elasticity and simple harmonic motion
TRANSCRIPT
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Elasticity and Simple Harmonic Motion
Dewi MuliyatiDepartment of Physics State University of Jakarta
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Outline…
Stress, Strain, and Modulus of Elasticity
Hooke’s LawForce Constant of Elastic ObjectsRestoring ForceEquation for Displacement in SHMPeriod of SHMHooke’s Law for Spring ArrangementSeveral Benefits of Springs
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!!!
Elasticity is the ability of an object to return to its original shape as soon as the external force which is applied to the object is eliminated (relieved).
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Stress, Strain, and Modulus of ElasticityCourse-1
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A Pulling Stress, σ
Is defined as the quotient between the pulling force F experienced by the wire and its cross-sectional area (A).
A
F
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Strain, e
Is defined as the quotient between the change in length ∆L and its initial length L.
L
Le
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Stress-Strain Graph
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Modulus of Elasticity, E
The modulus of elasticity, E of a material is defined as the stress-strain ratio experienced by the material.
eE
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Table: Modulus of Elasticity of Various Substances
Substance E (N/m2)
IronSteelBronzeConcreteCoalGraniteMarmerGranitWood (pine)NylonYoung Bone
100 x 109
200 x 109
100 x 109
70 x 109
20 x 109
14 x 109
50 x 109
45 x 109
10 x 109
5 x 109
15 x 109
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Hooke’s LawCourse-1
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Hooke’s Law
If the pulling force does not exceed the spring’s elastic limit, then the spring’s length increase is directly proportional to the pulling force.
xkF
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Force Constant of Elastic ObjectsCourse-1
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Force Constant of Elastic Objects
E is the modulus of elasticity of material (N/m2)
L is the length of object, no force applied (m)
A is the cross-sectional area (m2)
L
AEk
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Restoring ForceCourse-2
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Restoring Force
The force whose magnitude is proportional to displacement and always acts in the opposite direction of displacement (position).
The restoring force always causes an object to move back and forth about the equilibrium point (simple harmonic motion).
The restoring force is always opposite to the displacement direction (motion) of the object.
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Equation for Displacement in SHMCourse-2
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Equation for Displacement in SHM
Displacement equation
θ0 , the initial phase angle is obtained from the initial condition.
A is amplitude. ω is angular frequency.
)sin()( 0 tAtx
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Period of SHMCourse-2
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Period of SHM
Acceleration of SHM,
Angular Frequency,
Period,
xa 2
m
k
k
mT 2
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Hooke’s Law for Spring ArrangementCourse-2
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Serial spring arrangement
...1111
321 1
kkkk is
For the special case of two springs with constants k1 and k2,the spring constant of replacement spring, ks:
21
21
kk
kkks
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Parallel spring arrangement
For n identical springs in a parallel arrangement, where every spring has a force constant k, the replacement spring constant kp:
...321
1
kkkki
p
nkk p
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Several Benefits of SpringsCourse-2
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Suspension systems in Motor Vehicles to Damped Shocks
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Springs on steering wheels