el origen de la vida. archbishop james ussher of ireland in the late 1600's, he calculated the...
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El Origen de la Vida
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Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland
In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in the biblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C.
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Eppur si muove
Salviati (Dialogo sopra i due sistema del mondo, Galileo, 1638): Es mucho más probable que el movimiento diurno se deba a la Tierra sola que no al resto del Universo
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
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V IIIPG I I II V V V VI I I I I I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H H
Na
K
Mg
Ca V Cr
Mo
Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
B C N O F
Si P S Cl
Se
Sn I
W
LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA MATERIA VIVA
Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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Combustión de hidrógeno (T ca. 107 K) 41H1 ---> 2He4
Combustión de helio (T ca. 108 K) 22He4 ---> 4Be8 4Be8 + 2He4 ---> 6C12 6C12 + 2He4 ---> 8O16
Combustión de carbono (T ca. 1,4 x 109 K) 26C12 ---> 10Ne20 + 2He4 26C12 ---> 11Na23 + 1H1 28O16 ---> 14Si28 + 2He4 28O16 ---> 16S32 Combustión de silicio (T ca. 1,8 x 109 K) 14Si28 + n2He4 ---> elementos hasta 26Fe56
Síntesis de elementos químicos en el interior de las estrellas
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Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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Polvo de estrellas
Las estrellas son los crisoles donde se generan los elementos químicos por fusión nuclear
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Elemento Porcentaje Elemento Porcentaje (en masa) (en masa) Oxígeno 49,4 Titanio 0,6 Silicio 25,8 Cloro 0,2 Aluminio 7,5 Fósforo 0,12 Hierro 4,7 Manganeso 0,10 Calcio 3,4 Carbono 0,08 Sodio 2,6 Azufre 0,06 Potasio 2,4 Argon 0,04 Magnesio 1,9 Nitrógeno 0,03 Hidrógeno 0,9 _____ _____ Total 99 Total 1
Composición elemental de la corteza terrestre
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H
O
N
C
H 2
OH 2
NH 3
CH 4
2
O 2
N 2
CO 2
Bioelemento Atmósfera primitiva
Atmósfera actual
OH
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Experimento de Miller, 1953
calor
descargaeléctrica
frío
NHCH
H H
O
3
4
2
2
Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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CO
NC
EN
TR
AC
IÓN
T IE M P O (h)
50 10 0 15 000
2
4
6
8N H
(x 100 )
mM
3
am inoácidos (x 1 m )M
H CN (x 10 m )M
Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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ácido cianhídrico
CN5 H
NC
C
C
NH
NNH
N
2
Adenina
CH
CH
Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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Vida en la Tierra
En una primera etapa, ciertos tipos de moléculas orgánicas se irían acumulando en las aguas oceánicas hasta formar una especie de “sopa primigenia”
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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El anillo tetrapirrólicoAspectos evolutivos
Clorofilas y grupos hemínicos
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CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
3
3
2
2
H C
H C
3
3
CH CH
CH CH
COOH COOH
2 2
2 2
N N
N N
Fe
GRUPO HEMO
Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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5
0
10
15
450 500 550 600 650
LO N G ITU D D E O N DA (nm )
CO
EF
ICIE
NT
E D
E E
XT
INC
IÓN
(m
cm
)M
- 1-1
Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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HEMOGLOBINA(estructura cuaternaria)
12
2 1
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Max Perutz, the Austrian-born Nobel laureate who unravelled the structure of haemoglobin
News in Nature (2002) 415, 724 - 725
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Evolutionary tree showing how the globin protein family arose, starting from the most primitive oxygen-binding proteins, leghemoglobins, in plants.
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C H
C H
C H
C H
C H R
2
3
3
2
H C
H C
3
3
C H
C H
C O
2
2
H
H
H
C O O M eO
N N
N N
M g
1 6 0
1 2 0
8 0
4 0
04 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0
L O N G I T U D D E O N D A ( n m )
CO
EF
ICIE
NT
E D
E E
XT
INC
IÓN
(m
c
m
)M
-1-1
CLO RO FILA S y a b
Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid
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luz
energíabiológica
anhídrido carbóniconitrógeno atmosfériconitratossulfatosfosfatos
H2O +
carbohidratoslípidosproteínasácidos nucleicos
+ O2
fotosíntesis
respiración
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Antigüedad (millones de años)
Formación de la Tierra (atmósfera primitiva)
Formación del núcleo terrestre
Sistemas oceánicos estables, primeras rocas sedimentarias
Producción biológica de oxígeno
Niveles de O >3%2
Formación de los continentes actuales
moléculas primitivas(CH4 , NH3 , H2O, H2, SH2 , PH 3)
moléculas orgánicas prebiológicas
polímeros prebiológicos
primeras células (heterotróficas, procarióticas)
algas verde-azuladas (autotróficas, procarióticas)
primeras células eucarióticas
metazoos eucarióticos
invertebrados peces reptiles y anfibios, plantas terrestres mamíferos y aves hombre
evol
uci
ón q
uím
ica
y p
reb
ioló
gica
evol
uci
ón b
ioló
gica
o d
arw
inia
na
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Bada & Lazcano (2002) Science 296, 1982-3
How did life emerge?
Various steps thought to be involved in the origin of life on Earth. The shaded area represents the contribution from the metabolist theory to the overall scheme
Organicfrom space
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G.F. Joyce (2002) Nature 418, 214
The antiquity of RNA-based evolution
Timeline of events pertaining to the early history of life on Earth, with approximate dates in billions of years before the present.
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (pH 3, 80ºC) Yellowstone National Park, USA
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
Alkaline hotspring (pH 8-8.3)Yellowstone National Park, USA
Synechococcus
Thermocrinis
Chloroflexus
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
Temperature limits for life
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
pH limits for life
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
Cyanidium caldarium (pH ~3, 50ºC) Yellowstone National Park, USA
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
The BioPan halophile experiment:Expose to space environment in Earth’s orbit
Dunaliella
Synechococcus
Haloarcula in a NaCl crystal
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
Thermus aquaticus, the organism from which Taq polymerase was obtained. Yellowstone National Park, USA
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
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Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092
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Materia, energía y vida
Las criaturas vendrían a ser como pequeños torbellinos de orden dentro del desorden torrencial del Universo
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Los orígenes del hombre
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Vida primitiva El instinto animal
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Cráneo Descubrimiento del fuego
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El uso de instrumentos
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De los pictogramas a la escritura
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JeroglíficosAlfabeto árabeEscritura china
Hebreo Cuneiforme
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La evolución de la escritura
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Caballero itálico Banquete romano
De la guera a la civilización
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Las religiones en el mundo actual
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1. Complejidad y alto grado de organización
2. Función específica, como por ejemplo: Ácidos nucleicos Información genética y Catálisis Proteínas Estructura y Catálisis Lípidos Estructura y Reserva energética Carbohidratos Estructura y Reserva energética 3. Extracción y transformación de materia y energía del entorno
4. Reproducción
Características diferenciadoras de los seres vivos
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¿Cuándo empieza la vida?
Samuel Butler: A hen is nothing more than an egg’s way of making another egg
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Tipo de estructura Masa (Da) Ejemplos Precursores del entorno 10-50 CO2, H2O, O2, NO3
-, N2, SO42-, PO4
3- Intermediarios 50-300 Piruvato, citrato, malato Sillares estructurales 100-500 Aminoácidos, nucleótidos, monosacáridos Macromoléculas 103-109 Proteínas, ácidos nucleicos, polisacos, polisacáridos Asociaciones 106-109 Ribosomas, microtúbulos, supramoleculares complejos enzimáticos Orgánulos Núcleo, cloroplastos, mitochondria Células Glóbulos rojos y blancos, hepatocitos Órganos y Tejidos Corazón, hígado, riñones, tejido adiposo Organismos y Poblaciones Individuo, sociedades, pueblos
Niveles de organización biológica
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Nos arrogamos demasiada importancia a nosotros mismos si suponemos que cuidar de nosotros es el trabajo principal de Dios, más allá del cual no se extiende ni su sabiduría ni su poder Galileo Galilei (1524-1642)Diálogo sobre dos nuevas ciencias
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Lavine et al. (2002) Science 295, 995
“I could stay young and chipper and I'd lock it with a zipper, if I only had a heart”, sang the Tin Man to his companions in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz.
There is hope yet for the Tin Man. Spurred on by a severe shortage of donor organs for transplantation, bioengineers, cell biologists, and clinicians are combining their talents to design off-the-shelf replacement parts for the human body.
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Lavine et al. (2002) Science 295, 995
The bionic cat
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La película de la vida
¿Evolucionará la especie humana hasta dar origen a nuevos seres más inteligentes y complejos?
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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El paso hacia el Hombre
Clair E. Folsone (El origen de la vida, 1985): Quizá lleguemos a ser una especie de ingeniosos monos que han diseñado computadores aún más ingeniosos para realizar el trabajo real del Universo
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Progreso e inadaptación social
Arnold J. Toynbee: Existe una incapacidad de nuestro desa- rollo emocional para marchar al paso de nuestro desarrollo intelectual
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Modernización y desarrollo
Vivir rodeado de pobreza e ignorancia es tener que aprender que la miseria es consecuencia de una serie de fuerzas que escapan al propio control
Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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N
N
Mg2+
clorofila
NN CH2
CH 2CH
H C3
CH3
CH3 (en clorofila a)CHO (en clorofila b)
H C3
CH 3
C CH3O
O
CH2
CH2CHC
CH3
CH 2
CH2
CO
O
CH2CH
CH 3
CH2 CH2H
3
O