electric propulsion
DESCRIPTION
Electric Propulsion. Perspectives on Achievable Performance. Hill & Peterson. Minimum energy expenditure in taking 1 kg of mass to Earth Orbit : 9kWh To Earth Escape : 18kWh (Is this true? Please check!). Chemical energy depends of mass of propellant used – upper limit on - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Electric Propulsion
![Page 2: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Perspectives on Achievable Performance
Minimum energy expenditure in taking 1 kg of mass to Earth Orbit : 9kWhTo Earth Escape : 18kWh(Is this true? Please check!)
Chemical energy depends of mass of propellant used – upper limit onenergy per unit mass.H2-O2: 3.7kWh per kg.Upper limit on chemical propulsion specific impulse ~ 500 s
Hill & Peterson
Nuclear thermal: energy transfer must come across some solid walls:maximum propellant temperature is limited by maximum wall temperature. Max specific impulse may be around 1000s.
![Page 3: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11Electrical: No upper limit identified on energy transfer per unit mass – no upper limit on specific impulse.
Energy source can be solar, or Energy from nuclear fuel, which has extremely high energy density (orders of magnitude >> chemical)
Courtesy: Robert.H. Frisbee, JPLwww.islandone.org/APC/lectric/00.html
![Page 4: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Several classes of electric propulsion
1. Electrothermal – resistojets and arcjets (N2H4)
2. Electromagnetic – steady (MPD) and unsteady (pulsed plasma thrusters – PPP) (stream of conducting fluid is accelerated by electromagnetic andpressure forces. Most easily used in pulsed operation for short burst ofthrust.)
3. Electrostatic (ion propulsion) Propellant consists of discrete particlesaccelerated by electrostatic forces. Particles (usually atoms) are chargedby electron bombardment.
Here we will concentrate on ion propulsion
(Fig. 9-17 Humble Ion Propulsion)
![Page 6: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
www.rocket.com/epandse.html
“Functional Model Thruster (FMT) provided by the NASA Glenn Research Center. The FMT is functionally equivalent to the 2.3 kW NSTAR ion thruster that flew on Deep Space 1. NSTAR was the first demonstration of ion thruster technology as primary propulsion on an interplanetary spacecraft. ”
![Page 7: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
www.engin.umich.edu/dept/aero/spacelab/images/fmt_small.jpg
![Page 8: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11Propellants for Ion Propulsion
Various propellant types have been used. We generally want a cheapeasily ionized, dense propellant with easily accelerated particles.
• Xenon
• Argon
• Krypton
• Cesium
• C60 (Carbon 60)
![Page 9: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
www.agu.org/sci_soc/articles/ nelson.html
DS1 ion propulsion system.
![Page 10: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/dawn/images/CR-1845.gif
.
![Page 11: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11Resistojet
www.islandone.org/ APC/Electric/02.html
Propellants: ammonia, biowastes, hydrazine, hydrogen. Augmented hydrazine thruster: augments catalytic decomposition. Isp ~ 300 lbf-s/lbm Input power: few hundred kilowatts; 60-90% efficiency. 30% better performance than cold gas thrusters
Courtesy Dr. Robert H. Frisbee.
Technology issues: material/propellant compatibility at high temperatures, heat transfer; radiation losses.
Heat transfer to gas stream is complicated by the geometries and temperature ranges typical of resistojets.
Hydrazine resistojets used on several communication satellites: Four TRW hydrazine thrusters on Ford Aerospace's INTELSAT V satellites for station keeping. Thrust of 0.22 to 0.49 Newtons and Isp 296 lbf-s/lbm require 250 to 550 Watts of power. Isp 336 lbf-s/lbm and operational lifetimes > 2.6 x 103 Ns demonstrated.
![Page 12: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11Arcjets
: www.projectrho.com/ rocket/rocket3c2.html
![Page 13: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.aero.kyushu-u.ac.jp/fml/study/arc-thruster/arcjet-thruster.jpg
![Page 14: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.aero.kyushu-u.ac.jp/fml/study/arc-thruster/arcjet-thruster.jpg
![Page 15: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Arcjet Thruster Design Considerations for Satellites. NASA preferred reliability practices PD-ED-1253 http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/relpract/1253.pdf
![Page 16: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.aero.kyushu-u.ac.jp/fml/study/arc-thruster/arcjet-thruster.jpg
![Page 17: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.aero.kyushu-u.ac.jp/fml/study/arc-thruster/arcjet-thruster.jpg
![Page 18: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.aero.kyushu-u.ac.jp/fml/study/arc-thruster/arcjet-thruster.jpg
![Page 19: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11Hydrazine Resistojets
RCA SATCOM, G-Star, and Spacenet communication satellites utilize hydrazine resistojets manufactured by Olin Rocket Research (now Primex Aerospace Company).
www.islandone.org/ APC/Electric/02.html
![Page 20: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/RESEARCH/EL_PROP/RES/eak04b12.gif
![Page 21: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11Augmented Catalytic Thruster
· Schub (N) : 0,8-0,36 · Betriebsdruck (bar) : 26,5-6,2 · Spez. Impuls (s) : 299· Min. Impuls Bit (mNs) : 88,96· Gesamtimpuls (kNs) : 524,9· Masse (kg) : 0,871· Ventil Leistung (W) : 8,25· Ventil Heizerleistung (W) : 1,54· Katalysebett Heizerleistung (W) : 3,93· Resistojet Heizerleistung (W) : 885-610· Resistojet Spannung (V) : 29,5-24,5 DC· Nomineller Betrieb: 3,0 h im Einzelbetrieb 370 h akkumuliert
Abb. 7 : MR-502A - Widerstandsbeheiztes Triebwerk der Firma Primex Aerospace.
www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de/. ../RES/d_res_usa.html
![Page 22: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.plasma.inpe.br/LAP_Portal/LAP_Site/Figures/Ion_Thruster.gif
Ion Thruster
![Page 23: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://www.plasma.inpe.br/LAP_Portal/LAP_Site/Figures/Ion_Thruster.gif
![Page 24: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
fluid.ippt.gov.pl/ sbarral/ion.html
Ion thrusters used for station-keeping on geostationary satellites since 1997. Demonstrated ability to propel space probes: encounter of NASA Deep Space-1 spacecraft with comet Borrelly in September 2001. Ion thrusters unexpectedly performed the first electric propulsion aided orbit transfer of a satellite, following failed orbital injection of ESA's Artemis mission. 2003: first use of a microwave ion thruster on Japanese Muses-C spacecraft.
![Page 25: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
http://cs.space.eads.net/sp/images/RITA_Schematic.jpg
Radio-frequency Ion Thruster Assembly (RITA). Isp 3000 to 5000 s, adjustable thrust from 15 to 135%, operating life > 20,000 hours 85% less propellant than bipropellant thrusters.A 4100 kg spacecraft in GEO using conventional propellants over its 15 year life would save around 574 kg in propellant mass by using RITA.
![Page 26: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11System Performance
Components are
• Power Supply
• Power preparation and conditioning
• Thrusters = & 212j p eP m U
Between the output supply and the jet exhaust
η=
& 212 p e
sT
m UP η η η η=T S PP thwhere
![Page 27: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Efficiencies
for solar arrays since they produce electricity directly (not this does not account for the 18% to 25% conversion efficiency of a solar array from solar radiation to electricity
η =1S
η = −0.1 0.3Sfor a nuclear device that must convert heat energy to electricity with some type of Engine or mechanism (thernoelectric, Brayton engine, Stirling engine)
η =0.92S for electrostatic power preparation.
η ~ 0.98S for steady arcjet systems.
η ~ 0.5 ~ 0.8thdepending on Isp and propellant (Fig. 9.41 from Humble ).
![Page 28: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Also, equations are available to estimate the thermal and power preparation efficiencies for various Isp and propellants.
η η = + ln( )pp th A B IspFrom Table 9.11, Humble. For Argon, A = -2.024; B = 0.307
At a specific impulse of 2500 sec (Argon), the combined efficiency above is 37.8%
![Page 29: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
System Mass
It appears that Isp and efficiency get better with more power. When would we not want a system with as much power as we can get? POWER COSTS MASS!
Typically, we use a linear relationship: Mass = bsPs where bs is specific mass. For a typical solar array, bs~ 7 to 25 kg/kW, depending on cell efficiency and substrate type.
(see Table 9.10 from Humble)
For a typical nuclear reactor, (remember, Ps = thermal power); bs~ 2 to 4 kg/kW depending on shielding
Note that we require space radiators to reject the heat dissipated by the power systems or reactor.
Space Radiator bs~ 0.1 to 0.4 kg/KW of waste heat
![Page 30: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Note: Humble also provides a way to estimate mass of the power preparation hardware and the thrustersfor common systems:
bpp = 0.2 kg/KW for arcjet , compared to 20 kg/KW for PPT.
For electrostatic, we can combine the power preparation and thrusters:
b b η+ = ( )Dpp th pp C Isp
From Table 9.11 For Argon, C = 4490; D = -0.781
![Page 31: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
+ = ( )Dpp thrusters sMass Mass C Isp P
For Argon, with Ps = 10 KW and Isp = 2500,
0.7814490(2500) (10)
99.65pp thrustersMass Mass
kg
−+ =
=
So, for a given system, we can calculate the power system mass, the radiator mass and the pp + thruster mass. Treating Isp as an independent variable and knowing from the rocket equation,
Δ+ +
= = = 0
vg Isys p pc spi
f sys
m m mMMassRatio eM m
![Page 32: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
As Isp increases, Mass ratio decreases, but if Isp increases, Ps increases, system mass decreases, so payload mass decreases. These are competing effects, so there is usually an optimum Isp that results from the compromise. Optimum Isp depends on many systems-level design characteristics
(Fig. 9.3 in Humble)
![Page 33: Electric Propulsion](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081507/5681696d550346895de14025/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
EXTROVERT Space Propulsion 11
Courtesy: Robert.H. Frisbee, JPLhttp://www.islandone.org/APC/Electric/impulse.gif
Optimum Specific Impulse