electric utilities and the future of clean transportation
TRANSCRIPT
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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Electric Utilities and the
Future of Clean TransportationBy Myriam Alexander-Kearns and Alison Cassady April 2016
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 232
Electric Utilities and theFuture of Clean Transportation
By Myriam Alexander-Kearns and Alison Cassady April 2016
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 332
1 Introduction and summary
4 The need to electrify the transportation sector
6 Current state of electric vehicles in the United States
9 Electric vehicle growth can benefit electric utilities
12 The role of electric utilities in promoting electricvehicle growth
21 Recommendations
23 Conclusion
24 About the authors
25 Endnotes
Contents
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2 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
uiliy secor and 70 inernaional elecric company members991252signed a memo-
randum o undersanding or MOU wih he US Deparmen o Energy or
DOE o work ogeher o accelerae he deploymen o elecric vehicles and he
charging inrasrucure o suppor hem
Many uiliies are already engaged Some are offering special raes o elecric vehicle owners in heir service area o incenivize hem o charge heir cars dur-
ing off-peak elecriciy demand hours Tis saves consumers money and helps
uiliies manage heir demand load Several uiliies including he hree larges in
Caliornia are invesing direcly in elecric vehicle inrasrucure o accommodae
a prediced increase in elecric vehicle ownership in coming years
Boh privae companies and consumer groups are concerned abou his involve-
men by elecric uiliies Privae companies such as Chargepoin ha provide
charging services worry ha he uiliies will sifle healhy compeiion and crowd
ou raher han build upon privaely unded charging inrasrucure Consumergroups991252such as Te Uiliy eorm Nework and Caliorniarsquos Office o aepayer
Advocaes991252are worried ha raepayers will suffer and be charged higher raes i
he uiliiesrsquo invesmens ail or do no mee expecaions
Given he urgen challenge posed by climae change and he need o cu green-
house gas emissions rom he US ransporaion secor i is imporan ha
uiliies work wih concerned sakeholders and sae public uiliy commissions o
develop a workable model or uiliy engagemen in elecric vehicle deploymen
As providers o a service ha reaches nearly every household and business uili-
ies have a unique reach ino American communiies Te Cener or American
Progress recommends ha elecric uiliies do he ollowing
bull Saring wih pilo programs inves in a public charging inrasrucure in heir
service areas o complemen he privae secorrsquos invesmen in his area
bull Offer ime-o-use raes o encourage elecric vehicle owners o charge during
low-demand imes and ideniy ways o offer elecric vehicle owners elecriciy
generaed rom renewable or zero-carbon energy sources
bull Expand charging access o low-income areas and muliamily residences and
encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or residens in hese
areas o make he cars a more affordable opion
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3 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
By implemening hese recommendaions uiliies can encourage a large cusomer
base o consider elecric vehicle ownership resuling in vas greenhouse gas emis-
sions reducions rom he ransporaion secor and a seady susainable demand
or elecriciy For cusomer who are already ineresed in elecric vehicle ownership
uiliies can increase access and affordabiliy o cars and charging inrasrucure
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4 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The need to electrify the
transportation sector
In advance o he December 2015 UN Framework Convenion on Climae
Change Conerence o Paries meeing in Paris he Unied Saes commited
o reduce is greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percen o 28 percen below 2005
levels by 20253 A he conerence 195 counries991252including he Unied Saes991252
adoped a global agreemen o aim o reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limi
global warming o less han 2 degrees Celsius above preindusrial levels in order o
avoid he mos caasrophic impacs o climae change4
Te Unied Saes is on is way o meeing is Paris commimen alhough more
work remains5 o limi warming o 15 degrees Celsius o 2 degrees Celsius
however he Unied Saes will need o ideniy ways o cu oal greenhouse gas
emissions by a leas 80 percen below 1990 levels by 2050 a level ha climae
scieniss have long agreed upon as necessary o limi warming a his level6
Te Unied Saes has sared by cleaning up he power secor Te US
Environmenal Proecion Agency or EPA finalized he Clean Power Plan which
i implemened will reduce carbon emissions rom he power secor 32 percen
rom 2005 levels by 20307 Tis is a sep oward meeing he 2025 and 2050 goals
or emissions reducions in all secors
o achieve even deeper polluion reducions he Unied Saes needs o find a
cleaner way o power vehicles he ransporaion secor accouned or more han
27 percen o domesic greenhouse gas emissions in 20138 Te majoriy o hose
emissions99125260 percen991252came rom ligh-duy vehicles such as passenger cars
ha rely on gasoline or uel9
As he US elecriciy sysem coninues is ransiion oward lower- and zero-carbon energy sources elecric vehicles will become even cleaner han hey
already are on a lie-cycle basis aking ino accoun all emissions semming rom
manuacuring o driving he car (see ex box on page 5) Already greenhouse
gas emissions rom he average batery elecric vehicle are 50 percen lower han
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5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
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6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
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7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
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8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 232
Electric Utilities and theFuture of Clean Transportation
By Myriam Alexander-Kearns and Alison Cassady April 2016
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 332
1 Introduction and summary
4 The need to electrify the transportation sector
6 Current state of electric vehicles in the United States
9 Electric vehicle growth can benefit electric utilities
12 The role of electric utilities in promoting electricvehicle growth
21 Recommendations
23 Conclusion
24 About the authors
25 Endnotes
Contents
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 532
2 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
uiliy secor and 70 inernaional elecric company members991252signed a memo-
randum o undersanding or MOU wih he US Deparmen o Energy or
DOE o work ogeher o accelerae he deploymen o elecric vehicles and he
charging inrasrucure o suppor hem
Many uiliies are already engaged Some are offering special raes o elecric vehicle owners in heir service area o incenivize hem o charge heir cars dur-
ing off-peak elecriciy demand hours Tis saves consumers money and helps
uiliies manage heir demand load Several uiliies including he hree larges in
Caliornia are invesing direcly in elecric vehicle inrasrucure o accommodae
a prediced increase in elecric vehicle ownership in coming years
Boh privae companies and consumer groups are concerned abou his involve-
men by elecric uiliies Privae companies such as Chargepoin ha provide
charging services worry ha he uiliies will sifle healhy compeiion and crowd
ou raher han build upon privaely unded charging inrasrucure Consumergroups991252such as Te Uiliy eorm Nework and Caliorniarsquos Office o aepayer
Advocaes991252are worried ha raepayers will suffer and be charged higher raes i
he uiliiesrsquo invesmens ail or do no mee expecaions
Given he urgen challenge posed by climae change and he need o cu green-
house gas emissions rom he US ransporaion secor i is imporan ha
uiliies work wih concerned sakeholders and sae public uiliy commissions o
develop a workable model or uiliy engagemen in elecric vehicle deploymen
As providers o a service ha reaches nearly every household and business uili-
ies have a unique reach ino American communiies Te Cener or American
Progress recommends ha elecric uiliies do he ollowing
bull Saring wih pilo programs inves in a public charging inrasrucure in heir
service areas o complemen he privae secorrsquos invesmen in his area
bull Offer ime-o-use raes o encourage elecric vehicle owners o charge during
low-demand imes and ideniy ways o offer elecric vehicle owners elecriciy
generaed rom renewable or zero-carbon energy sources
bull Expand charging access o low-income areas and muliamily residences and
encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or residens in hese
areas o make he cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 632
3 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
By implemening hese recommendaions uiliies can encourage a large cusomer
base o consider elecric vehicle ownership resuling in vas greenhouse gas emis-
sions reducions rom he ransporaion secor and a seady susainable demand
or elecriciy For cusomer who are already ineresed in elecric vehicle ownership
uiliies can increase access and affordabiliy o cars and charging inrasrucure
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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4 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The need to electrify the
transportation sector
In advance o he December 2015 UN Framework Convenion on Climae
Change Conerence o Paries meeing in Paris he Unied Saes commited
o reduce is greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percen o 28 percen below 2005
levels by 20253 A he conerence 195 counries991252including he Unied Saes991252
adoped a global agreemen o aim o reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limi
global warming o less han 2 degrees Celsius above preindusrial levels in order o
avoid he mos caasrophic impacs o climae change4
Te Unied Saes is on is way o meeing is Paris commimen alhough more
work remains5 o limi warming o 15 degrees Celsius o 2 degrees Celsius
however he Unied Saes will need o ideniy ways o cu oal greenhouse gas
emissions by a leas 80 percen below 1990 levels by 2050 a level ha climae
scieniss have long agreed upon as necessary o limi warming a his level6
Te Unied Saes has sared by cleaning up he power secor Te US
Environmenal Proecion Agency or EPA finalized he Clean Power Plan which
i implemened will reduce carbon emissions rom he power secor 32 percen
rom 2005 levels by 20307 Tis is a sep oward meeing he 2025 and 2050 goals
or emissions reducions in all secors
o achieve even deeper polluion reducions he Unied Saes needs o find a
cleaner way o power vehicles he ransporaion secor accouned or more han
27 percen o domesic greenhouse gas emissions in 20138 Te majoriy o hose
emissions99125260 percen991252came rom ligh-duy vehicles such as passenger cars
ha rely on gasoline or uel9
As he US elecriciy sysem coninues is ransiion oward lower- and zero-carbon energy sources elecric vehicles will become even cleaner han hey
already are on a lie-cycle basis aking ino accoun all emissions semming rom
manuacuring o driving he car (see ex box on page 5) Already greenhouse
gas emissions rom he average batery elecric vehicle are 50 percen lower han
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 832
5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 332
1 Introduction and summary
4 The need to electrify the transportation sector
6 Current state of electric vehicles in the United States
9 Electric vehicle growth can benefit electric utilities
12 The role of electric utilities in promoting electricvehicle growth
21 Recommendations
23 Conclusion
24 About the authors
25 Endnotes
Contents
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 532
2 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
uiliy secor and 70 inernaional elecric company members991252signed a memo-
randum o undersanding or MOU wih he US Deparmen o Energy or
DOE o work ogeher o accelerae he deploymen o elecric vehicles and he
charging inrasrucure o suppor hem
Many uiliies are already engaged Some are offering special raes o elecric vehicle owners in heir service area o incenivize hem o charge heir cars dur-
ing off-peak elecriciy demand hours Tis saves consumers money and helps
uiliies manage heir demand load Several uiliies including he hree larges in
Caliornia are invesing direcly in elecric vehicle inrasrucure o accommodae
a prediced increase in elecric vehicle ownership in coming years
Boh privae companies and consumer groups are concerned abou his involve-
men by elecric uiliies Privae companies such as Chargepoin ha provide
charging services worry ha he uiliies will sifle healhy compeiion and crowd
ou raher han build upon privaely unded charging inrasrucure Consumergroups991252such as Te Uiliy eorm Nework and Caliorniarsquos Office o aepayer
Advocaes991252are worried ha raepayers will suffer and be charged higher raes i
he uiliiesrsquo invesmens ail or do no mee expecaions
Given he urgen challenge posed by climae change and he need o cu green-
house gas emissions rom he US ransporaion secor i is imporan ha
uiliies work wih concerned sakeholders and sae public uiliy commissions o
develop a workable model or uiliy engagemen in elecric vehicle deploymen
As providers o a service ha reaches nearly every household and business uili-
ies have a unique reach ino American communiies Te Cener or American
Progress recommends ha elecric uiliies do he ollowing
bull Saring wih pilo programs inves in a public charging inrasrucure in heir
service areas o complemen he privae secorrsquos invesmen in his area
bull Offer ime-o-use raes o encourage elecric vehicle owners o charge during
low-demand imes and ideniy ways o offer elecric vehicle owners elecriciy
generaed rom renewable or zero-carbon energy sources
bull Expand charging access o low-income areas and muliamily residences and
encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or residens in hese
areas o make he cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 632
3 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
By implemening hese recommendaions uiliies can encourage a large cusomer
base o consider elecric vehicle ownership resuling in vas greenhouse gas emis-
sions reducions rom he ransporaion secor and a seady susainable demand
or elecriciy For cusomer who are already ineresed in elecric vehicle ownership
uiliies can increase access and affordabiliy o cars and charging inrasrucure
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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4 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The need to electrify the
transportation sector
In advance o he December 2015 UN Framework Convenion on Climae
Change Conerence o Paries meeing in Paris he Unied Saes commited
o reduce is greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percen o 28 percen below 2005
levels by 20253 A he conerence 195 counries991252including he Unied Saes991252
adoped a global agreemen o aim o reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limi
global warming o less han 2 degrees Celsius above preindusrial levels in order o
avoid he mos caasrophic impacs o climae change4
Te Unied Saes is on is way o meeing is Paris commimen alhough more
work remains5 o limi warming o 15 degrees Celsius o 2 degrees Celsius
however he Unied Saes will need o ideniy ways o cu oal greenhouse gas
emissions by a leas 80 percen below 1990 levels by 2050 a level ha climae
scieniss have long agreed upon as necessary o limi warming a his level6
Te Unied Saes has sared by cleaning up he power secor Te US
Environmenal Proecion Agency or EPA finalized he Clean Power Plan which
i implemened will reduce carbon emissions rom he power secor 32 percen
rom 2005 levels by 20307 Tis is a sep oward meeing he 2025 and 2050 goals
or emissions reducions in all secors
o achieve even deeper polluion reducions he Unied Saes needs o find a
cleaner way o power vehicles he ransporaion secor accouned or more han
27 percen o domesic greenhouse gas emissions in 20138 Te majoriy o hose
emissions99125260 percen991252came rom ligh-duy vehicles such as passenger cars
ha rely on gasoline or uel9
As he US elecriciy sysem coninues is ransiion oward lower- and zero-carbon energy sources elecric vehicles will become even cleaner han hey
already are on a lie-cycle basis aking ino accoun all emissions semming rom
manuacuring o driving he car (see ex box on page 5) Already greenhouse
gas emissions rom he average batery elecric vehicle are 50 percen lower han
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 832
5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 432
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 532
2 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
uiliy secor and 70 inernaional elecric company members991252signed a memo-
randum o undersanding or MOU wih he US Deparmen o Energy or
DOE o work ogeher o accelerae he deploymen o elecric vehicles and he
charging inrasrucure o suppor hem
Many uiliies are already engaged Some are offering special raes o elecric vehicle owners in heir service area o incenivize hem o charge heir cars dur-
ing off-peak elecriciy demand hours Tis saves consumers money and helps
uiliies manage heir demand load Several uiliies including he hree larges in
Caliornia are invesing direcly in elecric vehicle inrasrucure o accommodae
a prediced increase in elecric vehicle ownership in coming years
Boh privae companies and consumer groups are concerned abou his involve-
men by elecric uiliies Privae companies such as Chargepoin ha provide
charging services worry ha he uiliies will sifle healhy compeiion and crowd
ou raher han build upon privaely unded charging inrasrucure Consumergroups991252such as Te Uiliy eorm Nework and Caliorniarsquos Office o aepayer
Advocaes991252are worried ha raepayers will suffer and be charged higher raes i
he uiliiesrsquo invesmens ail or do no mee expecaions
Given he urgen challenge posed by climae change and he need o cu green-
house gas emissions rom he US ransporaion secor i is imporan ha
uiliies work wih concerned sakeholders and sae public uiliy commissions o
develop a workable model or uiliy engagemen in elecric vehicle deploymen
As providers o a service ha reaches nearly every household and business uili-
ies have a unique reach ino American communiies Te Cener or American
Progress recommends ha elecric uiliies do he ollowing
bull Saring wih pilo programs inves in a public charging inrasrucure in heir
service areas o complemen he privae secorrsquos invesmen in his area
bull Offer ime-o-use raes o encourage elecric vehicle owners o charge during
low-demand imes and ideniy ways o offer elecric vehicle owners elecriciy
generaed rom renewable or zero-carbon energy sources
bull Expand charging access o low-income areas and muliamily residences and
encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or residens in hese
areas o make he cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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3 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
By implemening hese recommendaions uiliies can encourage a large cusomer
base o consider elecric vehicle ownership resuling in vas greenhouse gas emis-
sions reducions rom he ransporaion secor and a seady susainable demand
or elecriciy For cusomer who are already ineresed in elecric vehicle ownership
uiliies can increase access and affordabiliy o cars and charging inrasrucure
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 732
4 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The need to electrify the
transportation sector
In advance o he December 2015 UN Framework Convenion on Climae
Change Conerence o Paries meeing in Paris he Unied Saes commited
o reduce is greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percen o 28 percen below 2005
levels by 20253 A he conerence 195 counries991252including he Unied Saes991252
adoped a global agreemen o aim o reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limi
global warming o less han 2 degrees Celsius above preindusrial levels in order o
avoid he mos caasrophic impacs o climae change4
Te Unied Saes is on is way o meeing is Paris commimen alhough more
work remains5 o limi warming o 15 degrees Celsius o 2 degrees Celsius
however he Unied Saes will need o ideniy ways o cu oal greenhouse gas
emissions by a leas 80 percen below 1990 levels by 2050 a level ha climae
scieniss have long agreed upon as necessary o limi warming a his level6
Te Unied Saes has sared by cleaning up he power secor Te US
Environmenal Proecion Agency or EPA finalized he Clean Power Plan which
i implemened will reduce carbon emissions rom he power secor 32 percen
rom 2005 levels by 20307 Tis is a sep oward meeing he 2025 and 2050 goals
or emissions reducions in all secors
o achieve even deeper polluion reducions he Unied Saes needs o find a
cleaner way o power vehicles he ransporaion secor accouned or more han
27 percen o domesic greenhouse gas emissions in 20138 Te majoriy o hose
emissions99125260 percen991252came rom ligh-duy vehicles such as passenger cars
ha rely on gasoline or uel9
As he US elecriciy sysem coninues is ransiion oward lower- and zero-carbon energy sources elecric vehicles will become even cleaner han hey
already are on a lie-cycle basis aking ino accoun all emissions semming rom
manuacuring o driving he car (see ex box on page 5) Already greenhouse
gas emissions rom he average batery elecric vehicle are 50 percen lower han
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1132
8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
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believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
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can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 532
2 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
uiliy secor and 70 inernaional elecric company members991252signed a memo-
randum o undersanding or MOU wih he US Deparmen o Energy or
DOE o work ogeher o accelerae he deploymen o elecric vehicles and he
charging inrasrucure o suppor hem
Many uiliies are already engaged Some are offering special raes o elecric vehicle owners in heir service area o incenivize hem o charge heir cars dur-
ing off-peak elecriciy demand hours Tis saves consumers money and helps
uiliies manage heir demand load Several uiliies including he hree larges in
Caliornia are invesing direcly in elecric vehicle inrasrucure o accommodae
a prediced increase in elecric vehicle ownership in coming years
Boh privae companies and consumer groups are concerned abou his involve-
men by elecric uiliies Privae companies such as Chargepoin ha provide
charging services worry ha he uiliies will sifle healhy compeiion and crowd
ou raher han build upon privaely unded charging inrasrucure Consumergroups991252such as Te Uiliy eorm Nework and Caliorniarsquos Office o aepayer
Advocaes991252are worried ha raepayers will suffer and be charged higher raes i
he uiliiesrsquo invesmens ail or do no mee expecaions
Given he urgen challenge posed by climae change and he need o cu green-
house gas emissions rom he US ransporaion secor i is imporan ha
uiliies work wih concerned sakeholders and sae public uiliy commissions o
develop a workable model or uiliy engagemen in elecric vehicle deploymen
As providers o a service ha reaches nearly every household and business uili-
ies have a unique reach ino American communiies Te Cener or American
Progress recommends ha elecric uiliies do he ollowing
bull Saring wih pilo programs inves in a public charging inrasrucure in heir
service areas o complemen he privae secorrsquos invesmen in his area
bull Offer ime-o-use raes o encourage elecric vehicle owners o charge during
low-demand imes and ideniy ways o offer elecric vehicle owners elecriciy
generaed rom renewable or zero-carbon energy sources
bull Expand charging access o low-income areas and muliamily residences and
encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or residens in hese
areas o make he cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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3 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
By implemening hese recommendaions uiliies can encourage a large cusomer
base o consider elecric vehicle ownership resuling in vas greenhouse gas emis-
sions reducions rom he ransporaion secor and a seady susainable demand
or elecriciy For cusomer who are already ineresed in elecric vehicle ownership
uiliies can increase access and affordabiliy o cars and charging inrasrucure
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 732
4 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The need to electrify the
transportation sector
In advance o he December 2015 UN Framework Convenion on Climae
Change Conerence o Paries meeing in Paris he Unied Saes commited
o reduce is greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percen o 28 percen below 2005
levels by 20253 A he conerence 195 counries991252including he Unied Saes991252
adoped a global agreemen o aim o reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limi
global warming o less han 2 degrees Celsius above preindusrial levels in order o
avoid he mos caasrophic impacs o climae change4
Te Unied Saes is on is way o meeing is Paris commimen alhough more
work remains5 o limi warming o 15 degrees Celsius o 2 degrees Celsius
however he Unied Saes will need o ideniy ways o cu oal greenhouse gas
emissions by a leas 80 percen below 1990 levels by 2050 a level ha climae
scieniss have long agreed upon as necessary o limi warming a his level6
Te Unied Saes has sared by cleaning up he power secor Te US
Environmenal Proecion Agency or EPA finalized he Clean Power Plan which
i implemened will reduce carbon emissions rom he power secor 32 percen
rom 2005 levels by 20307 Tis is a sep oward meeing he 2025 and 2050 goals
or emissions reducions in all secors
o achieve even deeper polluion reducions he Unied Saes needs o find a
cleaner way o power vehicles he ransporaion secor accouned or more han
27 percen o domesic greenhouse gas emissions in 20138 Te majoriy o hose
emissions99125260 percen991252came rom ligh-duy vehicles such as passenger cars
ha rely on gasoline or uel9
As he US elecriciy sysem coninues is ransiion oward lower- and zero-carbon energy sources elecric vehicles will become even cleaner han hey
already are on a lie-cycle basis aking ino accoun all emissions semming rom
manuacuring o driving he car (see ex box on page 5) Already greenhouse
gas emissions rom he average batery elecric vehicle are 50 percen lower han
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 832
5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1132
8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
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can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 632
3 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
By implemening hese recommendaions uiliies can encourage a large cusomer
base o consider elecric vehicle ownership resuling in vas greenhouse gas emis-
sions reducions rom he ransporaion secor and a seady susainable demand
or elecriciy For cusomer who are already ineresed in elecric vehicle ownership
uiliies can increase access and affordabiliy o cars and charging inrasrucure
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 732
4 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The need to electrify the
transportation sector
In advance o he December 2015 UN Framework Convenion on Climae
Change Conerence o Paries meeing in Paris he Unied Saes commited
o reduce is greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percen o 28 percen below 2005
levels by 20253 A he conerence 195 counries991252including he Unied Saes991252
adoped a global agreemen o aim o reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limi
global warming o less han 2 degrees Celsius above preindusrial levels in order o
avoid he mos caasrophic impacs o climae change4
Te Unied Saes is on is way o meeing is Paris commimen alhough more
work remains5 o limi warming o 15 degrees Celsius o 2 degrees Celsius
however he Unied Saes will need o ideniy ways o cu oal greenhouse gas
emissions by a leas 80 percen below 1990 levels by 2050 a level ha climae
scieniss have long agreed upon as necessary o limi warming a his level6
Te Unied Saes has sared by cleaning up he power secor Te US
Environmenal Proecion Agency or EPA finalized he Clean Power Plan which
i implemened will reduce carbon emissions rom he power secor 32 percen
rom 2005 levels by 20307 Tis is a sep oward meeing he 2025 and 2050 goals
or emissions reducions in all secors
o achieve even deeper polluion reducions he Unied Saes needs o find a
cleaner way o power vehicles he ransporaion secor accouned or more han
27 percen o domesic greenhouse gas emissions in 20138 Te majoriy o hose
emissions99125260 percen991252came rom ligh-duy vehicles such as passenger cars
ha rely on gasoline or uel9
As he US elecriciy sysem coninues is ransiion oward lower- and zero-carbon energy sources elecric vehicles will become even cleaner han hey
already are on a lie-cycle basis aking ino accoun all emissions semming rom
manuacuring o driving he car (see ex box on page 5) Already greenhouse
gas emissions rom he average batery elecric vehicle are 50 percen lower han
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 832
5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
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8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 732
4 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The need to electrify the
transportation sector
In advance o he December 2015 UN Framework Convenion on Climae
Change Conerence o Paries meeing in Paris he Unied Saes commited
o reduce is greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percen o 28 percen below 2005
levels by 20253 A he conerence 195 counries991252including he Unied Saes991252
adoped a global agreemen o aim o reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limi
global warming o less han 2 degrees Celsius above preindusrial levels in order o
avoid he mos caasrophic impacs o climae change4
Te Unied Saes is on is way o meeing is Paris commimen alhough more
work remains5 o limi warming o 15 degrees Celsius o 2 degrees Celsius
however he Unied Saes will need o ideniy ways o cu oal greenhouse gas
emissions by a leas 80 percen below 1990 levels by 2050 a level ha climae
scieniss have long agreed upon as necessary o limi warming a his level6
Te Unied Saes has sared by cleaning up he power secor Te US
Environmenal Proecion Agency or EPA finalized he Clean Power Plan which
i implemened will reduce carbon emissions rom he power secor 32 percen
rom 2005 levels by 20307 Tis is a sep oward meeing he 2025 and 2050 goals
or emissions reducions in all secors
o achieve even deeper polluion reducions he Unied Saes needs o find a
cleaner way o power vehicles he ransporaion secor accouned or more han
27 percen o domesic greenhouse gas emissions in 20138 Te majoriy o hose
emissions99125260 percen991252came rom ligh-duy vehicles such as passenger cars
ha rely on gasoline or uel9
As he US elecriciy sysem coninues is ransiion oward lower- and zero-carbon energy sources elecric vehicles will become even cleaner han hey
already are on a lie-cycle basis aking ino accoun all emissions semming rom
manuacuring o driving he car (see ex box on page 5) Already greenhouse
gas emissions rom he average batery elecric vehicle are 50 percen lower han
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 832
5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
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8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 832
5 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
emissions rom a comparable gasoline car on a lie-cycle basis991252rom manuac-
uring o driving10 An elecric vehicle driven in every region o he Unied Saes
currenly produces less polluion han a new gasoline-ueled car and abou
wo-hirds o Americans live in regions where driving an elecric vehicle ha
plugs ino he regional grid creaes less polluion han a radiional car ha ges 50
miles-per-gallon11
By replacing gasoline-uelled cars wih cleaner elecric vehicles we will see signifi-
can reducions in greenhouse gas emissions rom he ransporaion secor
Cleaning up electricity The surge forward with renewables
2015 was a momentous year for clean energy initiatives in the United States
bull In August the EPA finalized its Clean Power Plan regulations that would require states to reduce
carbon emissions from electricity generation12 If implemented by the EPA pending a decision by
the US Supreme Court states will develop individual plans to achieve their emissions reductions
goals or collaborate with other states13 Many states will increase their generation from renew-
able sources such as wind and solar power as one way to comply with the new regulations
bull In December Congress authorized a five-year extension of the investment tax credit for solar
energy and the production tax credit for wind energy Other renewables like geothermal energy
received one-year extensions to their investment tax credit With the extension of the tax credits
experts predict that utilities that are not already investing in solar and wind technology will
begin to invest in these areas14
bull Rooftop solar power generation became cost-competitive achieving grid-parity with other
forms of electricity in 19 states and Washington DC according to recent data15 Parity is
achieved when the levelized cost of solar power slips below the total electricity bill savings
within the first year of installing the system16 According to the Solar Energy Industries Associa-
tion solar energy grew significantly in 2015 For the first three-quarters of the year 30 percent of
all new generating capacity in the United States came from solar power17
bull Wind energy is also projected to continue its substantial rise Between 2010 and 2013 wind ca-pacity increased roughly 50 percent from 40 GW across 27 states to 60 GW across 34 states18 By
the end of 2015 the US wind capacity passed 74 GW and installations in 2015 were 77 percent
greater than in 201419 By 2020 capacity is expected to rise to 113 GW in the United States20
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 932
6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1032
7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1132
8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
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The Center for American
Progress is an independent
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that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
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As progressives we believe
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champion the common
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and harness the strength ofour diversity
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We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
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our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 932
6 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Current state of electric
vehicles in the United States
More elecric vehicles are on he road han ever beore and expers expec
he elecric vehicle marke o coninue o grow Te cos o vehicles is declin-
ing as is he cos o batery manuacuring and batery lie is longer han ever
Meanwhile charging inrasrucure is going up across he counry991252paricularly
in ciies hroughou Caliornia and on he Eas Coas991252which allows drivers o
charge away rom home21
Sales of electric vehicles
Elecric vehicle use is on he rise in he Unied Saes As o Ocober 2015 plug-in
hybrids and batery elecric vehicles oaled roughly 417000 in he Unied Saes
or 3 percen o he vehicle marke22
Many saes are working o deploy more elecric vehicles as a means o clean
up air polluion and miigae climae change In 1990 Caliornia adoped he
Zero Emissions Vehicle or ZEV program esablishing a goal ha manuacur-
ers include ZEVs as 2 percen o he vehicles hey produce or sale23 Caliornia
updaed his goal in 2012 now requiring ZEVs and plug-in hybrids o com-
prise 15 percen o new vehicle sales by 202524 Connecicu Maine Maryland
Massachusets New Jersey New York Oregon hode Island and Vermon have
adoped he Caliornia ZEV program under Secion 177 o he Clean Air Ac o
1970 which allows saes o adop Caliorniarsquos vehicle emissions sandards25
In 2013 governors rom Caliornia Connecicu Massachusets Maryland New
York Oregon hode Island and Vermon signed a memorandum o undersand-
ing ha commited o pu a leas 33 million ZEVs mos commonly batery-elecric vehicles on he road in hese saes by 202526 In his agreemen he saes
commited o he coordinaed effor so hey could achieve he 33 million goal
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1032
7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1132
8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1232
9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1332
10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
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As progressives we believe
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believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
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And we believe an effective
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trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
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We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
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can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
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for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1032
7 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Te ederal governmen also is working o encourage consumers o purchase elec-
ric vehicles Te ederal governmen offers a ederal ax credi or elecric vehicle
buyers o up o $7500 Some saes have done even more o encourage elecric
vehicle ownership by offering heir own rebae and ax credi programs27
Battery prices
One acor ha has slowed he deploymen o elecric vehicles is cos much o
which is atribued o he batery Forunaely batery prices are alling Beween
2009 and 2014 he cos o a lihium ion batery991252he batery used in elecric
vehicles991252ell by more han 70 percen while cumulaive elecric vehicle sales
rose o nearly 300000 in five years28 In 2015 alone elecric vehicle sales increased
60 percen and batery prices ell 35 percen29
Batery coss are expeced o coninue o decline and elecric vehicle sales areexpeced o coninue o rise alhough a a slower rae han a presen30 By 2020
elecric vehicles will likely be as affordable as gasoline-powered cars31 More
affordable elecric vehicle models are already emerging in he marke Chevrole
Ford Misubishi Nissan Smar and VW all released elecric vehicle models in
2015 or 2016 ha sell or less han $30000 even beore sae and ederal incen-
ives are applied32 Even esla inroduced is more affordable Model 3 in March
2016 which is priced a $35000 beore governmen incenives abou hal he cur-
ren cos o eslarsquos nex-cheapes model he Model S33
Te prediced boom in elecric vehicle sales has grea implicaions or he oil mar-
ke worldwide According o a recen Bloomberg New Energy Finance repor i
elecric vehicle sales keep growing he way hey have been elecric ransporaion
will displace 2 million barrels o oil each day by 202834
Charging infrastructure
o mee he goal o puting 33 million ZEVs on he road by 2025 he Unied
Saes will need o expand is charging inrasrucure Tere are currenly 12682public charging saions in he Unied Saes abou 9000 o which are locaed in
Caliornia35 Wih more han 53000 elecric vehicles and plug-in hybrids regis-
ered in Caliornia in 2014 here is roughly one public saion available or every
six cars36 New England has is air share o charging saions as well wih 2200 o
he 3211 vehicles regisered in 201437
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1132
8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1132
8 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
When away rom home drivers can use hese public charging locaions o charge
on he go Drivers o EVs can charge via membership neworks across he counry
like Chargepoin and NG Energyrsquos EVgo charging program In lae 2015 EVgo
solidified is place as he counryrsquos larges public inrasrucure provider or direc
curren or DC as chargers he quickes ype o charging inrasrucure by par-
nering wih BMW Ford and OEV an elecric vehicle rade associaion38
Whilepublic charging is available across he counry i is concenraed mos heavily in
Caliornia and on he Eas Coas Pockes are also prevalen in he middle o he
counry usually clusered around meropolian areas such as Chicago and For
Worh exas39 esla has also buil a nework o so-called superchargers which
are only compaible wih esla vehicles40
Some would-be elecric vehicle drivers cie lack o public charging inrasrucure
as a reason or no purchasing an elecric vehicle Tey have range anxiey ha is
hey worry hey will ge sranded wihou access o a charge A Canadian sudy
examining he EV300 Program which worked wih privae and public organiza-ions o replace some flees wih elecric vehicles ound ha range anxiey is very
real or flee drivers Te evaluaors discovered ha hese ears ranslae ino less
use o he vehiclesrsquo all-elecric capaciy41
o alleviae his anxiey and accommodae 33 million elecric vehicles by 2025
more charging inrasrucure will be needed o atrac new buyers Currenly
charging opions are limied or residens o muliamily buildings ha do no
have insalled chargers and many employers do no provide charging saions
a he workplace 42 In some areas o he counry public charging sies are more
requenly used han ohers and more daa is needed on how o ideniy prime
charging locaions43 Sakeholders such as elecric uiliies can have a role in
promoing charging inrasrucure collecing his necessary daa and increasing
access o charging in low-income markes
Increasing he availabiliy o charging inrasrucure and offering charging solu-
ions or muliamily residences can ease he range anxiey ha would-be EV
owners may ace
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
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The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
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our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
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9 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Electric vehicle growth
can benefit electric utilities
As more elecric vehicles hi Americarsquos roads elecric uiliies will enjoy cerain
benefis Firs elecric vehicle charging creaes new elecriciy demand Tis
comes a an imporan ime or uiliies many o which are seeing declining
demand or heir produc Second elecric uiliies can use elecric vehicles as
emporary energy sorage which can help hem balance elecriciy load during
peak-demand imes
Electric vehicles provide a new source of electricity demand
Elecric uiliies are acing significan challenges o heir curren business model
In 2015 oal elecriciy sales ell991252he fifh ime in eigh years ha sales declined
rom he previous year44 Te US Energy Inormaion Adminisraion predics a
relaively fla growh rae or elecriciy use in he nex 25 years oal elecriciy
use is expeced o grow only 08 percen rom 2013 o 204045
Tis rend is due o improvemens in energy efficiency and o he growh o
disribued solar generaion Analysis by he American Council or an Energy-
Efficien Economy or ACEEE shows ha he US economy has become more
energy efficien over he las quarer cenury decreasing energy used per dollar
spen by 50 percen46
Sae and ederal policies encourage uiliy cusomers o use elecriciy more
efficienly and o insall solar panels o generae heir own elecriciy As o January
2016 41 saes plus Washingon DC have rules or ne meering which allows
cusomers wih renewable generaion capaciy like solar panels o sell elecric-
iy back o he local uiliy47
Addiionally he ederal governmen 35 saes andhe Disric o Columbia offer residens or small businesses financial incenives
or conribuing clean generaion o he grid991252including perormance-based
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
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to change the country
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As progressives we believe
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believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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10 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
incenives personal ax credis or deducions propery ax incenives or sales
ax incenives48 As many cusomers ake advanage o hese exising incenives o
se up heir own elecriciy generaion uiliies will see flucuaions and possible
decreases in radiional demand or heir produc
Te power secor is no blind o hese rends In 2012 he Edison ElecricInsiue or EEI noed ha a ldquogrowing number o cusomers are increasingly exer-
cising heir opions o manage elecriciy bills hrough energy efficiency demand
managemen and on-sie generaionrdquo49 EEI warned o a poenial ldquodeah spiralrdquo i
uiliies ailed o adap o hese disrupive echnologies and pracices50
Elecric vehicle deploymen however has he poenial o help sabilize elecric-
iy demand in many markes As more vehicles require elecriciy as uel uiliies
will see an increase in demand or heir produc and can find new ways o use
elecric vehicles o manage heir produc flow One sudy esimaes ha assum-
ing he average car drives 12000 miles per year an elecric vehicle will increase ahouseholdrsquos elecriciy demand by 33 percen and a plug-in hybrid will increase
demand by 37 percen51
In recogniion o he opporuniy presened by elecric vehicles EEI signed a
memorandum o undersanding wih he Deparmen o Energy in June 2015
Te MOU recognizes ldquohe muual ineres in realizing he economic environ-
menal and naional securiy benefis achieved by he growing use o elecriciy
as a ransporaion uelrdquo52 Te goal o he MOU is o allow he DOE and EEI o
ldquopursue key opporuniies or collaboraive acion beween he governmen and
uiliy indusry in order o accelerae plug-in elecric vehicle (PEV) and charging
inrasrucure deploymenrdquo53
Electric vehicles as storage
Elecric vehicles can also provide sorage when hey are plugged ino he grid
soring energy and helping he uiliy manage he demand on he grid during peak
demand imes54 EV owners can connec heir vehicles o he grid hrough home-
charging inrasrucure or a public chargers offering sorage capabiliies o hegrid or a home much like a saionary batery According o a sudy by Navigan
esearch plugged-in vehicles can capure generaion rom renewables when
demand is lower sore i in heir bateries and help offse generaion needs when
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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11 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
demand is higher Teoreically his would make elecriciy cheaper and he grid
more flexible and resilien55 A ypical elecric vehicle can sore in is batery as
much power as a home consumes in hree days56 Navigan predics ha world-
wide revenue rom hese vehicle-o-grid services will grow rom $335000 per year
in 2015 o $207 million annually by 202457
Uiliies have a lo o gain rom he growh o elecric vehicles991252a seady source
o demand or elecriciy and a way o manage ha demand o ensure a reliable
flow o elecriciy
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12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2732
24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1532
12 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
The role of electric utilities in
promoting electric vehicle growth
Because hey provide he uel or elecric vehicles elecric uiliies have a naural
role o play in expanding elecric vehicle ownership and insalling new charging
inrasrucure Uiliies can promoe elecric vehicle growh in wo main ways
incenivizing and supporing elecric vehicle ownership and he charging inra-
srucure and invesing direcly in he deploymen o new charging inrasrucure
in heir service areas Uiliies are also in he unique posiion o be able o expand
charging access o underserved areas no served by he privae secor including
low-income neighborhoods and muliamily residences Some sakeholders haveraised poenial concerns abou uiliiesrsquo direc invesmen in elecric vehicle inra-
srucure and are working acively o proec raepayers and a compeiive marke-
place as more uiliies engage in his space
Incentivize and support electric vehicle ownership and
infrastructure
Tere are wo primary ways elecric uiliies can incenivize cusomers o purchase
elecric vehicles offering ime-o-use raes or charging and invesing direcly in
charging inrasrucure
Time of use rates
One way ha elecric uiliy companies can incenivize elecric vehicle use is by
offering special ime-o-use or OU raes991252alernaive rae srucures or elecric
vehicle owners who are charging vehicles in heir homes Under a OU program
elecric vehicle owners are charged differen raes based on wha ime hey plug in which allows uiliies o incenivize residens o charge heir cars during off-peak
hours such as overnigh when elecriciy demand is lowes
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1632
13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
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As progressives we believe
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people can climb the ladder
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And we believe an effective
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champion the common
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and harness the strength ofour diversity
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We develop new policy ideas
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our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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13 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
For he uiliy shifing demand o off-peak imes reduces generaion coss and
avoids unnecessary invesmen in generaion ransmission and disribuion58 By
shifing charging imes uiliies gain revenue while uilizing exising capaciy59
Shifing demand rom peak imes is key o grid susainabiliy and helps avoid he
need or carbon-inensive generaion a peak imes60
While gasoline prices can be volaile elecric vehicle owners know wha hey
will pay o charge heir vehicles a any given ime and hey pay lower raes i hey
charge a nigh when here is less demand on he grid A 2014 sudy by Energy
and Environmenal Economics modeled he effecs o iered and OU pricing on
cusomers I ound ha he bills ha elecric vehicle owners pay offse he cos
o he uiliy o deliver he elecriciy Because hese coss would be disribued
among hose who pay elecriciy bills as par o he rae base he cos savings are
passed on o all raepayers including hose who do no own elecric vehicles61
Trough consumer educaion uiliies can demonsrae how a OU charging
program offers hese benefis o all cusomers
Several elecric uiliies already offer special OU raes o elecric vehicle char-
gers including ConEd in New York Dominion Power in Virginia DE Energy
in Michigan Georgia Power in Georgia and Pacific Gas amp Elecric Company and
Souhern Caliornia Edison in Caliornia62
Te main uiliy serving he Sacrameno Caliornia meropolian area991252
Sacrameno Municipal Uiliy Disric or SMUD991252esablished a wo-year pilo
program or OU pricing offering cusomers hree ime-varying opions during
which o charge heir vehicles Te resuls o he pilo indicae ha OU pricing
works SMUD saw a reducion o demand during peak imes by 12 percen63
San Diego Gas amp Elecric offers elecric vehicle owners special raes or hose who
op ino he EV-OU program Te program gives cusomers he opion o charge
during ldquooff-peakrdquo and slighly cheaper ldquosuper off-peakrdquo hours Depending on
when cusomers charge heir vehicles and wheher hey use solar energy hey can
choose rom differen ime-o-use charging models o ge he mos elecriciy or
heir buck egardless o which opion cusomers choose he uiliy benefis rom
having some elecriciy consumpion shifed o imes o lower demand64
Implemening his srucure or elecric vehicle owners is a bi complicaed as i
involves racking elecric vehicle charging use separaely rom general residenial
elecriciy use However his is easible hrough smar-charging echnology which
links chargers direcly o he grid and allows or daa collecion and scheduling o
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
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As progressives we believe
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And we believe an effective
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trust of the American people
champion the common
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and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
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can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
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for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1732
14 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
charging periods65 Similar o smar hermosa programs such as Nes cusom-
ers allow uiliies o conrol when he charge flows o heir plugged-in vehicle so
ha he uiliy can sagger he flow among various households o achieve balanced
demand on he grid over he course o he nigh66
In orono Canada he governmen collaboraed wih smar charging companyCrossChasm echnologies and he elecric company orono Hydro o creae a
pilo program o esablish OU raes or charging Te pilo offers elecric vehicle
owners new Level 2 chargers a logger ha racks batery usage and charging pa-
erns and an app in which paricipans se charging preerences and receive requess
o shif consumpion when elecriciy is in peak demand Te pilo ended a he end
o 2015 and CrossChasm expecs o release an evaluaion in spring 2016 67
Incentives to use renewables for electric vehicle charging
Uiliies can combine he benefis o OU charging and renewable energy by
offering elecriciy ha is generaed by alernaive energy sources during off-peak
imes or elecric vehicle-charging wihou shifing raes Tis pracice is no ye
widespread In Minnesoa or example he energy cooperaive Grea iver Energy
which provides elecriciy o 17 million cusomers across 28 co-ops iniiaed a
program in 2015 called evol Te program allows plug-in vehicle cusomers he
opion o ge elecriciy rom wind energy hrough he co-op a no exra cos While
here is no way o send wind energy direcly o regisered homes he company ses
aside renewable energy credis annually or each paricipan Because elecric vehicle
owners primarily charge a heir residences a nigh when wind is sronges he
connecion creaes a reliable mehod or he uiliy o manage is load and encourage
residens o ake advanage o charging while demand is low overnigh68
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2132
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1832
15 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Invest directly in electric vehicle infrastructure
Uiliies can suppor elecric vehicle charging by invesing direcly in residenial
and public charging locaions meaning hey own insall and mainain elecric
vehicle charging inrasrucure in heir service areas Tis represens a significan
capial invesmen bu i can offer significan poenial benefi higher demand
during off-peak hours when car owners are charging a home According o recen
analysis by Silver Spring Neworks a smar grid soluion provider he benefis o
uiliy ownership ouweigh he coss 183 o 172
Some uiliies have sared invesing in public charging inrasrucure Tese iniial
programs will provide imporan lessons-learned as addiional uiliies across he
counry op in
In 2015 Kansas Ciy Power and Ligh or KCPampL insalled more han 1000
charging saions around he Kansas Ciy Missouri area73
Te uiliy is offer-ing ree charging or he firs wo years o he program KCPL esimaes ha he
charging nework can suppor up o 10000 elecric vehicles74 Te uiliy has ye
o receive approval rom he Missouri Public Service Commission o include he
$20 million cos in is rae base which incorporaes he invesmen in he saions
Types of EV charging
There are currently three types of electric vehicle chargers Level 1 Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers
Level 1 charges the vehicle through a basic 120 Volt plug the kind found in the wall of a house
It requires no special equipment but can take over 20 hours to charge fully this method is often
used in homes where owners can charge their vehicles overnight69
Level 2 charging requires a 240 Volt AC plug and requires additional charging equipment the
same type of hook up as an electric dryer or oven Level 2 chargers can fully charge a battery in
eight hours or less depending on vehicle range and are often found in homes and workplaces
Level 2 chargers are more expensive than Level 1 but they are still a cheaper option than the DC
Fast Chargers that are commonly found at public charging stations 70
DC Fast Chargers offer 480 Volt charging and can fully charge a 60- to 100-mile range battery in
20 minutes These are the most expensive chargers and also require specialized equipment to be
installed in the charging space and in the vehicle itself 71
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 1932
16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
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to change the country
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As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
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can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
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for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
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adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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16 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
ino he oal value o he uiliyrsquos asses on which he uiliy is allowed o collec
a profi By including he cos o he chargers ino he uiliyrsquos rae-based asses
he uiliy can recoup is invesmen hrough he price i charges cusomers or
elecriciy passing along some o he risk o he invesmen o raepayers While
hos sies are paying or heir own saions he uiliy has made he iniial inves-
men o suppor he inrasrucure and he uiliy hopes o pass hese coss alongo raepayers I denied by he commission KCPampL will finish he pilo bu no
expand according o is CEO erry Bassham75 Te uiliy argues ha building
inrasrucure o suppor elecric vehicles will encourage consumers o purchase
hese vehicles and make Kansas Ciy an elecric vehicle hospo
In Caliornia hree major uiliies are aking iniiaive o sponsor public elec-
ric vehicle charging hrough differen business models In 2014 Pacific Gas
and Elecric or PGampE Souhern Caliornia Edison or SCE and San Diego
Gas amp Elecric or SDGampE filed proposals wih he Caliornia Public Uiliies
Commission or CPUC o inves in elecric vehicle charging around he sae76
In January 2016 he CPUC approved SCErsquos proposal or is Charge eady pilo
projec giving he green ligh or SCE o insall 1500 elecric vehicle charging
saions in is service area which includes pars o souhern coasal and cenral
Caliornia Te pilo will cos $22 million and will expand charging opions or
residens in aparmens low-income areas workplaces and college campuses
Under he SCE pilo model SCE wil l insall and mainain he required elec-
rical inrasrucure o suppor he charging saions which paricipans will
own operae and manage SCE will subsidize some o he cos o insalling he
charging saions a levels ha vary by marke Afer he pilo program has run
is course SCE will seek approval rom CPUC o expand he program o build
30000 charging saions across he service area by 2020 a an esimaed cos o
$355 million Te program also calls or an educaion and oureach program o
increase awareness o elecric vehicles77
In January CPUC also approved SDGampErsquos pilo research iniiaive which was
designed o es marke response o variable raes or elecric vehicle charging Te
vehicle-grid inegraion pilo will insall 3500 charging saions in areas ha lack
exising chargers such as muliamily dwellings and workplaces78
Te dynamicpricing srucure o he program allows or ime-varying raes or charging Te pro-
gram includes a mobile app ha sends cusomers signals on charging raes and les
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2032
17 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
hem se heir preerences or charging imes79 Tis program iniially will cos $59
million and an esimaed $44 million over he lie o he projec or operaion and
mainenance80 Under his program SDGampE will own he charging inrasrucure
bu hird-pary conracors will consruc operae and mainain he saions81
Iniially PGampE proposed o build 25000 Level 2 charging saions and 100 DCas chargers Te company would have ully owned and operaed he saions
unlike in he proposals o SCE and SDGampE82 In Ocober 2015 he CPUC
rejeced his proposal raising concerns ha he companyrsquos plan could hreaen
air compeiion i direced PGampE o propose a pilo program wih a ransiion
period83 In March 2016 PGampE submited a proposed setlemen o CPUC or a
pilo program called Charge Smar and Save ha would insall 7500 Level 2 char-
gers and 100 DC as-chargers over hree years PGampE submited his proposal
wih several sakeholders ha helped craf i including he Sierra Club Naural
esources Deense Council Greenlining Insiue Caliornia Coaliion o Uiliy
Employees Plug In America General Moors Honda Moors and he Allianceo Auomobile Manuacurers84 In he revised plan he uiliy would own he
inrasrucure bu hire conracors o insall and mainain i Te program would
locae mos o he Level 2 chargers a workplaces and muliamily dwellings wih
he goal o filling criical marke gaps CPUC is expeced o make a decision on
his proposed setlemen agreemen during he summer o 201685
Concerns about direct utility investment
During he debae abou PGampErsquos iniial proposal o add 25000 charging sa-
ions several sakeholders raised concerns abou he uiliyrsquos proposed model or
invesing in an elecric vehicle charging inrasrucure Tese commens provide
imporan lessons or oher uiliies ha may wan o make a significan inves-
men in heir own service areas
o cover he significan upron capial coss o is proposal PGampE would have
passed he coss on o all residenial elecriciy consumers a a cos o abou 70
cens each monh Consumer advocacy group Te Uiliy eorm Nework or
UN raised equiy concerns abou his policy because all raepayers would payhe increased coss regardless o wheher hey owned elecric vehicles UN also
warned ha PGampErsquos iniial proposal could saddle raepayers wih sranded coss i
he inrasrucure is buil bu underuilized86
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2132
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2232
19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2232
19 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Expanding electric vehicle access to underserved areas
Uiliy ownership and operaion o he charging inrasrucure could provide
expanded access ino underserved less profiable areas ha privae companies
have no ye reached96
SDGampErsquos proposal or is charging pilo includes insalling 10 percen o is sa-
ions in muliamily residences and workplaces in low-income communiies Tis
proposal has seen a lo o suppor rom a broad coaliion o environmenal par-
ners including he Naural esources Deense Council Environmenal Deense
Fund and he Greenlining Insiue97 Te goal o his iniiaive is o help all
communiies gain access o he benefis o zero-emissions vehicles According o
a 2011 repor by he Greenlining Insiue communiies o color in Caliornia are
more concerned abou air qualiy and polluion han heir whie counerpars so
hey represen a poenial marke base or elecric vehicles Expanding inrasruc-
ure ino hese communiies can increase heir access o hese vehicles98
Te proposals rom SCE and PGampE also include plans o exend he charging
inrasrucure ino underserved areas In is approved pilo SCE commis o si-
ing 10 percen o charging saions or 150 saions in disadvanaged areas99 I
PGampErsquos newes setlemen proposal is approved by he CPUC he company will
insall a leas 15 percen o is charging aciliies in disadvanaged communiies
and aim or an addiional 5 percen o chargers insalled in hese communiies100
Under a 2012 setlemen wih Dynegy991252which was parially owned by NG
a he ime991252NG agreed o insall 200 DC as charging saions hroughou
Caliornia weny percen o hese saions were insalled in low-income areas
he company argeed mixed-income housing locaions as well Te setlemen
was designed o address he lack o a public charging inrasrucure deemed a
major barrier o elecric vehicle expansion in he sae101
Expanding charging ino low-income areas is no sufficien o bring real access
o elecric ransporaion o everyone While i does address he charging needs
o residens in muliamily residences and aparmen buildings building he
inrasrucure or charging does no make he acual elecric vehicles moreaffordable o low-income drivers One way o address his is o lower he price
or vehicles a he poin o sale UN or example recommends using Low
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
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28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2332
20 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Carbon Fuel Sandard revenue o give low-income drivers a rebae upron on
he purchase or lease o an elecric vehicle Tis could lower he price poin
o an affordable level especially or he purchase o used vehicles which are
cheaper bu no eligible or he $7500 ederal ax credi102
Uiliies can play a significan role in incenivizing cusomers o purchase elecric vehicles and in expanding charging access o under-served areas Tey can offer
special ime-o-use charging raes o make charging more affordable and spread ou
elecriciy demand Some consumer advocacy groups have expressed concern abou
uiliies direcly invesing in charging inrasrucure and uiliies should address
hese concerns hrough sakeholder engagemen and well-designed pilo programs
o collec daa and avoid sifling compeiion rom privae charging providers
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2432
21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2532
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2632
23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2732
24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2832
25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2432
21 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Recommendations
As elecriciy becomes cleaner i will become a common-sense alernaive uel
or vehicles While he elecric vehicle and hybrid vehicle marke has seen growh
in recen years i sill accouns or only 3 percen o vehicles on he road in he
Unied Saes While car manuacurers municipaliies and ederal and sae
governmens have been incenivizing elecric vehicle producion and use elecric
uiliies also have a significan role o play in expanding access o elecric ranspor-
aion as a clean affordable alernaive o gas-powered cars
Given he posiion ha uiliies play in delivering elecriciy o households and
businesses across he counry he Cener or American Progress recommends
ha elecric uiliies
bull Inves in and mainain a public charging inrasrucure in heir service areas
Elecric uiliies ha are ineresed in adding charging saions o heir service area
should prioriize early sakeholder engagemen and i necessary sar wih pilo
programs o evaluae he size and ype o invesmen ha bes mees he needs o
he communiy Uiliies should also demonsrae ha heir invesmen does no
obsruc marke compeiion and innovaion Te goal should be o complemen
no supplan privae secor involvemen in charging inrasrucure
bull Offer elecric vehicle owners in heir service areas special ime-varying raes
o incenivize off-peak charging Tese uiliies also should ideniy ways o
allow elecric vehicle consumers o purchase or use elecriciy generaed rom
renewable or zero-carbon energy sources o maximize he climae benefi o
he elecric vehicles
bull Expand charging o low-income areas and muliamily residences ha areofen negleced by privae charging providers For his o work uiliies also
should encourage sae policymakers o offer poin-o-sale rebaes or resi-
dens in hese areas o purchase new or preowned elecric vehicles o make he
cars a more affordable opion
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2532
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2632
23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2732
24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2832
25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2532
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2632
23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2732
24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2832
25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2632
23 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Conclusion
As he Unied Saes works o reduce greenhouse emissions as par o a global
effor o curb global warming and preven he wors impacs o climae change
reducions will need o be made rom muliple secors Te Unied Saes has
made grea srides in implemening policy o reduce emissions rom he power
secor and i mus now urn o he ransporaion secor which accouns or more
han one-ourh o all greenhouse gas emissions in he counry
Puting more elecric vehicles on he road is imporan or achieving hesereducions and elecric uiliies have a criical role o play in he deploymen o
elecric vehicles CAP recommends ha uiliies use heir expansive presence
across he counry o incenivize elecric vehicle ownership and inves direcly
in charging inrasrucure CAP also recommends ha uiliies use hese incen-
ives and invesmens o expand elecric vehicle and charging access o low-
income and underserved areas
Elecric vehicles will play a prominen role in he ransporaion o he uure and
uiliies are well posiioned o encourage and benefi rom his growh
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2732
24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2832
25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2732
24 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
About the authors
Myriam Alexander-Kearns is he esearch Associae or he Energy Policy eam
a he Cener Beore joining he Cener she worked a he Georgeown Climae
Cener ocusing on climae change adapaion and miigaion iniiaives She
previously inerned wih he W hie House Council on Environmenal Qualiy onhe climae adapaion eam
Alison Cassady
is he Direcor o Domesic Energy Policy a he Cener or
American Progress where she ocuses on ederal climae policy and carbon pric-
ing She was previously senior saff or ep Henry Waxman (D-CA) and he US
House o epresenaives Energy and Commerce Commitee
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2832
25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2832
25 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
Endnotes
1 US Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts USTransportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013 (2015) available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
2 Unless otherwise specified ldquoelectric vehiclerdquo refers toa category of plug-in vehicles that includes BatteryElectric Vehicles or BEVs and Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicles or PHEVs BEVs run solely on an electric bat-tery and are charged by plugging them into an electricoutlet or charger PHEVs contain both an electric bat-tery which is charged by plugging them into an outletor charger and an internal combustion engine whichruns on a conventional fossil fuel like petroleum
3 The White House ldquoFact Sheet US Reports its 2025Emissions Target to the UNFCCCrdquo Press release March31 2015 available at httpswwwwhitehousegovthe-press-office20150331fact-sheet-us-reports-its-2025-emissions-target-unfccc
4 Coral Davenport ldquoNations Approve LandmarkClimate Accord in Parisrdquo The New York Times De-cember 12 2015 available at httpwwwnytimescom20151213worldeuropeclimate-change-accord-parishtml_r=0
5 Maria Belenky ldquoAchieving the US 2025 EmissionsMitigation Targetrdquo (Washington Climate Advisors2016) available at httpwwwclimateadviserscomwp-contentuploads201602US-Achieving-2025-Tar-get_Jan-2015-finalpdf
6 OEdenhofer and others ldquoClimate Change 2014 Mitiga-tion of Climate Change Contribution of Working GroupIII to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Changerdquo p 12 (GenevaIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014)available at httpswwwipccchpdfassessment-reportar5wg3ipcc_wg3_ar5_fullpdf
7 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFACT SHEET CleanPower Plan By The Numbersrdquo available at httpswwwepagovcleanpowerplanfact-sheet-clean-power-plan-numbers (last accessed March 2016)
8 Environmental Protection Agency ldquoFast Facts ndash US Transportation Sector Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2013rdquo October 2015 available at httpswwwepagovsitesproductionfiles2016-02documents420f15032pdf
9 Ibid
10 Union of Concerned Scientists ldquoCleaner Cars fromCradle to Grave How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline carson Lifetime Global Warming Emissionsrdquo (2015) p 21available at httpwwwucsusaorgsitesdefaultfilesattach201511Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-reportpdf
11 Ibid p 11
12 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoCarbon
Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Station-ary Sources Electric Utility Generating Unitsrdquo FederalRegister 79 (34829) (2014) available at httpswwwfederalregistergovarticles201406182014-13726carbon-pollution-emission-guidelines-for-existing-stationary-sources-electric-utility-generating
13 US Environmental Protection Agency ldquoClean PowerPlan ndash Technical Summary for Statesrdquo available athttpswww3epagovairqualitycpptoolboxtechni-cal-summary-for-statespdf (last accessed April 2016)
14 Daniel Cusick ldquoRenewables Boom Expected Thanksto Tax CreditrdquoScientific American December 21 2015available at httpwwwscientificamericancomarticlerenewables-boom-expected-thanks-to-tax-credit
15 Cory Honeyman ldquoUS Residential Solar EconomicOutlook 2016-2020 Grid Parity Rate Design and NetMetering Riskrdquo (Boston GTM Research 2016) availableat httpswwwgreentechmediacomresearchreportus-residential-solar-economic-outlook-2016-2020
16 Ibid
17 Solar Energy Industries Association ldquoSolar MarketInsight 2015 Q3rdquo available at httpwwwseiaorgresearch-resourcessolar-market-insight-2015-q3 (lastaccessed March 2016)
18 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo available athttpenergygovmapsmap-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (last accessed March 2016)
19 American Wind Energy Association ldquoUS Wind IndustryFourth Quarter 2015 Market Reportrdquo (2015) availableat httpaweafilescms-pluscomFileDownloadspdfs4Q201520AWEA20Market20Report20Pub-lic20Versionpdf
20 US Department of Energy ldquoWind Visionrdquo
21 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Vehicle ChargingStation Locationsrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_locationshtml (last accessed April2016)
22 Electric Drive Transportation Association ldquoElectricDrove Sales Dashboardrdquo available at httpelectric-driveorgindexphpht=dspi20952pid20952 (lastaccessed March 2016)
23 California Air Resources Board ldquoZero-Emission VehicleLegal and Regulatory Activities and Backgroundrdquoavailable at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogzevregszevregshtm (last accessed March 2016)
24 California Air Resources Board ldquoThe Zero EmissionVehicle (ZEV ) regulationrdquo available at httpwwwarbcagovmsprogzevprogfactsheetsgeneral_zev_2_2012pdf (last accessed March 2016)
25 Center for Climate and Energy Solutions ldquoZEV Programrdquoavailable at httpwwwc2esorgus-states-regionspolicy-mapszev-program (last accessed March 2016)
26 Multi-State ZEV Task Force ldquoAbout the ZEV Task Forcerdquoavailable at httpwwwzevstatesus (last accessedMarch 2016)
27 US Department of Energy ldquoState Laws and Incentivesrdquo
available at httpwwwafdcenergygovlawsstate (last accessed March 2016)
28 US Department of Energy ldquoFACT 914 February29 2016 Plug-in vehicle sales climb as battery costsdeclinerdquo available at httpenergygoveerevehiclesfact-914-february-29-2016-plug-vehicle-sales-climb-battery-costs-decline (last accessed March 2016)
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 2932
26 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
29 Tom Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Causethe Next Oil Crisisrdquo Bloomberg Business February25 2016 available at httpwwwbloombergcomfeatures2016-ev-oil-crisis
30 Ibid
31 International Energy Agency ldquoGlobal EV OutlookUnderstanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to2020rdquo (Paris Clean Energy Ministerial Electric VehiclesInitiative Intergenerational Energy Agency 2013) p17available at httpwwwieaorgpublicationsgloba-
levoutlook_2013pdf
32 Stephen Edelstein ldquoElectric Car Price Guide Every2015-2016 Plug -In Car With Specs UPDATEDrdquo GreenCar Reports January 27 20 16 available at httpwwwgreencarreportscomnews1080871_electric-car-price-guide-every-2015-2016-plug-in-car-with-specs-updat-ed
33 Andrew Moseman ldquoConfirmed The $35000 TeslaModel 3 Will Be Unveiled in March 2016rdquo PopularMechanics February 11 2016 available at httpwwwpopularmechanicscomcarsa1298335000-tesla-model-iii-coming-in-2017
34 Randall ldquoHerersquos How Electric Cars Will Cause the NextOil Crisisrdquo
35 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locations
by Staterdquo
36 Jay Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State By State AndBy Brand For 2014 In USrdquo Inside EVs October 2015available at httpinsideevscomev-adoption-state-state
37 US Department of Energy ldquoElectric Charging Locationsby Staterdquo Cole ldquoPlug-In Vehicle Adoption State ByState And By Brand For 2014 In USrdquo
38 Excluding Tesla which uses its own charging technol-ogy that is incompatible with DC fast chargers MarkKane ldquoEVgo Announces Three Major Partnerships inOne Big Weekrdquo InsidesEVs November 25 2015 avail-able at httpinsideevscomevgo-announces-three-major-partnerships-one-big-week
39 CarStations ldquoMap of charging stationsrdquo available at
httpcarstationscom (last accessed March 2016)
40 Tesla ldquoSuperchargerrdquo available at httpswwwteslamo-torscomsupercharger (last accessed April 2016)
41 Toronto Atmospheric Fund ldquoFleetwise EV300 FindingsReport on EV Usage in Sixteen GTA Fleetsrdquo (2015) p12available at httptafcawp-contentuploads201409FleetWise-EV300-Findings-Report-16-June-2015pdf
42 Idaho National Laboratory ldquoPlugged In How AmericansCharge Their Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2015) p5 available athttpavtinelgovpdfarraSummaryReportpdf
43 Ibid pp 14-15
44 US Energy Information Administration ldquoTotal electric-ity sales fell in 2015 for 5th time in past 8 yearsrdquo Todayin Energy March 14 2016 available at httpswwweia
govforecastssteoreportrenew_co2cfm
45 US Energy Information Administration ldquoShort-termEnergy and Summer Fuels Outlookrdquo April 12 2016available at httpwwweiagovforecastsaeodatabrowserid=8-AEO2015ampcases=ref2015
46 Steven Nadel ldquo35 years of energy efficiency progress35 more years of energy efficiency opportunityrdquo Ameri-can Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy June 302015 available at httpaceeeorgblog20150635-years-energy-efficiency-progress
47 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-ficiency ldquoDetailed Summary Mapsrdquo available at httpwwwdsireusaorgresourcesdetailed-summary-maps (last accessed March 2016)
48 Database of State Incentives for Renewables amp Ef-
ficiency ldquoSummary Tablesrdquo available at httpprogramsdsireusaorgsystemprogramtables (last accessedMarch 2016)
49 Eric Ackerman and Paul De Martini eds ldquoFutureof Retail Rate Designrdquo (Washington Edison ElectricInstitute 2013) p 2 available at httpwwweeiorgis-suesandpolicystateregulationDocumentsFuture20of20Retail20Rate20Design20v42002171320eta20-20pjd2pdf
50 Ibid p 8
51 Scott Shepard ldquoPlug-In Vehicles For Utilities MoreOpportunities than Challengesrdquo Navigant ResearchBlog January 3 2014 available at httpwwwnavigan-tresearchcomblogplug-in-vehicles-for-utilities-more-opportunities-than-challenges
52 Edison Electric Institute ldquoMemorandum of Understand-ing Between the Department of Energy and EdisonElectric Instituterdquo (2015) available at httpwwweeiorgresourcesandmedianewsroomDocumentsMOUpdf
53 Ibid
54 Robert Walton ldquoIHS Electric vehicle charging infra-structure poised to grow globallyrdquo Utility Dive June 162015 available at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewsihs-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-poised-to-grow-globally400792
55 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo Press release March 9 2015 available at httpwwwnavigantresearchcomnewsroomvehicle-grid-integration-services-revenue-is-expected-to-reach-
nearly-21-million-by-2024
56 Brad Berman ldquoElectric Vehicles and the Smart GridrdquoPlugin Cars October 14 2015 available at httpwwwplugincarscomguide-electric-vehicles-and-the-smart-gridhtml
57 Navigant Research ldquoVehicle-Grid Integration ServicesRevenue is Expected to Reach Nearly $21 Million by2024rdquo
58 Energy and Environmental Economics and ICF Interna-tional ldquoCalifornia Transportation Electrification Assess-ment ndash Phase 2 Grid I mpactsrdquo (2014) p 19 available athttpwwwcaletccomwp-contentuploads201410CalETC_TEA_Phase_2_Final_10-23-14pdf
59 Energy Foundation ldquoHow Utilities Can Drive the Futureof Transportrdquo July 22 2015 Energy Foundation Blog
available at httpwwweforghow-utilities-can-drive-the-future-of-transport
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3032
27 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
60 Laurie Guevara-Stone and David Posner ldquoA CaliforniaUtility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo RockyMountain Institute RMI Outlet blog April 21 2015available at httpblogrmiorgblog_2015_04_21_cali-fornia_utility_explores_time_sensitive_electricity_pric-ing
61 Ibid p 17
62 Zach McDonald ldquoWhich Utilities Offer Time-of-UseRates for Plug-insrdquo January 16 2016 FleetCarma avail-able at httpwwwfleetcarmacomutility-time-of-use-
plug-in-vehicles
63 Guevara-Stone and Posner ldquoA California Utility Explores Time-Sensitive Electricity Pricingrdquo
64 San Diego Gas amp Electric ldquoEV Ratesrdquo available at httpwwwsdgecomclean-energyev-rates(last accessedMarch 2016)
65 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart ChargingPilotrdquo available at httpwwwcrosschasmcomcharge-to (last accessed March 2016)
66 Sunny Trochaniak ldquoIs TOU pricing enough for electricvehicle chargingrdquo November 17 2015 FleetCarmaavailable at httpwwwfleetcarmacomtou-pricing-smart-charging
67 CrossChasm ldquoCanadarsquos First Residential Smart Charging
Pilotrdquo
68 Great River Energy ldquoElectric vehiclesrdquo available at httpgreatriverenergycomwe-use-energy-wiselyenergy-efficiencyelectric-vehicles (last accessed March 2016)
69 US Department of Energy ldquoDeveloping Infrastructureto Charge Plug-In Electric Vehiclesrdquo available at httpwwwafdcenergygovfuelselectricity_infrastructurehtml (last accessed April 2016)
70 Tom Saxton ldquoUnderstanding Electric Vehicle ChargingrdquoJanuary 31 2011 Plug In America In the Driverrsquos Seatblog available at httpwwwpluginamericaorgdrivers-seatunderstanding-electric-vehicle-charging
71 US Department of Energy ldquoEV Everywhere VehicleChargingrdquo available at httpenergygoveereevevery-whereev-everywhere-vehicle-charging (last accessed
March 2016)
72 Silver Spring Networks ldquoThe Dollarsmdashand SensemdashofEV Smart Charging Thinking Through the Options forUtility Integration of Electric Vehiclesrdquo (2010) p 12available httpwwwrmiorgContentFilesDollarsand-Sensepdf
73 Kansas City Power amp Light ldquoKCPampL Clean ChargeNetworkrdquo available at httpwwwkcplcomabout-kcplenvironmental-focusclean-charge-network (lastaccessed March 2016)
74 Ibid
75 Peter Kelly-Detwiler ldquoKCPampL Looking to Make KansasCity An Electric Vehicle HotspotrdquoForbes August 112015 available at httpwwwforbescomsitespeter-detwiler20150811kcpl-looking-to-make-kansas-
city-an-electric-vehicle-hotspot43a806ca60c1
76 Kyle Field ldquoCalifornia Public EV Charging Expan-sion Comes With Growing Painsrdquo CleanTechnicaMarch 25 2016 available at httpcleantechnicacom20160325california-public-ev-charging-expan-sion-comes-growing-pains
77 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress release January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-southland
78 Max Baumhefner ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Electric to UseElectric Cars to Integrate Renewable Energyrdquo NaturalResources Defense Council Expert blog January 28
2016 available at httpswitchboardnrdcorgblogsmbaumhefnersan_diego_gas_electric_to_use_html
79 Robert Walton ldquoHow SDGampE wants to power the elec-tric vehicle marketrdquo Utility Dive October 8 2014 avail-able at httpwwwutilitydivecomnewshow-sdge-wants-to-power-the-electric-vehicle-market315887
80 Ibid
81 California Electric Transportation Coalition and Energyand Environmental Economics ldquoSan Diego Gas amp Elec-tric Vehicle-Grid Integration Pilot Programrdquo available athttpwwweeiorgissuesandpolicyelectrictransporta-tionPEVengagementDocumentsSummary20of20SDGE20Final2pdf (last accessed March 2016)
82 Herman K Trabish ldquoAs regulators pump brakes whatrsquosnext for PGampErsquos EV charging programrdquo Utility Dive
October 7 2015 available at h ttpwwwutilitydivecomnewsas-regulators-pump-brakes-whats-next-for-pges-ev-charging-program406691
83 Ibid George Avalos ldquoCalifornia PUC Rejects Plan forElectric Vehicle Charging Station Networkrdquo GovTechSeptember 8 2015 available at httpwwwgovtechcomfsCalifornia-PUC-Rejects-Plan-for-Electric-Vehicle-Charging-Station-Networkhtml
84 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
85 Ibid
86 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Direct Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding Pacific Gas and
Electric Companyrsquos Supplement to Application 15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure and EducationProgramrdquo Testimony before the Public Utilities Commis-sion of the State of California November 30 2015
87 Ibid
88 Office of Ratepayer Advocates ldquoElectric Vehicles (EVs)SDGampE Infrastructure Programrdquo available at httpwwworacagovSDGEEVPilotaspx(last accessed March2016)
89 Ibid
90 Anne C Mulkern ldquoCalif utility sparks debate proposingto install 25000 charging stations to promote electricvehiclesrdquo EampE News February 10 2015 available athttpwwweenewsnetstories1060013167
91 Ibid
92 George Avalos ldquoPGampE plan to build network of electricvehicle charging stations in northern and centralCalifornia is turned backrdquo The Mercury News September4 2015 available at httpwwwmercurynewscombusinessci_28760989
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3132
28 Center for American Progress | Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
93 Julia Pyper ldquoPGampE Submits a Revised Plan to Build upto 7500 E V Chargersrdquo Greentech Media October 202015 available at httpwwwgreentechmediacomarticlesreadPGE-Submits-a-Revised-Plan-to-Build-Up-
To-7500-EV-Chargers
94 The Utility Reform Network ldquoPGampE Ignores CPUC OrderDemands Excessive Unnecessary Electric VehicleCharging Experimentrdquo Press release March 21 2016available at httpwwwturnorgpress-roompress-re-leasesitem909-pge-demands-excessive-unnecessary-ev-charging-stationshtml
95 Sierra Club ldquoDiverse Coalition Backs Plan for Deploy-ment of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Nor thernCaliforniardquo Press release March 21 2016 available athttpcontentsierracluborgpress-releases201603diverse-coalition-backs-plan-deployment-electric-vehicle-charging-stations
96 New York State Energy Research and DevelopmentAuthority ldquoCompilation of Utility Commission InitiativesRelated to Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Electric VehicleSupply Equipmentrdquo (2013) p 25 available at httpswwwnyserdanygov-mediaFilesPublicationsResearchTransportationCompilation-Utility-Commis-sion-Initiatives-Plug-accpdf
97 Application of San Diego Gas amp Electric Company(U902E) for Approval of its Electric Vehicle-Grid Integra-tion Pilot Program available at httpswwwsdge
comsitesdefaultfilesdocumentsregulatoryVGI20Motion20for20Adoption20of20Settlement20FINALPDF (last accessed March 2016)
98 CC Song ldquoElectric Vehicles Whorsquos Left Strandedrdquo(Oakland CA The Greenlining Institute 2011) p 8available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentup-loads201302ElectricVehiclesReportpdf
99 Edison International ldquoSCE Receives CPUC Approval forlsquoCharge Readyrsquo Pilot Program Will Install As Many As1500 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in SouthlandrdquoPress releases January 14 2016 available at httpnewsroomedisoncomreleasessce-receives-cpuc-approval-for-charge-ready-pilot-program-will-install-as-many-as-1-500-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-in-
southland
100 Proposed Settlement Agreement to CPUC by PGampEMarch 21 2016 available at httpgreenliningorgwp-contentuploads201603JtMotiontoAdoptSettle-mentAll-03-21-16pdf (last accessed March 2016)
101 California Public Utilities Commission ldquoCPUC FilesSettlement That Will Bring Electric Vehicle ChargingInfrastructure to Californiarsquos Diverse CommunitiesrdquoPress release April 27 2015 available at httpdocscpuccagovPUBLISHEDNEWS_RELEASE165145htm
102 Eric Borden Energy Policy Analyst ldquoPrepared Rebuttal Testimony of Eric Borden Regarding PGampErsquos Application15-02-009 for an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure andEducation Programrdquo Testimony before the Public Utili-ties Commission of the State of California December21 2015
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate
8182019 Electric Utilities and the Future of Clean Transportation
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullelectric-utilities-and-the-future-of-clean-transportation 3232
Our Mission
The Center for American
Progress is an independent
nonpartisan policy institute
that is dedicated to improving
the lives of all Americans
through bold progressive
ideas as well as strongleadership and concerted
action Our aim is not just to
change the conversation but
to change the country
Our Values
As progressives we believe
America should be a land of
boundless opportunity where
people can climb the ladder
of economic mobility We
believe we owe it to future
generations to protect theplanet and promote peace
and shared global prosperity
And we believe an effective
government can earn the
trust of the American people
champion the common
good over narrow self-interest
and harness the strength ofour diversity
Our Approach
We develop new policy ideas
challenge the media to cover
the issues that truly matter
and shape the national debat
With policy teams in major
issue areas American Progres
can think creatively at thecross-section of traditional
boundaries to develop ideas
for policymakers that lead to
real change By employing an
extensive communications
and outreach effort that we
adapt to a rapidly changing
media landscape we move
our ideas aggressively in thenational policy debate