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ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS حظة م: جهد شخصيملخص الة غير مسؤلة عنهلجامع ا, المدونة: https://somenote 8.wordpress.com/ JUC

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Page 1: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS الملخص جهد شخصي : مالحظة

:المدونة , الجامعة غير مسؤلة عنه

https://somenote8.wordpress.com/

JUC

Page 2: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists
Page 3: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists
Page 4: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

وتطبيقاتهامرونةELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Page 5: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

ELASTICITY . . . مرونة

… allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision.

… is a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions

.يسمح لنا لتحليل العرض والطلب بمزيد من الدقة ...

هو مقياس لمدى المشترين والبائعين االستجابة للتغيرات في ظروف السوق ...

Page 6: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND الطلبمرونة

Price elasticity of demand is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.

Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price.

.سعر جيدةهو مقياس لمقدار الكمية المطلوبة من يستجيب جيدة للتغير فيسعر مرونة الطلب

.مئة في السعرسعر مرونة الطلب هي النسبة المئوية للتغير في الكمية المطلوبة من تغير في ال

Page 7: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

سعر مرونة الطلب ومحدداتهTHE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND ITS DETERMINANTS

Availability of Close Substitutes

Necessities versus Luxuries

Definition of the Market

Time Horizon

توافر بدائل إغالق

الضروريات مقابل الكماليات

تعريف السوق

أفق زمني

Page 8: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND ITS DETERMINANTS

Demand tends to be more elastic :

the larger the number of close substitutes.

if the good is a luxury.

the more narrowly defined the market.

the longer the time period.

:يميل إلى أن يكون أكثر مرونةالطلب

.أكبر عدد من البدائل القريبة•

.إذا كان هو جيد الفاخرة•

.ويعرف على نطاق أضيق في السوق•

.وتعد الفترة الزمنية•

Page 9: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

حساب األسعار مرونة الطلبCOMPUTING THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

وما على يتم احتساب مرونة سعر الطلب كما بلغت نسبة في الكمية المطلوبة مقس.النسبة المئوية للتغير في السعر

Price elasticity of demand =Percentage change in quantity demanded

Percentage change in price

Page 10: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones, then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as:

األقماع, ثم 8-10والمبلغ الذي شراء السقوط $ 2.20إلى $ 2.00إذا كان سعر اآليس كريم زيادات مخروط من : على سبيل المثالستحسب مرونة الخاص للطلب على النحو التالي

COMPUTING THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

Price elasticity of demand =Percentage change in quantity demanded

Percentage change in price

( )

( . . )

.

10 8

10100

2 20 2 00

2 00100

20%

10%2

Page 11: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE MIDPOINT METHOD: A BETTER WAY TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGE CHANGES AND ELASTICITIES

The midpoint formula is preferable when calculating the price elasticity of demand because it gives the same answer regardless of the direction of the change.

غض الصيغة نقطة الوسط هو األفضل عند حساب مرونة سعر الطلب ألنه يعطي نفس الجواب ب.النظر عن اتجاه التغيير

Price elasticity of demand =( ) / [( ) / ]

( ) / [( ) / ]

Q Q Q Q

P P P P2 1 2 1

2 1 2 1

2

2

Page 12: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE MIDPOINT METHOD: A BETTER WAY TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGE CHANGES AND ELASTICITIES

Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones, then your elasticity of demand, using the midpoint formula, would be calculated as:

والمبلغ الذي $ 2.20إلى $ 2.00إذا كان سعر اآليس كريم زيادات مخروط من : على سبيل المثالسب, األقماع, ثم لديك مرونة الطلب, وذلك باستخدام صيغة نقطة الوسط ستح8-10شراء السقوط

:على النحو التالي

( )

( ) /

( . . )

( . . ) /

..

10 8

10 8 2

2 20 2 00

2 00 2 20 2

22%

9 5%2 32

Page 13: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

ومجموعة متنوعة من منحنيات الطلبTHE VARIETY OF DEMAND CURVES

Inelastic Demand

Quantity demanded does not respond strongly to price changes.

Price elasticity of demand is less than one.

Elastic Demand

Quantity demanded responds strongly to changes in price.

Price elasticity of demand is greater than one.

عوه اللي العمل

.الكمية المطلوبة ال يستجيب بقوة لتغيرات األسعار•

.سعر مرونة الطلب هي أقل من واحد•

الطلب مرن

.الكمية المطلوبة يستجيب بقوة للتغيرات في األسعار•

.سعر مرونة الطلب أكبر من واحد•

Page 14: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

COMPUTING THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND حساب األسعار مرونة الطلب

Demand is price elastic

مرنالطلب هو سعر

$5

4Demand

Quantity1000 50

-3percent 22-

percent 67

5.00)/2(4.005.00)-(4.00

50)/2(10050)-(100

ED

Price

Page 15: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE VARIETY OF DEMAND CURVES ومجموعة متنوعة من منحنيات الطلب

Perfectly Inelastic

Quantity demanded does not respond to price changes.

Perfectly Elastic

Quantity demanded changes infinitely with any change in price.

Unit Elastic

Quantity demanded changes by the same percentage as the price.

غير مرن تماما

.الكمية المطلوبة ال يستجيب لتغيرات األسعار•

مطاطا تماما

.الكمية المطلوبة التغييرات بال حدود مع أي تغيير في السعر•

وحدة مرنة

.الكمية المطلوبة التغييرات بنفس النسبة كما ثمن•

Page 16: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE VARIETY OF DEMAND CURVESومجموعة متنوعة من منحنيات الطلب

Because the price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to the price, it is closely related to the slope of the demand curve.

تبط ارتباطا وثيقا ألن مرونة سعر الطلب تدابير كيف طالبت بكثير كمية تستجيب للسعر, فإنه ير.المنحدر من منحنى الطلب

Page 17: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 1 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

(a) Perfectly Inelastic Demand: Elasticity Equals 0

$5

4

Quantity

Demand

1000

1. An

increase

in price . . .

2. . . . leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.

Price

Page 18: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 1 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

(b) Inelastic Demand: Elasticity Is Less Than 1

Quantity0

$5

90

Demand1. A 22%

increase

in price . . .

Price

2. . . . leads to an 11% decrease in quantity demanded.

4

100

Page 19: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 1 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

2. . . . leads to a 22% decrease in quantity demanded.

(c) Unit Elastic Demand: Elasticity Equals 1

Quantity

4

1000

Price

$5

80

1. A 22%

increase

in price . . .

Demand

Page 20: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 1 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

(d) Elastic Demand: Elasticity Is Greater Than 1

Demand

Quantity

4

1000

Price

$5

50

1. A 22%

increase

in price . . .

2. . . . leads to a 67% decrease in quantity demanded.

Page 21: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 1 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND

(e) Perfectly Elastic Demand: Elasticity Equals Infinity

Quantity0

Price

$4 Demand

2. At exactly $4,

consumers will

buy any quantity.

1. At any price

above $4, quantity

demanded is zero.

3. At a price below $4,

quantity demanded is infinite.

Page 22: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY مرونة العرض

Price elasticity of supply is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.

Price elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantity supplied resulting from a percent change in price.

.ر جيدةهو مقياس لمقدار الكمية المعروضة من يستجيب جيدة للتغير في سعسعر مرونة العرض

.لمئة في السعرسعر مرونة العرض هي النسبة المئوية للتغير في كمية تزويد الناتجة عن التغير في ا

Page 23: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 6 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

(a) Perfectly Inelastic Supply: Elasticity Equals 0

$5

4

Supply

Quantity1000

1. An

increase

in price . . .

2. . . . leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.

Price

Page 24: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 6 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

(b) Inelastic Supply: Elasticity Is Less Than 1

110

$5

100

4

Quantity0

1. A 22%

increase

in price . . .

Price

2. . . . leads to a 10% increase in quantity supplied.

Supply

Page 25: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 6 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

(c) Unit Elastic Supply: Elasticity Equals 1

125

$5

100

4

Quantity0

Price

2. . . . leads to a 22% increase in quantity supplied.

1. A 22%

increase

in price . . .

Supply

Page 26: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 6 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

(d) Elastic Supply: Elasticity Is Greater Than 1

Quantity0

Price

1. A 22%

increase

in price . . .

2. . . . leads to a 67% increase in quantity supplied.

4

100

$5

200

Supply

Page 27: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 6 THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

(e) Perfectly Elastic Supply: Elasticity Equals Infinity

Quantity0

Price

$4 Supply

3. At a price below $4,

quantity supplied is zero.

2. At exactly $4,

producers will

supply any quantity.

1. At any price

above $4, quantity

supplied is infinite.

Page 28: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

DETERMINANTS OF ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY محددات مرونة العرض

Ability of sellers to change the amount of the good they produce.

Beach-front land is inelastic.

Books, cars, or manufactured goods are elastic.

Time period.

Supply is more elastic in the long run.

.قدرة البائعين لتغيير قيمة جيدة التي تنتجها

.أرض على الشاطئ غير مرن•

.كتب والسيارات, أو السلع المصنعة هي مرنة•

.فترة زمنية

.العرض هو أكثر مرونة في المدى الطويل•

Page 29: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

COMPUTING THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY حساب األسعار مرونة العرض

The price elasticity of supply is computed as the percentage change in the quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.

قسوما يتم احتساب مرونة سعر العرض كما بلغت نسبة في الكمية المعروضة م.على النسبة المئوية للتغير في السعر

Price elasticity of supply =

Percentage change in quantity supplied

Percentage change in price

Page 30: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

APPLICATION OF ELASTICITY تطبيق مرونة

Can good news for farming be bad news for farmers?

What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists discover a new wheat hybrid that is more productive than existing varieties?

ن؟يمكن أن األخبار الجيدة للزراعة أن يكون أنباء سيئة بالنسبة للمزارعي

جامعة ماذا يحدث لمزارعي القمح وسوق القمح عند اكتشاف المهندسين الزراعيينمختلطة القمح الجديد الذي هو أكثر إنتاجية من األصناف الحالية؟

Page 31: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

THE APPLICATION OF SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND ELASTICITY

Examine whether the supply or demand curve shifts.

Determine the direction of the shift of the curve.

Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the market equilibrium changes.

.فحص ما إذا كان العرض أو منحنى الطلب التحوالت

.تحديد اتجاه التحول من المنحنى

.استخدام الرسم البياني العرض والطلب لنرى كيف يتغير توازن السوق

Page 32: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

FIGURE 8 AN INCREASE IN SUPPLY IN THE MARKET FOR WHEAT

Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning

Quantity of

Wheat

0

Price of

Wheat

3. . . . and a proportionately smaller

increase in quantity sold. As a result,

revenue falls from $300 to $220.

Demand

S1 S2

2. . . . leads

to a large fall

in price . . .

1. When demand is inelastic,

an increase in supply . . .

2

110

$3

100

Page 33: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

COMPUTE THE PRICE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

ED

100 110

100 110 2

300 2 00

300 2 00 2

0 095

0 40 24

( ) /

. .

( . . ) /

.

..

Supply is inelastic

مرنالعرض غير

Page 34: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

SUMMARY

Price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in the price.

Price elasticity of demand is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

If a demand curve is elastic, total revenue falls when the price rises.

If it is inelastic, total revenue rises as the price rises.

.سعر مرونة الطلب تدابير مقدار الكمية المطلوبة يستجيب للتغيرات في األسعار

ة للتغير في يتم احتساب سعر مرونة الطلب كما بلغت نسبة في الكمية المطلوبة مقسوما على النسبة المئوي.السعر

.إذا كان منحنى الطلب مرنا, تقع إجمالي اإليرادات عندما يرتفع السعر

.وإذا كان من غير مرن, ترتفع إجمالي اإليرادات مع ارتفاع السعر

Page 35: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

SUMMARY

The income elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in consumers’ income.

The cross-price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to the price of another good.

The price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price. .

.تهلكينمرونة الدخل من التدابير الطلب وكم الكمية المطلوبة وتستجيب للتغيرات في دخل المس

.عة أخرىمرونة السعر عبر تدابير الطلب وكم الكمية المطلوبة من سلعة واحدة تستجيب لسعر سل

. .مرونة سعر العرض التدابير وكم الكمية المعروضة يستجيب للتغيرات في األسعار

Page 36: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

SUMMARY

In most markets, supply is more elastic in the long run than in the short run.

The price elasticity of supply is calculated as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.

The tools of supply and demand can be applied in many different types of markets.

.رفي معظم األسواق, وتوفير أكثر مرونة في المدى البعيد مما كانت عليه في المدى القصي

المئوية يتم حساب مرونة سعر العرض كما بلغت نسبة في الكمية المعروضة مقسوما على النسبة.للتغير في السعر

.أدوات العرض والطلب يمكن تطبيقها في العديد من أنواع مختلفة من األسواق

Page 37: Elasticity and Its Applications - WordPress.comCan good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists

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