electric vehicle safety: design & research
TRANSCRIPT
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Electric Vehicle Safety:Design & Research
Alvaro Masias
Energy Storage Research, Ford Motor Company
ARPA-E Crash-Safe Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles Workshop
Denver, CO – November 12, 2012
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Table of Contents
Design
Research
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Table of Contents
Design
Research
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Power of Choice
ELECTRIFIED VEHICLES
PRODUCTION CAPACITY
IN NORTH AMERICA BY 2013
TRIPLING
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Ford Focus Electric
MORE EFFICIENT
BATTERY
TEMPERATURES
110 MPGe Advanced Li-Ion Battery
5 PASSENGER 25-30% smaller
FASTER CHARGING 50% lighter
23kWh23kWhLIQUID-COOLEDLIQUID-COOLED
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACKLITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACK
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Reliability
Researching and developing modern electrified vehicles
for decades
Ford Ranger Electric
19981996
Cell Testing and Research
2004 2009 2010
Ford Escape Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
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Focus Electric Battery Location
BEV Lower Battery Pack is
mounted under the
vehicle below the second
row seats
BEV Upper Battery Pack is
mounted in the trunk behind the
second row seats. Lower
portion of pack extends through
trunk floor to the outside of the
vehicle
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Crash Requirements – FMVSS 305
30mph
Rigid
Barrier
30mph
30o
Left &
Right
Angular
33.5mph
Left & Right
27o
Crabbed Cart
50mph 70% Overlap
V-to-V Left & Right
Frontal Crash Events Side Crash Events Rear Crash Events
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Public Domain & Additional Ford Crash Testing
40mph 40%
IIHS Offset
NCAP 20mph Oblique
Left & Right Pole (5th/50th%)
High SpeedV-to-V
Left & Right Side
38.5mph
NCAP Left & Right
Side MDB
High SpeedV-to-V
Left & RightRear
31mph
Left IIHS
Cart
35mph
NCAP
Rigid
Barrier
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FMEA Analysis
Over Temperature
Over Charge
Over Discharge
External Short
Internal Cell Short
No Effect
Protection Activated
Damage/Retention
Leakage
Venting
Fire/Flame
Noise Factors &
Failure ModesStress
Vehicle Level
Design Actions
Pack Level
Design Actions
Cell Level
Design Actions
Potential
Effects
Normal Conditions
Noise Factors
Off-Normal Conditions
Failure Modes
Prevent
Actions
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Vehicle, Pack & Cell Level Actions
Vehicle Level Actions
• Vehicle Structure
• Vehicle Cooling Sys
• Vehicle Control Sys
• Charging Control Sys
Pack Level Actions
• Battery Pack Structure• Vent Management Sys• Pack Cooling Sys• Battery Controls Sys• Power Limits (Temp, Age, others)• Over Temp• Over Charge/Discharge• ENS Control• Cell Balancing• Battery Sensors (V, I, T)• Fusing
Cell Level Actions
• Cell Chemistry
• Cell Design
• Cell Manufacturing (occurrence reduction)
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Typical Testing & Verification
Examples of typical tests that may be conducted on battery
cells, battery pack assemblies, and/or entire vehicles.
MechanicalVibration, Shock, Battery Enclosure
Integrity
ElectricalElectrical Short Circuit, Over Charge &
Discharge Protection
Environmental
High/Low Temperature Exposure,
Thermal Shock, Humidity and Moisture
Exposure, Corrosion, Immersion
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Focus Electric – Vehicle Level Structural Components
Unique
Designed
(Material &/or
gauge revised)
Structural additions
for battery pack
crash protection
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Focus Electric – Battery Pack Level Structural Components
Battery Pack
Casing
Casing
modifications for
enhanced crash
protection
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Focus Electric – Rear Body Structure
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Table of Contents
Design
Research
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Battery Safety Research
System
Mechanical Thermal
Electrical
Battery Safety Hazards Project Summary
Mechanical: Ford-MIT Alliance Funding
• Prof. Wierzbicki (2yr)
• Lithium ion battery mechanical crush
modeling and prediction
System: NHTSA Research Funding
• COTR Gorney (2yr)
• Vehicle Lithium Ion Battery
Hazard Test Method Development
Thermal: Ford URP Funding
• Prof. Sunderland/Stoliarov (3yr)
• Lithium ion battery thermal hazard
assessment & comparison
Electrical: Ford-UM Alliance Funding
• Prof. Mi (2yr)
• Battery management system (BMS)
controls & requirements
Fundamental TBA
Fundamental: TBA (Proposal Stage)
• Prof. John Doe (1+1.5yr)
• First Principles of Cathode /
Electrolyte Interactions
TBA
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NHTSA Solicitation: Overview
Timing
Solicitation 1/26/11
Proposal 4/21/11
Award 9/30/11
Finish 9/29/13
Scope HEV/PHEV/BEV Li-Ion Battery
PurposeDevelop Safety Test Methods &
Performance Safety Metrics
Tasks
• Active – Single Failure
• Passive – Single Failure + Loss of
Control System
Fault
Origin
• Mechanical: Crush, Penetration,
Vibration, etc.
• Electrical: Overcharge, Short Circuit,
Overdischarge, etc.
• Thermal: Fire Resistance, Thermal
Control, etc.
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NHTSA Solicitation: Awards
Primary
Sub-
contractor
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Ford Approach: Overview
• Goal: Repeatable vehicle level Li-ion based RESS safety performance test procedures
• Approach: Define vehicle level performance tests which draw upon the cell, module and pack level information.
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Ford Approach: Process
Fault Tree
Analysis Survey Development Testing
Test Method
Analysis &
Refinement
Iteration
Fault Tree
Analysis
• Design
Independent
• Deductive
(Top Down)
Failure Mode
Effects Analysis
• Design
dependent
• Inductive
(Bottom Up)
F
a
u
l
t
Chose FTA for NHTAS RESS Project
• Broadly applicable (Design Independent)
• Event Path Dependence (Multiple Fault Scenarios)
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Ford Approach: Fault Tree Analysis
Failure
Categories
Thermal Electrical Chemical Mechanical
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Table of Contents
Design
Research
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Great Products, Strong Business, Better World