elections and voting behavior chapter 10 edwards, wattenberg, and lineberry government in america:...
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Elections and Voting Elections and Voting BehaviorBehavior
Chapter 10Chapter 10
Edwards, Wattenberg, and LineberryEdwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry
Government in America: People, Politics, and PolicyGovernment in America: People, Politics, and Policy
Fourteenth EditionFourteenth Edition
INCREASING SUFFRAGEINCREASING SUFFRAGE
15TH AMENDMENT=BLACKS15TH AMENDMENT=BLACKS
19TH AMENDMENT=WOMEN19TH AMENDMENT=WOMEN
24TH AMENDMENT=NON-TAXPAYERS24TH AMENDMENT=NON-TAXPAYERS
26TH AMENDMENT=18 TO 21 YEAR 26TH AMENDMENT=18 TO 21 YEAR OLDSOLDS
CH 8 SUM
THE TREND = MORE EDUCATION
STATE QUALIFICATIONSSTATE QUALIFICATIONS18, CITIZEN, RESIDENT, REGISTERED18, CITIZEN, RESIDENT, REGISTEREDID (PHOTO OR UTILITY BILL) AT ID (PHOTO OR UTILITY BILL) AT POLLS ?POLLS ?
CH 8 SUM
AMERICANS…AMERICANS…
LESS LIKELY TO VOTE THAN EUROPEANSLESS LIKELY TO VOTE THAN EUROPEANS
US HAS MORE ELECTIVE OFFICESUS HAS MORE ELECTIVE OFFICES
US COMPLEX REGISTRATION PROCESSUS COMPLEX REGISTRATION PROCESS
US POLITICAL PARTIES ARE WEAKERUS POLITICAL PARTIES ARE WEAKER
US LESS DAILY GOV’T INVOLVEMENTUS LESS DAILY GOV’T INVOLVEMENT
Australia 95%
Malta 94%
Austria 92%
Belgium 91%
Italy 90%
Luxembourg 90%
Iceland 89%
New Zealand 88%
Denmark 87%
Germany 86%
Sweden 86%
Greece 86%
Venezuela 85%
Czech Rep. 85%
Brazil 83%
Switzerland 54%
Poland 51%
Brazil 83%
Netherlands 83%
Costa Rica 81%
Norway 81%
Romania 81%
Bulgaria 80%
Israel 80%
Portugal 79%
Finland 78%
Canada 76%
France 76%
U.K. 76%
Ireland 74%
Spain 73%
Japan 71%
Japan 71%
Estonia 69%
Hungary 66%
Russia 61%
India 58%
U. S. 54%
Switz 54%
Poland 51%
INACTIVESINACTIVES (22%) (22%)
PAROCHIAL PARTICIPANTSPAROCHIAL PARTICIPANTS
COMMUNALISTSCOMMUNALISTS
VOTING SPECIALISTSVOTING SPECIALISTS
CAMPAIGNERSCAMPAIGNERS
COMPLETE ACTIVISTSCOMPLETE ACTIVISTS (11%) (11%)
MORE EDUCATEDMORE EDUCATED
HIGHER INCOMEHIGHER INCOME
UNION MEMBERSHIPUNION MEMBERSHIP
POLITICALLY AFFILIATEDPOLITICALLY AFFILIATED
CIVIC INVOLVEMENTCIVIC INVOLVEMENT
OLDEROLDER
MARRIEDMARRIED
RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUS
LACK OF POLITICAL EFFICACYLACK OF POLITICAL EFFICACY
““INTERNAL” AND/OR “EXTERNAL”INTERNAL” AND/OR “EXTERNAL”
LACK OF MOTIVATIONLACK OF MOTIVATION
UNINSPIRING CANDIDATESUNINSPIRING CANDIDATES
NO REALIGNING ISSUESNO REALIGNING ISSUES
AKA “CRITICAL ELECTIONS”AKA “CRITICAL ELECTIONS”
““BUSY”BUSY”
Figure 13.2- Why People Don’t VoteFigure 13.2- Why People Don’t Vote
Back
Voters lining up outside a Baghdad polling station during the 2005 Iraqi election.Voters lining up outside a Baghdad polling station during the 2005 Iraqi election.
Voter turnout was considered high despite widespread concerns of violence.Voter turnout was considered high despite widespread concerns of violence.
WOMEN VOTING IN AFGHANISTAN WOMEN VOTING IN AFGHANISTAN
““BALLOT CONFUSION” ??BALLOT CONFUSION” ??
SOUTH AFRICANS WAITINGSOUTH AFRICANS WAITINGTO VOTE FOR THE FIRST TIME (1994)TO VOTE FOR THE FIRST TIME (1994)
12 HOURS OF LATER12 HOURS OF LATER
Ways to Improve Voter TurnoutWays to Improve Voter Turnout
Make registration and absentee voting easier.Make registration and absentee voting easier.
Make Election Day a holiday.Make Election Day a holiday.
Strengthen political parties.Strengthen political parties.
Start HereStart Here
on on
ThursdayThursday
The Last Battle: The Last Battle: The Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College
Electoral college actually elects POTUSElectoral college actually elects POTUS
States (political parties) choose the electorsStates (political parties) choose the electors
Winner-Take-AllWinner-Take-All system system
Emphasizes more populated statesEmphasizes more populated states
How the Electoral College worksHow the Electoral College works
Each state has as many votes as it does Each state has as many votes as it does Representatives and Senators.Representatives and Senators.
Winner of popular vote typically gets all the Winner of popular vote typically gets all the Electoral College votes for that stateElectoral College votes for that state
If no candidate gets a majority (270 votes)…If no candidate gets a majority (270 votes)…
House of Representatives votes for presidentHouse of Representatives votes for president
(Each state gets one vote)(Each state gets one vote)
Elections and the Scope of GovernmentElections and the Scope of Government
Federal Gov’t does more now because…Federal Gov’t does more now because…
Elections gives power to ‘winners’Elections gives power to ‘winners’
‘‘Winners’ sent to DC to accomplish somethingWinners’ sent to DC to accomplish something
Thus, gov’t expands to fill the needs of the votersThus, gov’t expands to fill the needs of the voters
Patterns in Vote ChoicePatterns in Vote Choice
Ticket-splittingTicket-splitting has increased. has increased.
Race: minorities largely vote for Democrats.Race: minorities largely vote for Democrats.
Gender: men usually vote for Republicans.Gender: men usually vote for Republicans.
Income: poor typically vote for Democrats.Income: poor typically vote for Democrats.
Ideology: Conservatives largely vote for Republicans.Ideology: Conservatives largely vote for Republicans.
Issues: Issues: prospectiveprospective and and retrospective judgmentsretrospective judgments..
AV- Turnout of Eligible VotersAV- Turnout of Eligible Voters
Back
Figure 13.1- South v. Non-SouthFigure 13.1- South v. Non-South
Back
Figure 13.3- Registered VotersFigure 13.3- Registered Voters
Back
Figure 13.5- Electoral College 2008Figure 13.5- Electoral College 2008
Back
2008 2000
McCain 47.2 Bush 49.9
Obama 51.2 Gore 46.4
2004 1996
Bush 50.8 Dole 41
Kerry 48.7
1996 Dole41Clinton47.3D 1996 Dole41Clinton47.3D +6.32000 Bush49.9R +6.32000 Bush49.9R +3.5Gore46.42004 Bush50.8+3.5Gore46.42004 Bush50.8R R +2.1Kerry48.72008 McCain4+2.1Kerry48.72008 McCain47.2Obama51.2D 7.2Obama51.2D +4.02012 Romney47.7Obam+4.02012 Romney47.7Obama50.7D a50.7D +3.0AvgRep47.32Dem48.86+3.0AvgRep47.32Dem48.86D +1.54D +1.54 Clinton 47.3
1996
Dole 41
Clinton 47.3 D +6.3
2000
Bush 49.9 R +3.5
Gore 46.4
2004
Bush 50.8 R +2.1
Kerry 48.7
2008
McCain 47.2
Obama 51.2 D +4.0
2012
Romney 47.7
Obama 50.7 D +3.0
Avg
Rep 47.32
Dem 48.86 D +1.54
Figure 13.6- GerrymanderingFigure 13.6- Gerrymandering
Back
Gerrymander “art”Gerrymander “art”
http://rangevoting.org/GerryGal.htmlhttp://rangevoting.org/GerryGal.html
http://www.redistrictinggame.org/
Figure 13.7- Electronic Voting MachinesFigure 13.7- Electronic Voting Machines
Back
SummarySummaryVoters make two basic decisions at election time:Voters make two basic decisions at election time:
1-Whether to vote1-Whether to vote2-Who to vote for2-Who to vote for
How important are demographics ?How important are demographics ?Voter Demographics = Stereotyping?Voter Demographics = Stereotyping?
Does this influence campaigns? Policies?Does this influence campaigns? Policies?
Elections are fundamental to a democracy.Elections are fundamental to a democracy.
Elections and Voting Elections and Voting BehaviorBehavior
Chapter 10Chapter 10
Edwards, Wattenberg, and LineberryEdwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry
Government in America: People, Politics, and PolicyGovernment in America: People, Politics, and Policy
Fourteenth EditionFourteenth Edition
How American Elections WorkHow American Elections WorkTypes of elections:Types of elections:
Primary electionsPrimary elections
Party selection of nomineesParty selection of nominees
General electionsGeneral elections
Select candidate to hold officeSelect candidate to hold office
ReferendumReferendum
State/local -level method of rejecting legislationState/local -level method of rejecting legislation
Initiative Initiative
State/local -level method of proposing legislationState/local -level method of proposing legislation
Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First ChoiceWhether to Vote: A Citizen’s First Choice
SuffrageSuffrage: the legal right to vote: the legal right to vote
Extended to African Americans by the Extended to African Americans by the 1515thth Amend Amend
Extended to Women by the Extended to Women by the 1919thth Amendment Amendment
Extended to people over 18 by the Extended to people over 18 by the 2626thth Amendment Amendment
Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First ChoiceWhether to Vote: A Citizen’s First Choice
U.S. has low voter turnoutU.S. has low voter turnout
Political EfficacyPolitical Efficacy = political participation really matters = political participation really matters
Civic DutyCivic Duty = a citizen should always vote = a citizen should always vote
From Government in America, 13th edition.
Registering To VoteRegistering To Vote
Voter RegistrationVoter Registration
Required in order to vote system Required in order to vote system
Must be initiated by the voterMust be initiated by the voter
Registration procedures differ by stateRegistration procedures differ by state
Motor Voter ActMotor Voter Act (1993) (1993)
Voter ID laws (2009 to present)Voter ID laws (2009 to present)
Candidates want a good Candidates want a good visual & public imagevisual & public image..
PersonalityPersonality plays a role in voter choice plays a role in voter choice
How Americans Vote:How Americans Vote:Explaining Citizens’ DecisionsExplaining Citizens’ Decisions
Party IdentificationParty Identification
More More split-ticket voting since late 1960’ssplit-ticket voting since late 1960’s
More independentsMore independents(so-called (so-called floating votersfloating voters))
How Americans Vote:How Americans Vote:Explaining Citizens’ DecisionsExplaining Citizens’ Decisions
How Americans Vote:How Americans Vote:Explaining Citizens’ DecisionsExplaining Citizens’ Decisions
Mandate Theory of Elections*Mandate Theory of Elections*
The idea that the winning candidate has The idea that the winning candidate has approval from the people to carry out platformapproval from the people to carry out platform
Policy VotingPolicy Voting
Basing your vote choice on issue preferences and Basing your vote choice on issue preferences and where the candidates stand on policy issueswhere the candidates stand on policy issues
But…But…
Candidates can be ambiguous on the issuesCandidates can be ambiguous on the issues
Voters may not know candidates stance on issuesVoters may not know candidates stance on issues
Understanding Elections and Voting BehaviorUnderstanding Elections and Voting Behavior
Retrospective votingRetrospective voting Votes based on what a candidate has done latelyVotes based on what a candidate has done lately
Those who feel worse-likely to vote against incumbents.Those who feel worse-likely to vote against incumbents.
Bad economies make politicians nervous.Bad economies make politicians nervous.
http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2012/president/2012_elections_electoral_college_map.html
WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION
IMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMSACTIVISTACTIVIST
AUSTRALIAN BALLOTAUSTRALIAN BALLOT
CAMPAIGNERSCAMPAIGNERS
COMMUNALISTSCOMMUNALISTS
COMPLETE ACTIVISTSCOMPLETE ACTIVISTS
ELIGIBLE ELECTORATEELIGIBLE ELECTORATE
FIFTEENTH AMENDMENTFIFTEENTH AMENDMENT
GRANDFATHER CLAUSESGRANDFATHER CLAUSESINACTIVESINACTIVESLITERACY TESTLITERACY TESTMOTOR-VOTER BILLMOTOR-VOTER BILLNINETEENTH AMENDMENTNINETEENTH AMENDMENTPAROCHIAL PARTICIPANTSPAROCHIAL PARTICIPANTSPOLL TAXPOLL TAXREGISTERED VOTERSREGISTERED VOTERS
WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONWILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONIMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMS
TWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENTTWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT
TWENTY-THIRD AMENDMENTTWENTY-THIRD AMENDMENT
VOTER APATHYVOTER APATHY
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1970VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1970
VOTING-AGE POPULATIONVOTING-AGE POPULATION
VOTING SPECIALISTSVOTING SPECIALISTS
WHITE PRIMARIESWHITE PRIMARIES
WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONWILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONIMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMS
WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION
QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
1-IS VOTER PARTICIPATION 1-IS VOTER PARTICIPATION LOWER IN THE USA THAN IN LOWER IN THE USA THAN IN EUROPEAN CONTRIES? EUROPEAN CONTRIES? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER.
2-WHAT HAVE BEEN THE 2-WHAT HAVE BEEN THE POLICY CONSEQUENCES OF A POLICY CONSEQUENCES OF A BROADER ELECTORATE.BROADER ELECTORATE.
3-WHAT COULD BE DONE TO 3-WHAT COULD BE DONE TO INCREASE VOTER TURNOUT?INCREASE VOTER TURNOUT?
4-WHAT SORTS OF PEOPLE ARE 4-WHAT SORTS OF PEOPLE ARE OVERREPRESENTED ANOUNG THOSE OVERREPRESENTED ANOUNG THOSE WHO PARTICIPATE A GREAT DEAL? WHO PARTICIPATE A GREAT DEAL? DOE THIS BIAS THE POLICIES THE DOE THIS BIAS THE POLICIES THE GOVERNMENT WILL ADOPT? IF SO, GOVERNMENT WILL ADOPT? IF SO, WHICH ONES?WHICH ONES?
WILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONWILSON CH. 6 - POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONQUESTIONSQUESTIONS