends
InChina,EVsareknownas“newenergyvehicles”(NEVs),whichincludebothBEVsandPHEVs.AlargeportionoftheNEVssoldinChinain2015werecommercialvehicles(suchaselectricbuses),whichaccountedfor37.4%oftotalNEVsales;electricpassengercarsaccountedfortheremaining62.6%.
ThetotalnumberofNEVssoldinChinain2015was331,092,morethanthreetimesthenumbersoldin2014,accordingtotheChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers.Comparedtothe3.3%salesgrowthofthebroaderautomarketinthecountrylastyear,thatgrowthisimpressive.
TheChinesegovernmenthassetatargetofhaving5millionNEVsontheroad(cumulativesales)by2020.IthastakenmeasurestosupportthecontinuedrapidgrowthofNEVsales,mainlythroughataxexemption
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ThetotalnumberofNEVssoldinChinain2015was331,092,morethanthreetimesthenumbersoldin2014,accordingtotheChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
programrolledoutinSeptember2014,whichisduetoexpirebytheendof2017.
Figure9.SalesofNEVsinChina,2015
Source:ChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers
In2015,therewere207,382electricpassengercarssoldinChina,anincreaseofmorethan280%fromthepreviousyear.Thenumberwasabout80%higherthantheUSsalesfigure(intheUS,114,022plug-invehicles,includingBEVs,PHEVsandEREVs,weresoldlastyear).
NEVs’marketshareinChinawasabout1%higherthanthatofpassengercarsin2015,whiletheirshareofthecommercialvehiclemarketwasmuchhigher,at3.6%.
AlargepercentageoftheEVssoldinChinalastyearwereproduceddomestically.Chinaproducedatotalof340,471NEVsin2015,whichrepresented1%ofitstotalautoproduction.TheChineseMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyhastargetedastockof1milliondomestic-brandNEVsontheroadsinChinain2020.
Figure10.ProductionofNEVsinChina,2015
Source:ChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers
BEVs(Passenger)146,719;44%
BEVs(Commercial)100,763;30%
PHEVs(Passenger)60,663;18%
PHEVs(Commercial)22,947,7%
TotalNEVSales:331,092(+340%YoY)NEVs’ShareofTotalAutoSales:1%
BEVs254,633;75%
PHEVs85,838;25% TotalNEVProducpon:
340,471(+330%YoY)NEVs’ShareofTotalAutoProducpon:1%
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
MajorMarketPlayers
China’sEVmarketisdominatedbydomesticplayers,andBYDisthemarketleader.BYDsold58,000NEVsinChinain2015,accountingforabout18%ofthedomesticmarket(includingelectricpassengercarsandNEVsforcommercialuse).ThecompanyexpectsitsdomesticNEVsalestoalmosttriplein2016,to150,000.
Source:www.autoblog.com
Figure11.ElectricPassengerCarMarketShare*inChina,byModel,2015
*Basedonannualelectricpassengercarsales**1Q–3Q2015Source:ChinaAutoWeb/FungGlobalRetail&Technology
Thegovernment’smassiveNEVdevelopmentplanbenefitsdomesticcompaniesmorethanitdoesforeignautomakers.Chinasetatargetofmaintaining70%marketsharefordomesticautomakersintheNEVmarket,accordingtothegovernment’s“MadeinChina2025”strategy.Thatmeansforeignautomakerswouldhavesome,albeitlimited,roomtogrowtheirextremelylowmarketshareinthecountry.
1.5%1.8%1.8%
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Tesla**
ZhidouD2
BYDe6
JACiEV
BAICE-SeriesEV
BYDQin
Chinasetatargetofmaintaining70%marketsharefordomesticautomakersintheNEVmarket,accordingtothegovernment’s“MadeinChina2025”strategy.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Currently,TeslaisthemajorimportedEVbrandsoldinChina.OtherforeignautomakersmainlyparticipateinthemarketthoughSino-foreignjointventures.Tesla’ssalesinChinaweredisappointingin2015,withonly3,025vehiclessoldinthecountryduringthefirstthreequarters.Itsfull-year2015Chinarevenuedeclinedby33%yearoveryear,to$318.5million.
WhenTeslalauncheditsModelSinChinain2014,thecarwaspricedat¥734,000(~US$121,370atanexchangerateofUS$1=¥6.05).Thiswas50%higherthanthecar’spriceintheUSandmuchhigherthandomesticbrandsinChina,mainlyduetothehighimportdutyandVAT.ImportedcarscanbetwiceasexpensiveinChinaversusothermarkets,andTeslawasalreadybeingconservativeinsettingitsChinapriceoftheModelS,whichallowedforlittleprofit.
Figure12.BreakdownofTeslaModelSPriceinChina(USD)
ShippingandHandling $3,600CustomDutiesandTaxes $19,000VAT $17,700ChinaPrice $121,370(50%higherthanUSpriceof$81,070)
Source:Tesla
BecauseitissodifficulttotaptheChinesemarketasaforeignbrand,TeslaCEOElonMuskhasindicatedthatTeslaintendstosetupafactorytomanufactureEVsinChina.
GovernmentIncentives
TheChinesegovernmenthasprovidedincentivesforvariousEVindustryparticipants,includingautomakers,suppliers,researchersandconsumers.TherearetwokeyincentivesaffectingNEVsalesgrowthinChina:
• NEVpurchasetaxexemption:ThegovernmentlaunchedapurchasetaxexemptionschemespecificallyforNEVsfortheperiodofSeptember1,2014–December31,2017.AccordingtotheChinaAssociationofAutomobileManufacturers,about90%ofNEVssoldsinceSeptember2014havebeenmodelsonthepurchasetaxexemptionlist.
• Subsidyforconsumers:Thegovernmentprovidedasubsidyof¥35,000–¥60,000(US$5,469–US$9,375)forelectricpassengercarpurchasesin2013.Thesubsidyisbeingreducedto¥25,000–¥55,000(US$3,906–US$8,594)in2016,whichisstillmeaningful,giventhatsomeNEVscostlessthan¥200,000(US$31,250)inChina.
China’sMinistryofFinanceisplanningtograduallyreduceconsumersubsidiesincomingyearsinordertodevelopamoreself-reliantEVmarket.Itplanstocutthesubsidyby20%by2018,and40%by2020,fromthe2016
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base,andtheMinisterofFinancesaidearlierthisyearthatthegovernmentintendstoendtheconsumersubsidyschemealtogetherin2021.
Atthesametime,theChinesegovernmentwillprovidefiscalsupportforthedevelopmentofcharginginfrastructure.Between2016and2020,thecentralgovernmentwillgivefiscalincentivestolocalauthoritiestodevelop,operateandupgradecharginginfrastructure.Tobeeligiblefortheincentives,localauthoritiesneedtofulfillanumberofcriteria,includingpromotingNEVs,designingcomprehensiveNEVpoliciesandpromotingfairmarketpractices,i.e.,levyingnoprocurementrestrictionsonforeignbrands.CitiesandprovinceswithmoresevereairpollutionwillhavehigherNEVpromotiontargets.
Industryparticipantsshouldpayattentionasthepurchasetaxexemptionandconsumersubsidiesarephasedout,andassesswhetherlocalauthoritiescanadequatelymakeupfortheendingoftheseprogramsbypromotingNEVsmoreheavily.
Challenges
ApartfromtheconsumeradoptionissuesallEVmarketsface,suchashighbatterycostsandconcernsaboutbatterytravelrange,China’sEVmarketfacessomechallengesthatarespecifictothecountry:
• China’sdevelopmentofitscharginggridlagsthatofothermarkets.AccordingtotheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,therewereonly780EVchargingstationsand31,000chargingpillarsinChinaattheendof2014.TheChinesegovernmenthassetatargettobuildmorethan12,000chargingstationsand480,000chargingpillarsby2020.
• EVsarestillexpensiveforconsumersinChina.• Salesgrowthhasbeendrivenbytaxexemptionsubsidies.• ImportedEVsarenoteligiblefordomesticsubsidies,andtheyface
highimportdutyandVATrates(25%importdutyand17%VAT;exactratesvaryfordifferentimports).
UnitedStatesTheUShasbeenleadingtheglobalEVmarketintermsofplug-inEVstock.AccordingtotheIEA,plug-inEVstockintheUSwasthehighestintheworldin2015,at404,090,accountingforone-thirdoftheglobalstock.However,intermsofannualsalesofplug-invehicles,theUSlaggedChinain2015.
MarketSizeandTrends
OverallvehiclesalesintheUSgrewby5.8%yearoveryearin2015,to17.4million.Salesofplug-invehicles,however,declinedby4%yearoveryear,to114,022,againstabackdropoflowgasprices.Plug-invehicles’marketshareremainedflatin2015,at0.7%.AutomakerssuchasBMWandFordhaveintroducedturbochargedenginesthatprovidebetterfueleconomyandloweremissions,whichalsopressuredsaleslastyear.Nevertheless,NavigantResearchprojectedthatplug-invehiclessalesinNorthAmericawillexceed1.1millionannuallyby2024.
Plug-inEVstockintheUSwasthehighestintheworldin2015,at404,090,accountingforone-thirdoftheglobalstock.However,intermsofannualsalesofplug-invehicles,theUSlaggedChinain2015.
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Figure13.SalesandMarketShareofPlug-InVehiclesintheUS,2015
*PHEVsplusEREVsSource:ElectricDriveTransportationAssociationAnumberofupgradedEVmodelsaresettolaunchinthecomingyear,whichcouldsupporttheUSmarketandhelpitregainstablegrowth.Someoftheseareall-electriccarswithrelativelyhighrangesof200milesormore,andarepricedbelow$40,000.TheTeslaModel3,expectedin2017,willhavearangeof215miles,andthe2017ChevroletBoltEVwillhavearangeofmorethan200miles.OthernewPHEVmodelsincludethe2016and2017ChevroletVoltandtheVolvoXC90T8.
MajorMarketPlayers
Tesla,NissanandChevroletaretheleadersintheUSplug-inEVmarket.In2015,Tesla’sModelSbecamethebest-sellingplug-inEVintheUS,with26,200carssold.Thecompany’smarketsharejumpedfrom14%in2014to23%in2015.Teslaannouncedthatitdelivered50,580vehiclesin2015,whichmeansthatmorethanhalftheunitsitsoldlastyearweresoldintheUS.Tesla’ssalesgrowthcameattheexpenseofitscompetitors,however.
TheNissanLEAFwasthebest-sellingplug-inEVintheUSin2014,butitsmarketshareshrankfrom25%in2014to15%in2015.Salesofthecardeclinedfrom30,200unitsin2014to17,269in2015.
ChevroletVoltunitsalesalsodeclined,from18,805in2014to15,393in2015,andthemodel’smarketsharedeclinedfrom16%in2014to14%in2015.
BEVs71,064;62%
Plug-InHybrids*
42,958;38%
TotalPlug-InVehicleSales:114,022(-4%YoY)EVs’ShareofAllVehicleSales:0.7%
Tesla,NissanandChevroletaretheleadersintheUSplug-inEVmarket.In2015,Tesla’sModelSbecamethebest-sellingplug-inEVintheUS,with26,200carssold.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Figure14.USPlug-InEVSales,byModel
Source:USDepartmentofEnergy/Hybridcars.com
GovernmentIncentives
GovernmentsupportfortheEVmarketintheUSincludestaxcredits,nonmonetaryincentivessuchashigh-occupancyvehiclelaneaccess,andgrantsandinvestmentfromthegovernmenttodevelopthemarket:
• Taxcredits:AccordingtotheEnergyImprovementandExtensionActof2008,buyersofnewEVscanenjoya$2,500–$7,500taxcredit,dependingonthecar’sbatterycapacity.Thetaxcreditwillphaseoutonceamanufacturersells200,000EVsintheUS.
• Otherincentives:Plug-invehicleswithspecialstate-issuedlicenseplatesmayusehigh-occupancyvehiclelanesregardlessofthenumberofpassengersandareexemptfromparkingfeeschargedbystateorcountyauthorities.
• Federalgrants:PresidentObamapledged$2.4billioninfederalgrantsin2010tosupport48advancedbatteryandelectricdriveprojects.Partofthiswasgiventomanufacturerstoexpandbattery-recyclingcapacityandproduceelectricdrivecomponents.
• InvestmenttoaddressEVadoptionbarriers:TheDepartmentofEnergyinvested$225millionin2013and2014throughthe“EVEverywhere”programtosupportR&DtoreduceEVcosts,improvecharginginfrastructureandpromoteconsumeracceptance.
0
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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Thou
sand
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icles
Mercedes-BenzB-ClassElectricBMWi8
ChevroletSpark
VWe-Golf
SmartFortwoEV
Fiat500E
FordFocusEV
BMWi3
FordC-MAXEnergiPHEV
FordFusionEnergi
ToyotaPriusPlug-in
TeslaModelS
23%
15%
14%
25%
16%
14%
Plug-invehicleswithspecialstate-issuedlicenseplatesmayusehigh-occupancyvehiclelanesregardlessofthenumberofpassengersandareexemptfromparkingfeeschargedbystateorcountyauthorities.
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Challenges
TheUSEVmarketfacesthecommonconsumeradoptionchallengeswementionedearlier,suchaslimitedchargingstationsandbatterytravelrange.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyNavigantResearch,36%ofrespondentscitedalackofcharginginfrastructureorothercharginginconvenienceasthemainreasonfornotswitchingfromagas-toanelectric-poweredcar.
ChargingInfrastructure
AccordingtotheDepartmentofEnergy’sAlternativeFuelsDataCenter,asofJune2016,therewere13,720electricchargingstationsand33,891chargingoutletsintheUS.ThenumberofchargingstationsintheUSismuchhigherthaninChina.TheUSalsohasalargenumberofchargingoutlets,but,duetoitssize,thecountryisnotassaturatedasJapanisintermsofEVchargingpointdensity.
EuropeEuropesawsignificantgrowthinEVsalesin2015,althoughitwasnotasdramaticasinChina.TheNetherlandsledtheWesternEuropeancountrieswithintheEUintermsofsalesgrowth.SalesinsomeEasternEuropeancountriesgrewrapidlyin2015,whileplunginginothers.
EventhoughtheEuropeanCommissionsuggestedthattheEVmarketinEuropeisnowreadytomovefromatestingandexperimentingstagetofull-scalecommercialization,themarketstilldependsonsupportpoliciestosomeextentandisvulnerabletochangesinsuchpolicies.
EventhoughtheEuropeanCommissionsuggestedthattheEVmarketinEuropeisnowreadytomovefromatestingandexperimentingstagetofull-scalecommercialization,themarketstilldependsonsupportpoliciestosomeextentandisvulnerabletochangesinsuchpolicies.
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
MarketSizeandTrends
AccordingtotheEuropeanAutomobileManufacturer’sAssociation,salesofEVs(includingBEVs,PHEVs,EREVsandfuel-cellEVs)intheEUgrewby108.8%yearoveryearin2015,to146,161vehicles.Plug-inEVsalesgrowthwasmuchhigherintheEUthanwashybridelectriccarsalesgrowth(23.1%).Salesofotheralternative-fuelvehicles(naturalgasvehiclesandLPG-fueledvehicles)declinedby8.4%yearoveryear.
Salesofalternative-fuelvehicles(includingEVsandHEVs)totaled582,135unitsin2015,up20%fromthepreviousyear.Theserepresented4.2%oftotalpassengercarregistrationsintheEU,whileEVsaloneaccountedfor1.1%ofnewpassengercarregistrationsin2015.
Figure15.EVSalesinEurope,2015
*BEVs,PHEVs,EREVsandfuel-cellEVs**EVs,HEVsandotheralternative-fuelvehiclesSource:EuropeanAutomobileManufacturers’AssociationSalesbyCountry
EVsalesintheNetherlandsgrewby193.4%yearoveryearin2015,to43,441,makingittheEuropeancountrywiththehighestEVsalesduringtheyear.
TheEVmarketinEasternEuropeisunderdeveloped,andsalestendtofluctuatebycountryintheregion.EVsalesinHungarygrewby233.3%in2015,to130,butinEstonia,salesdeclinedby90%,to34,duringtheyear.
EVs*146,161,25%
HEVs217,261;38%
OtherAlternapve-Fuel
Vehicles**218,713;37%
TotalNewPassengerCarRegistrapons:13,713,526(+9.3%YoY)EVs’ShareofTotalPassengerCarSales:1.1%Alternapve-FuelVehicles’ShareofTotalPassengerCarSales:4.2%
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Figure16.EVSalesinEurope:YoY%Change,2015
Source:EuropeanAutomobileManufacturers’Association
NorwayandtheNetherlandsledEVadoptioninEurope(intermsofmarketshare)in2015,andadoptioninbothcountrieshasbeendrivenbyincentives.TheNetherlands’CO2-basedvehicletaxationschemefeatureshighrebatesforvehiclesthatemitlessthan50g/kmofCO2,whichhascontributedtoitsstrongEVmarket.FiscalincentivesprovidedbythegovernmentinNorwayhavealsounderpinnedthestrongmarketinthatcountry.
MajorMarketPlayers
Mitsubishi,NissanandRenaulthaveledEurope’sEVmarket.Inthefirstmonthsof2016,salesoftheMitsubishiOutlanderslightlyoutpacedthoseoftheNissanLEAFandtheRenaultZOE,butin2015,Renaulthadthehighestmarketshare,withoverallEVsalesof23,086vehicles(up49%yearoveryear).SalesoftheRenaultZOEreached18,453in2015,increasingby68%yearoveryearandmakingitthemarketleader.
233.3193.4 187.3
96.6 83.7 83.0 79.0 70.6
-43.6
-90.0-150
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DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Figure17.EVSalesinEurope,byModel,Jan.–Apr.2016
Source:CleanTechnica
GovernmentIncentives
EuropeancountrieswithhighEVadoptionratestendtohavemoresupportivepoliciesandfiscalincentivesthancountrieswithloweradoptionrates.AccordingtotheEuropeanAutomobileManufacturers’Association,someofthecountriesprovidingpurchaseandtaxincentivesforEVsin2016aretheNetherlands,Germany,FranceandtheUK:
• IntheNetherlands,vehiclesemitting50gCO2/kmorlessareexemptfromtheannualcirculationtax.EVsarealsoexemptfromthecountry’sregistrationtax.
• InGermany,EVsareexemptfromtheannualcirculationtaxforaperiodof10yearsfromfirstregistration.
• InFrance,regionshavetheoptiontomakealternative-fuelvehiclesexemptfromtheregistrationtax(eithertotallyorat50%).Also,EVsareexemptfromanycompanycartax.SinceJanuary2016,abonusof€6,300hasbeengrantedforanyvehicleemitting20gCO2/kmorless.
• IntheUK,EVsareexemptfromtheannualcirculationtax.SinceApril2010,pureelectriccarshavebeenexemptfromanycompanycartax.
NorwayhasbeenimplementinggenerousEVincentives,suchasaVATexemptiononEVpurchases.Its2015budgetrevisionmaintainedmanyincentives(includingtaxbreaks)forEVsuntil2017,butafterthat,someincentiveswillbegraduallyphasedout.Forexample,after2017,theVATexemptionincentivewillgraduallydecline.
TheEuropeanCommissionsuggestedthatsupportiveEVpoliciescangraduallybereducedoncecostscomedownandEVsbecomeacommonchoiceforthemainstreammarket.
2,0772,495
2,8832,9013,1713,492
4,3154,345
7,7977,827
8,386
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
BMWX5xDrive40eVWPassatGTEAudiA3e-tronVWe-Golf(VII)
VolvoXC90T8PHEVBMWi3
TeslaModelSVWGolfGTERenaultZOENissanLEAF
MitsubishiOutlanderPHEV
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Challenges
AmajorchallengefortheEuropeanEVmarketistheneedforharmonizedstandardsforEVchargingsystems.TheregionhasworkedtointegratethechargingsystemforEVsintoEurope’selectricitynetworks.Anumberofmajorautomanufacturers,includingAudi,BMW,Daimler,Ford,GeneralMotors,PorscheandVolkswagen,havecollaboratedinrecentyearsinformingasystemthatintegratesallchargingconfigurations.Whilesomestandardshavealreadybeenachieved,theindustryisnowworkingtofurtherharmonizeEVtechnologyandstandardsnotonlyinEurope,butalsobetweentheEUandtheUS.
ChargingInfrastructure
TheEU’sCleanPowerforTransportDirectivesetatargetof800,000publiclyaccessibleEVchargingstationsthroughoutEuropeby2020.TheNetherlands,Germany,FranceandtheUKareallleadingcountriesincharginginfrastructuredeployment.TheNetherlandshadroughly1.1chargingstationspervehicleasof2013,thehighestintheworldatthetime.
WesternEuropehasbetterchargingstationcoveragethanEasternEuropedoes,butsomeEasternEuropeancountriesaremakingadvancesinEVinfrastructuredevelopment.Forexample,EstoniaofficiallyopeneditsnationwideEVfast-chargingnetworkin2013.
JapanMarketSizeandTrends
Japan’scarmarketsuffereda9.3%declinein2015.Newcarsalesdroppedto5,046,511duringtheyear,accordingtoJapan’sAutomobileDealersAssociation.However,EVsaleswerestrongdespitetheweaknessoftheautomarket.ArgonneNationalLaboratorydatashowthatplug-invehiclesalesinJapangrewby51.6%yearoveryear,to46,339in2015.
AccordingtotheIEA,Japan’sEVmarketsharewas0.6%lastyear.However,apassengercarmarketsurveyconductedbytheJapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociationin2015indicatedthat30%ofrespondentsareinterestedin“next-generation”alternative-energyvehicles.Thesurveyalsofoundthatmorethan60%ofrespondentswereawareofhybridandelectricvehicles,andaround40%wereinterestedinself-drivingcars.
MajorMarketPlayers
TheNissanLEAFelectriccarhasbeentheEVmarketleaderinJapan,whichisalsoNissan’shome.TheLEAFwasoneofthefirstmainstream,mass-marketedEVs,andithasremainedabest-seller,withcumulativeglobalsalesofmorethan200,000unitssinceitwaslaunchedin2010.Almost65,000LEAFshavebeensoldinJapan.
TheEU’sCleanPowerforTransportDirectivesetatargetof800,000publiclyaccessibleEVchargingstationsthroughoutEuropeby2020.
ApassengercarmarketsurveyconductedbytheJapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociationin2015indicatedthat30%ofrespondentsareinterestedin“next-generation”alternative-energyvehicles.
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
Figure18.EVSalesinJapan,byModel,LaunchDate–Apr.2016
Source:Mitsubishi/Toyota/InsideEVs
GovernmentIncentives
InJapan,EVsbuyersenjoytaxbreaksontonnage,acquisitionandownershiptaxes.Thetaxbreakamountdependsonthefuelefficiencyandtypeofvehicle.Vehiclesthatare20%morefuelefficientthanthe2015standardsareeligibleforthemaximumtaxreduction.Thetonnageandacquisitiontaxbreakperiodwasextendedin2015,andwillnowlastthrough2017.
ChargingInfrastructure
JapanhasrelativelybetterEVcharginginfrastructurethanothermajorEVmarkets.A2015surveybyNissanindicatedthatthereweremorethan
64,978
33,991
22,100
11,144
0
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NissanLEAF MitsubishiOutlanderPHEV
ToyotaPriusPHV Mitsubishii-MiEV
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
40,000electriccarrechargepointsinJapan.Thatisincomparisonto34,000gasstationsnationwide.AccordingtoIHS,Japanhadmorethan2,800DCfast-chargingstationsusingCHAdeMO(theJapanesefast-chargingstandard)asof2015,andaccountedforabout50%ofCHAdeMOstationsworldwide.
FutureDevelopment:InnovativeBusinessModelsandE-MobilityTheautomobileandrelatedindustrieshavebeenworkingtowardfurtherinnovationsinEV,batteryandchargingtechnologies.Theyareaimingtoreducebatterycosts,lengthenbatterytravelrangeandimprovechargingspeedinordertoaddressconsumers’mainconcerns.
Industryparticipantsarealsolookingatnewapproachesandbusinessmodels,capturingopportunitiesintheevolvinge-mobilityecosystem.ManyofthenewopportunitieslieintheareaofEVcharging:
• Infrastructure:Somecarmanufacturersareplayingarolebeyondcarproductionandareenteringtheinfrastructurearea.Forexample,TeslahasdevelopedSuperchargerstationsforitscars.
• Carsharing:CarsharinghasbecomeaglobalphenomenonanditisimpactingtheEVmarket.Car-sharingservicesattractcustomerswhoareinterestedinusinganEVoccasionallyforlowcost,withoutbearingthefullcostandresponsibilityofowningone.
• Batteryleasing:InadditiontoofferingEVleasing,somemanufacturershavebeenexperimentingwithbatteryleasing,offeringconsumersthechoiceofbuyingthecaroutrightorleasingthebatterypack,whichmakesupasignificantpartofthecostofBEVs.
• Batteryswapping:BatteryswappingcanprovideaquickrechargealternativeforEVdriversandsolvethelong-charging-timeissue.
• Charging-pointinstallationandmaintenance:Somecompaniesareprovidingservicesforprivatecharging,includinginstallingchargingpointsathomesandofficesandprovidingmaintenanceservices.
• Smartgrid:IncreasedEVadoptionhasledtotheneedforsmartgridapplicationsthatcanmanagethechargingneedsofthegrowingnumberofEVs.
• UsingRFIDinchargingservices:Charging-servicesprovidersaregivingcustomersRFIDpassesforidentification,paymentandbilling.
• Chargingapps:ChargingappscanconsolidatemultipleRFIDcardsfromdifferentserviceprovidersandprovideinformationsuchasavailabilityofchargingstationsandchargingprices.
• Operatingcharginginfrastructureincombinationwithretail:Thereisabusinesscaseforoperatingchargingoutletsincombinationwitharetailcomponentsuchasvendingmachinesorconveniencestores.TeslaisreportedlyintalkswithEastCoastconveniencestoreandgasstationchainSheetzregardingtheinstallationofSuperchargerstationsforTeslavehicles.
Car-sharingservicesattractcustomerswhoareinterestedinusinganEVoccasionallyforlowcost,withoutbearingthefullcostandresponsibilityofowningone.
Thereisabusinesscaseforoperatingchargingoutletsincombinationwitharetailcomponentsuchasvendingmachinesorconveniencestores.
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
ConclusionDemandforEVshasgrowntremendouslyoverthepastfiveyears,mostnotablyin2015.EVsalesgrowthoutperformedoverallautosalesgrowthinmostofthemajorEVmarketsin2015,includingEurope,ChinaandJapan,andglobalEVstockisforecastedtoincreaseto20millionvehiclesby2020.
YettheEVmarketfaceschallengesthatcouldinhibititsgrowth.AsEVmarketsgrow,governmentincentivesinsomecountries,suchasChinaandNorway,aregraduallybeingphasedout.Withlessgovernmentsupport,broadconsumeradoptionwillrequirefurthertechnologicaldevelopmenttolowerbatterycostsandEVprices,andtolengthentheEVbatterytravelrange.
Thatbeingsaid,advancesintheindustryhaveledtoane-mobilityvaluechainthatisgivingrisetonewbusinessmodels,includingEVsharing,batteryleasingandservices,andcombiningretailwithcharginginfrastructure.WeexpecttoseedynamicdevelopmentintheEVindustryoverthenextfiveyears,includinginnovationsthatupendourunderstandingoftransportationandmobility.
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JULY182016
DEBORAHWEINSWIG,MANAGINGDIRECTOR,FUNGGLOBALRETAIL&[email protected]:917.655.6790HK:852.6119.1779CN:86.186.1420.3016Copyright©2016TheFungGroup.Allrightsreserved.
DeborahWeinswig,CPAManagingDirectorFungGlobalRetail&TechnologyNewYork:917.655.6790HongKong:852.6119.1779China:[email protected]
KirilPopovSeniorAnalyst
ChimSauWaiResearchAssociateHONGKONG:10thFloor,LiFungTower888CheungShaWanRoad,KowloonHongKongTel:85223002470NEWYORK:1359Broadway,9thFloorNewYork,NY10018Tel:6468397017LONDON:242–246MaryleboneRoadLondon,NW16JQUnitedKingdomTel:44(0)2076168988FBICGROUP.COM