Darrius S. Dela PeaE-351

History/Evolution of Electronics.

1. In 1791Luigi Galvani: Professor of anatomy (university of bologna) with the help of series of experiments showed the presence of electricity in animals (specifically frogs).

2. In 1799Charles coulomb: One famous scientist of the 18th century demonstrated that there existed a force between any two charges, this force could be either attractive force or repulsive force and this force is also influenced by the distance of separation between the two charges.

3. In 1799Allessandro Volta: An Italian scientist credited with the invention of battery. He was the first to develop a battery know as the voltaic cell that could produce electricity as a result of chemical reaction.

4. In 1820, HansChristian Oerstedshowed that a magnetic field is associated whenever current flows through a conductor. To demonstrate this effect he connect a copper wire to the terminals of a battery and a switch and placed a magnetic compass near the wire. When the switch was close current started flowing in the wire and a deflection was seen in the compass indicating that current carrying conductor has an associated magnetic field.

5. In 1827George simonOhm,a german physicist derived the relation between the voltage applied (V), the current (I), and the resistance of a circuit. This is the famous and the most basic law Ohms law. It is given asV=IR.

6. In 1831Michael Faraday, a British scientist after the discovery by Oersted that a magnetic field is associated with the conductor carrying current, Faraday through a series of experiments discovered that the vice versa is possible i.e. current can be generated by using time varying magnetic field. This phenomenon was termed as the Electromagnetic induction which is the basic underlying principle of the working of generators.

7. In 1864James Clerk Maxwell, A British Physicist developed the electromagnetic field equations that today is referred to as Maxwells equations. He also formulated an important theory known as the electromagnetic theory of light, which told that electromagnetic waves travel in free space at the speed of light.

8. In 1888Heinrich Hertz, Based on the predictions of Maxwells electromagnetic theory wanted to experimentally verify the theory. He performed various experiments according to what Maxwells theory and successfully demonstrated to the world the effect of electromagnetic radiation through space .

9. In 1895Guglielmo Marconiput together the predictions of Maxwell and the experiments of Hertz to send electromagnetic signals through space and was successful in setting up the first transatlantic wireless communication system.

10. In 1948,William Schockley,John BardeenandWatter Brattaindeveloped the transistor.

11. Nikola Tesla: One great scientist without whom our todays world would have been dark. Yes he invented alternating current (Popularly known asAC) and gave light to the world. He also has his nameTeslaas the unit of magnetic field added to his credit.

First Component of Electronics:

The first electronic device to be introduced is called the diode. It is the simplest of

semiconductor devices but plays a very vital role in electronic systems, having characteristics

that closely match those of a simple switch. It will appear in a range of applications,

extending from the simple to the very complex. In addition to the details

of its construction and characteristics, the very important data and graphs to be found

on specification sheets will also be covered to ensure an understanding of the terminology

employed and to demonstrate the wealth of information typically available

from manufacturers.

Evolution of Electronics

It is now some 50 years since the first transistor was introduced on December 23,

1947. For those of us who experienced the change from glass envelope tubes to the

solid-state era, it still seems like a few short years ago. The first edition of this text

contained heavy coverage of tubes, with succeeding editions involving the important

decision of how much coverage should be dedicated to tubes and how much to semiconductor

devices. It no longer seems valid to mention tubes at all or to compare the

advantages of one over the otherwe are firmly in the solid-state era.

The miniaturization that has resulted leaves us to wonder about its limits. Complete

systems now appear on wafers thousands of times smaller than the single element

of earlier networks. New designs and systems surface weekly. The engineer becomes

more and more limited in his or her knowledge of the broad range of advances

it is difficult enough simply to stay abreast of the changes in one area of research or

development. We have also reached a point at which the primary purpose of the container

is simply to provide some means of handling the device or system and to provide

a mechanism for attachment to the remainder of the network. Miniaturization

appears to be limited by three factors (each of which will be addressed in this text):

the quality of the semiconductor material itself, the network design technique, and

the limits of the manufacturing and processing equipment.

First Component of Electronics:

The first electronic device to be introduced is called the diode. It is the simplest of

semiconductor devices but plays a very vital role in electronic systems, having characteristics

that closely match those of a simple switch. It will appear in a range of applications,

extending from the simple to the very complex. In addition to the details

of its construction and characteristics, the very important data and graphs to be found

on specification sheets will also be covered to ensure an understanding of the terminology

employed and to demonstrate the wealth of information typically available

from manufacturers.