ekologie 2019...friday / pátek 6.9. 2019 9:00-10:25 7th session (in english) ecosystem ecology 7....

4.–6.9.2019

EKOLOGIE 2019KONFERENCE ČESKÉ SPOLEČNOSTI PRO EKOLOGIICONFERENCE OF THE CZECH SOCIETY FOR ECOLOGY

7.7TH

FACULTY OF SCIENCE, PALACKY UNIVERSITY, OLOMOUC

https://www.prf.upol.cz/en/

http://www.cspe.cz/

http://www.cspe.cz/

https://www.prf.upol.cz/

EKOLOGIE 20197. konference České společnosti pro ekologii7th Conference of the Czech Society for Ecology

4.–6. září 2019, Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 17. listopadu 124th–6th September 2019, Faculty of Science of Palacky University, Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12

Organizátoři / Organisers:Česká společnost pro ekologii, z.s. / Czech Society for EcologyPřírodovědecká fakulta, Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc / Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc

Organizační výbor / Organising committee:Eva RemešováVladimír RemešRobert TropekLenka HarmáčkováMartin RulíkTomáš VáclavíkDavid StorchOndřej MudrákLenka StorchováJan Mertens

Podpořeno časopisy Vesmír a Živa / Supported by the Vesmír and Živa journals

Sborník abstraktů - 7. konference České společnosti pro ekologiiBook of abstracts - 7th Conference of the Czech Society for EcologyEditoři / Editors: Jan Mertens, Robert TropekTitulní fotografie / Front page photograph: © Jan Mertens



https://vesmir.cz/cz/

http://ziva.avcr.cz/

https://vesmir.cz/cz/

http://ziva.avcr.cz/

Wednesday / středa 4.9. 2019Od/From 11:00 Registrace / Registration

12:00 Zahájení / Opening

12:15-14:30 1. blok přednášek (v češtině) Temperátní organismy a společenstva1st session (in Czech) Temperate organisms and communities

Zvaná přednáška: pg12:15 Vanda Šorfová Co utváří a ohrožuje unikátní společenstva vodních bezobratlých na pra meništních slatiništích? 212:40 Miloslav Devetter Život v hlubinách Země - Co vede žížaly k životu v podzemí? 812:52 *Pavla Vymazalová Vliv aktivního managementu v NPR Děvín (CHKO Pálava) na epigeické pavouky 913:04 Eva Líznarová Ohrožení pavouci Prahy 1013:16 *Stanislav Ožana Vážky jako indikátory změn prostředí 1113:28 *Jakub Kadlec Vliv oddálené kolonizace na složení hmyzího společenstva na mršinách drobných obratlovců 1213:40 *Kryštof Horák Komparativní ptilochronologie a investice do opeření u tropických a temperátních ptáků 1313:52 Renáta Schnablová Ekologický význam květní preformace v pupenech rostlin mírného pásu 1414:04 *Ján Blažek Agregační odpověď netopýrů na gradaci škůdců hospodářského lesa 1514:16 *Kateřina Čiháková Vzdělávání v ekologii - Učíme se venku 1614:30 Coffee break

14:50-16:40 2nd session (in English) Biodiversity management2. blok přednášek (v angličtině) Ochrana biodiverzity

Keynote talk:14:50 Tomáš Václavík Farming the future planet: global trade-offs between agricultural production and biodiversity 315:15 *Erika Lorencová Freshwater mollusc metacommunities of small ponds in two agricultural regions 1715:27 *Tomáš Hamřík Importance of small-scale conservation management to spiders (Araneae) in xeric grasslands 1815:39 Vojtěch Lanta Active management promotes plant diversity in lowland forests 1915:51 Ezequiel Gonzalez Field defects as habitats for parasitoids: insights from a field experiment in oilseed rape crops 2016:03 Tamara Těšitelová Restoration of orchid populations in White Carpathians: fungus availability matters 2116:15 Petr Pokorný Anthropogenic forest disturbances: Paradigm extended 2216:27 Clémence Chaudron Hemiparasitic plants as a tool for biodiversity conservation: a case study from the road networks 2316:40 Coffee break

17:00-18:00 3rd session (in English) Biological invasions3. blok přednášek (v angličtině) Biologické invaze

17:00 Michal Knapp Invasive host caught up with a native parasitoid: Harmonia axyridis vs. Dinocampus coccinellae 2417:12 Eva Chumanová Invasive tree pathogens: predicting environmental suitability and potential impact on Czech forests 2517:24 Jakub Těšitel Native parasitic plants: a solution of plant invasions worldwide? 2617:36 Adam Petrusek Recent advances and challenges in crayfish plague research 2717:48 *Kateřina Štajerová Community assembly rules of arbuscular fungi in plant invasions: comparison between ranges 28

18:00-19:00 Plenary talk / Plenární přednáška (in English)Catherine H. Graham Linking patterns and processes across scales: a case study with Neotropical hummingbirds 1

20:00 Social evening in Svatováclavský pivovar / Společenský večer ve Svatováclavském pivovaru

*Příspěvky studentů*Student contribution

thursday / Čtvrtek 5.9. 2019

9:00-10:25 4th session (in English) Functional ecology4. blok přednášek (v angličtině) Funkční ekologie

Keynote talk: pg9:00 Radek Michalko The biocontrol efficacy of spiders across the globe 49:25 David Boukal Parsing the nonlinear effects of habitat complexity on functional responses 309:37 Tomáš Herben Plant growth phenologies: trade-offs and environmental patterns 319:49 Julien Mocq Intraspecific scaling of trophic interactions with temperature and body size in dragonfly larvae 32

10:01 *Ondřej Michálek Specific efficiency of venom of prey-specialised spiders 3310:13 David Storch Is the Metabolic Theory of Ecology entirely wrong? Linking scaling relationships across eukaryotes 3410:25 Coffee break

10:45-12:00 5th session (in English) Functional traits and evolution5. blok přednášek (v angličtině) Funkční znaky a evoluce

10:45 Guillaume Wos Local adaptation along an elevational gradient in Arabidopsis arenosa in Central Europe 3510:57 Ondřej Mudrák Assembly of plant communities in Himalayan cold deserts 3611:09 *Adam Klimeš Growth plasticity as potential driver of evolution of herbs 3711:21 Zuzana Münzbergová Climate of origin, current climate and phylogeny as drivers of species performance 3811:33 Zdeňka Lososová Macroevolutionary patterns in European vegetation 3911:45 *Jan Smyčka Tempo and drivers of plant diversification in the European mountain system 40

12:00-13:00 Lunch / Oběd

13:00-15:30 Poster session (s kafem a občerstvením / with cofee and refreshments) - bilingual

15:30-17:45 6th session (in English) Community ecology and food webs6. blok přednášek (v angličtině) Ekologie společenstev a trofické sítě

Keynote talk:15:30 Martin Volf Why do plants have so many chemical defences: a key to understanding insect herbivore diversity? 515:55 Kateřina Sam Latitudinal pattern in predation, herbivore performance in hostile and enemy free space 4116:07 *Yannick Klomberg Importance of floral traits in Afrotropical montane pollination systems 4216:19 *Jan Mertens Butterflies and hawkmoths as pollinators on Mt. Cameroon 4316:31 Robert Tropek Seasonal shifts of butterflies and moths along an elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon 4416:43 *Pagi Toko Species diversity of geometridae moths along an altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea 4516:55 *Chris Dahl Plant-frugivore interaction networks in tropical forests: the effects of seasonality 4617:07 *Jiří Tůma Ant-termite interactions: an important but under-explored ecological linkage 4717:19 Jan Květ Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) enhanced vegetation succession in a re-established wetland 4817:31 Ivan Jaric Multi-lake research of fish behaviour using high-resolution 3D telemetry systems 4917:45 Coffee break

18:05-19:30 Valná hromada ČSPE / General Assembly of the Society (in Czech)

20:00 Banquet / Raut


Friday / Pátek 6.9. 2019

9:00-10:25 7th session (in English) Ecosystem ecology7. blok přednášek (v angličtině) Ekologie ekosystémů

Keynote talk: pg9:00 Elina Mäntylä Induced and constitutive defence of Ficus and Macaranga trees 69:25 Jan Frouz Why we need large experimental platform in ecology: example of post mining ecosystem development 509:37 Martin Hejda The aridity and type of bedrock determine the plant diversity of South African Savannas 519:49 Ana Novoa Islands of fertility promote the invasion of Opuntia stricta in Kruger National Park 52

10:01 Karel Prach Plant succession across biomes and disturbance types: results of meta-analyses 5310:13 Jan Lepš Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning - what do the experiments say about the real world 5410:25 Coffee break

10:45-12:00 8th session (in English) Below-ground interactions and soil ecology8. blok přednášek (v angličtině) Interakce v podzemí a ekologie půdy

10:45 Veronika Jílková Wood ant nest surroundings as natural carbon gradients in forest ecosystems 5510:57 *Michal Růžek Experimentally altered soil chemistry affects decomposition rates in mountainous forest ecosystems 5611:09 Jana Schenková Effect of climatic conditions on aquatic Clitellata in groundwater-dependent wetlands 5711:21 Jiří Schlaghamerský Annelids of fen and grassland soils in the Western Carpathians 5811:33 Jitka Klimešová Plant belowground organs and why we should not ignore them 5911:45 Petr Dostál Nutrient addition weakens competition and plant-soil feedback, but only in nutrient-demanding plants 60

12:00 Vojtěch Jarošík’s Award (winners, talks of awardees; in English)Cena Vojtěcha Jarošíka (vyhlášení, přednášky vítězů; v angličtině)

12:10 Lucie Vančurová The complexity of symbiotic interactions influences the ecological amplitude of the host 7

12:22 Announcement of the best student presentations, Closing ceremonyVyhlášení nejlepších studentských prezentací, zakončení

12:30-13:30 Lunch / Oběd


Posters pgBlažek Petr How to combine interests of farmers and nature conservation in Central European grassland management 61Brestovanská Tereza A predictive model of Eurasian beaver spreading and related damage of riparian stands 62*Bryndová Michala Tardigrade function in soil food web 63*Das Bishal Kumar Game of fear of an elusive predator 64*Delabye Sylvain Diversity patterns of moth communities along a productivity gradient in Southern Africa 65*Filip Jan Pollination networks of hoverflies in meadow communities of the Železné hory Mts. 66Fňukalová Eliška Zelená infrstruktura v Evropě 67*Gajdošová Magdalena community metabarcoding uncovers cryptic diversity of invertebrates in the Carpathian spring fens 68*Halamová Pavla Influence of fires on moth communities in Central European forests 69*Hejduková Eva How to survive winter? Annual study of freshwater diatoms in the Arctic 70Hořák David Avian individuals in 3D-space of Žofínský prales forest, Czech Republic: A pilot survey 71*Hrušková Karolína Růst a přežívání vysazených a přirozených jedinců kuřičky hadcové (Minuartia smejkalii) 72*Ibalim Sentiko Phylogeny and phylogenetic patterns of geometridea moths along Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient, PNG 73*Janík Tomáš Identifikace hotspotů biodiverzity jako podkladu pro prioritizaci územní ochrany – příklad NP Šumava 74*Kik Alfred Lifestyle change and native language skills and ethnobiological knowledge loss in Papua New Guinea 75*Knobová Pavlína Mycorrhizal symbiosis or roots – plant strategies to exploit heterogeneous resources 76*Kostanjšek Fran Light preference of the saproxylic beetles and their host trees 77Kubovčík Vladimír Chironomid-based environmental reconstruction of the Last Termination in southern Bohemia 78*Lachová Barbora Habitatové preference jelena lesního v na Šumavě a v Krkonoších 79*Lepková Barbora Seed survival after deer ingestion – feeding trials versus simulation experiment 80Lepšová-Skácelová Olga Phytoplankton response to pollution in flying ash-lagoons: reciprocal transplant experiment 81*Öztürk Derya Chronic hypoxia affects multiple fitness components in overwintering mayfly larvae 82Petrusková Tereza Tuned for provider? Do cuckoo nestlings adjust their begging characteristics to the host species? 83Pipek Pavel Extensive transportation of skylarks and starlings within New Zealand in late 19th century 84*Požárová Doubravka Role of plastic vs. heritable traits in parallel alpine differentiation of Arabidopsis arenosa 85Procházka Jiří Dynamics of biodiversity in natural forests 86*Pyszko Petr Je nám ještě k něčemu Shannonův index? 87Remeš Vladimír Ecology, range overlap, and local co-occurrence in Australian songbirds (Passeriformes) 88Remešová Eva Foraging ecology of songbirds (Passeriformes) in woodlands and forests in eastern Australia 89*Rodrigo Ruffy Diameter distributions related to age and disturbance in Carpathians primary spruce forest in Europe 90Romportl Dušan Změny krajiny v chráněných územích ČR - směs protikladů 91Sabo Peter Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of ecosystems and its management implications 92Sladová Michaela Habitatové modely klíčových druhů živočichů - předmětů ochrany velkoplošných chráněných území 93*Sounapoglou Antigoni Pollination systems along an elevational gradient in Krkonose: Project introduction 94*Surovcová Kamila Impact of invasive species (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) on biodiversity in commercial ash plantations 95Šebek Pavel Are present-day saproxylic communities affected rather by past than by present state of their habitats? 96*Vlková Kristýna Konektivita habitatů velkých šelem v Karpatech 97Weiser Martin Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization across species - intensity and species matching 98*Zýka Vladimír Míra fragmentace krajiny ve zvláště chráněných územích – podklad pro řízení a management 99


1

C. Graham

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland

A fundamental challenge for ecology and evolution is connecting broad scale biogeographical and macro-evolutionary mechanisms with local scale patterns of diversity. Community phylogenetics attempts to create this link by evaluating patterns of relatedness, and often trait similarity, among co-occurring species at multiple sites to generate hypotheses about the role of different mechanisms governing community assembly. In Neotropical hummingbirds, biogeographic studies show that closely related species co-occur less frequently than expected when compared to a species pool that considers environmental filtering or predicted species range overlaps. This pattern may result from limiting similarity and competitive exclusion of closely related species. However, the precise role of limiting similarity and niche conservatism in influencing local assemblages is difficult to infer from biogeographic patterns alone. Using our broad scale results as a guide, we developed local scale experiments and quantified hummingbird-plant interactions to better understand the mechanisms underlying both local and biogeographic patterns of diversity. Our work provides an initial link between patterns established by broad scale biogeography and mechanisms learned from local scale community ecology.

INVITED TALKZVANÁ PŘEDNÁŠKA4.9 18:00PLENARY TALK

Linking patterns and processes across scales: a case study with Neotropical hummingbirds

2

V. Šorfová, J. Bojková, V. Syrovátka, V. Polášková, M. Zhai, J. Schenková, M. Horsák

Ústav botaniky a zoologie, MU, Brno, Česká republika

[email protected]

V místě vývěru podzemní vody na povrch vzniká unikátní biotop se specifickými abiotickými podmínkami. V oblasti Západních Karpat vytváří vyvěrající voda podmáčené území odvodňované jednou či více pramennými stružkami – prameništní slatiniště. Díky ekotonálnímu efektu hostí tyto biotopy často druhově bohatá společenstva bezobratlých s vysokým zastoupením stanovištních specialistů. V současné době jsou ohroženy nejen lidskou (ne)činností, ale také postupujícími klimatickými změnami. Pro odpovídající ochranu a management je nezbytná znalost abiotických podmínek, procesů a vzájemných vztahů strukturujících společenstva těchto biotopů, včetně životních nároků druhů.

Výzkum západokarpatských slatinišť ukázal, že pro utváření společenstev vodních bezobratlých je zásadní způsob disperze (aktivní vs. pasivní) a stanovištní specializace jednotlivých druhů. Slatiništní specialisté a generalisté totiž reagují odlišně na jednotlivé faktory prostředí, stabilitu stanoviště a jeho historický vývoj. Obecně se pro vodní bezobratlé ukázaly být určujícími lokální podmínky prostředí. Jejich změny způsobené antropogenními či klimatickými vlivy představují významnou hrozbu pro druhy úzce spjaté s prostředím slatinišť, především pro zástupce s omezenou možností disperze. Abiotické změny prostředí obvykle vedou k nárůstu druhů okolních stanovišť (často generalistů), kteří mohou významně měnit biotické interakce v neprospěch slatiništních specialistů.

INVITED TALK (CZECH)ZVANÁ PŘEDNÁŠKA (ČESKY)4.9 12:15SESSION 1

Co utváří a ohrožuje unikátní společenstva vodních bezobratlých na prameništních slatiništích?

mailto:[email protected]

3

T. Václavík1,2, R. Delzeit3, F. Zabel4, R. Seppelt2,5,6

¹Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CZ²UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, DE³Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel, DE⁴Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, DE⁵iDiv – German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, DE⁶Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, DE

[email protected]

Agriculture is the primary driver of terrestrial biodiversity loss. With the global crop demand estimated to double by 2050, agricultural expansion and intensification will continue increasing rapidly. However, the future trade-offs between providing sufficient food for a growing population and conserving biological diversity remain unclear, as they are driven by various biophysical and socio-economic parameters at different scales. Here, we investigate these trade-offs by using a three-step interdisciplinary approach. We examine (i) how the expected global cropland expansion and intensification might affect agricultural production and prices, (ii) where conditions are suitable for cropland expansion and intensification under changing climate conditions, and (iii) whether these increases in agricultural production affects areas of high conservation importance. Our results show that allowing the expansion and intensification of cropland generally results in an improved food security not only in regions where crop production rises but also in net importing countries. On the other hand, the estimated increases in agricultural production may exert pressure in many regions that are crucial for biodiversity protection. By identifying hotspots of potential future conflicts, we demonstrate where conservation prioritization is needed to balance agricultural production with conservation goals.

INVITED TALKZVANÁ PŘEDNÁŠKA4.9 14:50SESSION 2

Farming the future planet: global trade-offs between agricultural production and biodiversity


4

R. Michalko1, S. Pekár2, M. Dul’a1, M. Entling3

¹Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic²Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic³University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany

[email protected]

The role of generalist predators, such as spiders, in biocontrol remains controversial as they can either suppress or enhance pest populations. The biocontrol function of spiders seems to be, therefore, context-dependent. Here we performed a meta-analysis of the published data on the effect of spiders on pest densities and crop performance. We investigated (1) the overall effect of spiders on pest density and crop performance; (2) whether the biocontrol efficiency of spiders depends on the crop type (vine, cabbage, wheat, and rice), and climate and geography. Spiders, in general, supressed pests significantly. The pest suppression efficacy of spiders was enhanced not only by increased density but also by increased taxonomic diversity. The effects of spiders cascade down and they improve the crops’ performances. Moreover, the effects of spiders escalate rather than attenuate down through the food-chains. We also found that the biocontrol efficacy of spiders differed among crops. The highest efficacies were in rice, followed by grape, cabbage, and wheat. The pest suppression efficacy of spiders and the positive effect of spiders on crop yield increased towards the tropics and with mean annual temperature. The meta-analysis provides strong evidence that generalist spiders are effective biocontrol agents. Our study also provides a support for the hypothesis that the predation pressure and the intensity of trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems intensify towards the tropics.


The biocontrol efficacy of spiders across the globe


5

M. Volf

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

[email protected]

The variation in plant chemical defences is a key factor affecting plant-insect interactions and diversity. Studying the processes supporting variation in plant chemistry is thus crucial for understanding the astonishing diversity of insects and plants. I aim at linking evolutionary and real time processes supporting variation in plant chemistry.

I show that costs of herbivory are not universal, and neither are insect responses to defences. The variable selective pressure by herbivores results in mixed defence strategies emerging over the course of plant evolution as I illustrate on an example of Ficus and several other plant genera. The resulting variability in plant defences promotes chemical diversity in plants, and consequently the diversity of insect herbivores and parasitoids.

To test such effects on insect communities in real time, I focus on plant inducible defences. I showed that a branch-localized induction of defences created a mosaic of variable plant traits and predation pressure in a flood plain forest canopy. I propose that such a localized induction can potentially drive herbivore species turnover. Combining this line of research with the studies on evolution of specificity of induced defences to individual herbivore species can help us to understand the interplay between interaction specificity, plant chemistry, and insect diversity.


Why do plants have so many chemical defences: a key to understanding insect herbivore diversity?


6

E. Mäntylä1,2, J. Frouz3,4, B. Koane5, H. Maraia5, J. Salminen6, K. Sam1,2, S. Segar1,7, M. Volf1,8, A. Weinhold8, V. Novotny1,2

¹Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic²University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic³Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., SoWa Research Infrastructure & Institute of Soil Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic⁴Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic⁵The New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea⁶Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland⁷Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom⁸German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany

[email protected]

In this experiment we have tested the defence strategies of several Ficus and Macaranga tree species in tropical lowland rainforests of Papua New Guinea. We needed species with high constitutive defence and low induced defence, and vice versa. Usually trees with high induced defence will emit a lot volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to attract predators of the herbivores. Trees with high constitutive defence can rely on the always existing protection against herbivores, and do not need to emit VOCs against herbivores. We tested eight different Ficus and three Macaranga species. We had three different treatments: methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to increase VOC emission, inhibitor of MeJA to decrease VOC emission (DIECA) and control. We measured the emitted VOCs from the trees with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubes. We also put artificial plasticine caterpillars to measure attraction of predators to the emitted VOCs. The total predation rate of the plasticine caterpillars differed between tree species, 12.8 – 33.6 %, and ants were the most common predator group. In tree species with high induced defence, the MeJA treatment attracted most predators. Ficus wassa is one of these species, and it had a significant positive correlation between the total predation rate of plasticine caterpillars and the emission of 6 VOCs. We also studied with plasticine caterpillars how the VOCs spread to the neighbouring trees. There were differences between species, distance and treatment. This still on-going experiment will give lots of new information of the different defence strategies of these tropical tree species.


Induced and constitutive defence of Ficus and Macaranga trees


7

L. Vančurová1, L. Muggia2, O. Peksa3, T. Řídká1, P. Škaloud1

¹Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Czech Republic²University of Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Italy³The West Bohemian Museum in Pilsen, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Lichens are among the best known, globally distributed symbiotic systems whose ecology is shaped by the requirements of all symbionts forming the holobiont. The lichen genus Stereocaulon provides a suitable model to study the ecology of green algal symbionts (i.e., phycobionts) within the lichen symbiosis. We analyzed 282 specimens, collected in diverse habitats worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a great diversity among the predominant phycobionts. The algal genus Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae) was recovered in most sampled thalli, but two additional genera, Vulcanochloris and Chloroidium, were also found. We used variation-partitioning analyses to investigate the effects of climatic conditions, substrate/habitat characteristic, spatial distribution, and mycobionts on phycobiont distribution. Analogically, we examined the effects of climate, substrate/habitat, spatial distribution, and phycobionts on mycobiont distribution. According to our analyses, the distribution of phycobionts is primarily driven by mycobionts and vice versa. Specificity and selectivity of both partners, as well as their ecological requirements and the width of their niches vary significantly among the species-level lineages. The species-level lineages, which accept more symbiotic partners, have wider climatic niches. Additionally, the survival of lichens on substrates with high concentrations of heavy metals appears to be supported by their association with toxicity-tolerant phycobionts.


The complexity of symbiotic interactions influences the ecological amplitude of the host


8

M. Devetter1,2, K. Tajovský1, V. Šustr1

¹Ústav půdní biologie, Biologické Centrum AV ČR, České Budějovice²Centrum polární ekologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Jihočeské University, České Budějovice

[email protected]

Amatérská jeskyně v Moravském krasu je nejdelším jeskynním systémem v ČR. V jejích hlubinách se vyskytují mimořádné populace žížal, které nemají obdobu ani v ČR ani v zahraničí.

Omezené populace povrchových druhů žížal se vyskytují v řadě jeskyní. Jejich populace jsou obvykle značně limitované a nevzbuzují větší pozornost. V Amatérské jeskyni se naopak vyskytují rozsáhlé populace na mnoha místech a jsou velmi nápadné svou činností. Vyskytuje se zde několik druhů žížal, dva druhy Aporrectodea rosea a Allobophora chlorotica se však vyskytují masově. Vzhledem k tomu, že jeskynní substrát obsahuje velmi málo (< 1%) organické hmoty jako zdroje potravy je otázkou, jak zde mohou najít dostatek potravy. Jeskynní půda obsahuje velmi málo karbonátů, což je překvapivé vzhledem k okolní vápencové hornině. Rozdíly v chemickém složení půdy se neukázaly významné pro přítomnost žížal. V jeskyni se prakticky nevyskytují jiní bezobratlí a jedná se tedy o unikátní modelový systém pro studium vlivu žížal na vývoj půdy. Celková abundance žížal se pohybuje od jednotek po cca 100 jedinců na m2. Analýzou stabilních izotopů dusíku 13N v tělech žížal se prokázalo, že tyto populace nekomunikují s povrchovými populacemi stejných druhů, prožily celý život v jeskyni a jsou pravděpodobně zcela autonomní, i když přísun jedinců z povrchu s prosakující vodou je teoreticky možný.

TALK (CZECH)PŘEDNÁŠKA (ČESKY)4.9 12:40BLOK 1

Život v hlubinách Země - Co vede žížaly k životu v podzemí?


9

P. Vymazalová1, O. Košulič1, J. Šipoš2,3, R. Hédl3

¹Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta, MENDELU, Brno, Česká republika²Agronomická fakulta, MENDELU, Brno, Česká republika³Botanický ústav AV ČR, Brno, Česká republika

[email protected]

Cílem tohoto výzkumu bylo posoudit vliv aktivních zásahů na epigeickou faunu pavouků, a to v nížinných lesích NPR Děvín (CHKO Pálava), kde více jak 80 let neprobíhal tradiční pařezinový management. Byl studován vliv míry prosvětlení porostu na druhovou bohatost, abundanci, funkční diverzitu, ochranářskou hodnotu, stupeň vzácnosti a složení společenstva pavouků. Výzkum probíhal na 15 monitorovacích plochách a ve třech intenzitách zásahů: silný zásah, střední zásah a kontrolní (plochy bez managementu).

Celkem bylo odchyceno 3 683 dospělých jedinců pavouků, náležících do 70 rodů a 116 druhů. Z tohoto počtu bylo zjištěno 23 druhů (20 %) náležících do Červeného seznamu ohrožených druhů pavouků. Druhová bohatost a ochranářské indikátory byly nejvyšší v silně prosvětlených porostech. Abundance pavouků byla nejvyšší na plochách s mírným prosvětlením. Funkční diverzita byla signifikantně nejvyšší v otevřených stanovištích se silným prosvětlením, avšak funkční znaky (strategie lovu pavouků a velikost těla) byly rovnoměrně rozptýleny ve všech typech prosvětlení.

Uvedený výzkum potvrdil, že návrat k aktivnímu managementu představuje vhodnou strategii ochrany biodiverzity v nížinných lesích. Nicméně, činnosti v oblasti těžby by neměly být prováděny celoplošně, aby byla zachována mozaikovitost nížinných lesů.

Výzkum byl podpořen prostředky specifického vysokoškolského výzkumu LDF MENDELU v rámci IGA projektu (LDF_PSV_2017004/2017 a LDF_VP_2019020) a Grantovou agenturou ČR, projekt 17-09283S.


Vliv aktivního managementu v NPR Děvín (CHKO Pálava) na epigeické pavouky


10

E. Líznarová1, M. Řezáč2

¹Ústav botaniky a zoologie, PřF, MU Brno²Výzkumný ústav rostlinné výroby, Praha

[email protected]

Praha patří mezi arachnologicky nejlépe prozkoumaná území České republiky. Navzdory negativním vlivům spojených s urbanizací se na území města Prahy stále nachází řada přírodně významných a unikátních území. Díky poměrně členitému terénu se mezi městskou zástavbou zachovaly plochy, dnes často chráněná maloplošná území, které slouží jako refugia zbytků původní fauny a flóry. Jsou zde dosud zastoupeny téměř všechny základní ekosystémy naší přírody: xerotermní skály, skalní stepi a lesostepi, přirozené lesní biotopy, vlhké louky, nivy a mokřady. Diverzitu pražské arachnofauny zvyšují i další, nechráněné plochy s antropicky ovlivněnými biotopy – parky, sady, nebo ruderály a v neposlední řadě také zastavěné plochy se synantropními a hemisynantropními druhy. Na území Prahy můžeme nalézt i vzácné a ohrožené druhy pavouků. Například na pražských stepích a lesostepích žijí všechny tři naše druhy sklípkánků rodu Atypus, dále zde můžeme najít ohroženého stepníka rudého (Eresus kollari) a některé vzácné skákavky (Neon rayi, Synageles hilarulus) a slíďáky (Alopecosa sulzeri, A. cursor). Z ohrožených mokřadních druhů pavouků byl na území Prahy nalezen např. jediný trvale ve vodě žijící pavouk vodouch stříbřitý (Argyroneta aquatica) a jediný zástupce své čeledi u nás, křižáček pobřežní (Theridiosoma gemmosum), který preferuje zachovalé nížinné mokřady.


Ohrožení pavouci Prahy


11

S. Ožana1, M. Burda2, O. Kaláb1, A. Dolný1

¹Katedra biologie a ekologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta OU, Ostrava, Česká republika²Ústav pro výzkum a aplikace fuzzy modelování OU, Ostrava, Česká republika

[email protected]

Vliv lidských aktivit na biodiverzitu je čím dál tím více patrný i v případě sladkovodních ekosystémů. Pro hodnocení těchto změn lze využít vhodnou skupinu bioindikátorů. Vážky, které jsou snadno identifikovatelné, reprezentují citlivé indikátory stavu vodního, ale také terestrického prostředí. V naší práci jsme se soustředili na vliv degradace a další environmentální charakteristiky biotopů s ohledem na druhové spektrum, ekologické charakteristiky (tzv. DBI = Dragonfly Biotic Index) i ochranářskou hodnotu přítomné odonatofauny. Pro tento výzkum byly využity širší geografické oblasti identifikovatelné polemi síťového mapování ČR. Na základě našich výsledků můžeme konstatovat, že početnost druhů je s ohledem na degradaci neprůkaznou proměnnou, naproti tomu hodnota DBI vykazuje s ohledem na vzrůstající míru degradace zřetelný klesající trend. Množství vodních biotopů v jednotlivých faunistických čtvercích je z pohledu vážek rovněž důležitá proměnná, ovšem významnější je jejich struktura a charakter . Obecně můžeme říci, že vodní nádrže poskytují útočiště zejména druhům s nevyhraněnými nároky na stanoviště a méně ohroženým druhům, oproti mokřadům či bažinám, ve kterých můžeme nalézt větší množství specialistů a ohrožených druhů. Na základě našich zjištění tak hodnotíme vážky jako vzorovou skupinu pro posuzování změn prostředí.


Vážky jako indikátory změn prostředí


12

J. Kadlec1, Š. Mikátová1, P. Máslo1, P. Šípek1, F. X. J. Sládeček2,3

¹Přírodovědecká fakulta UK Praha, Česká republika²Přírodovědecká fakulta JČU České Budějovice, Česká republika³ENTÚ AVČR České Budějovice, Česká republika

[email protected]

Náš výzkum se věnoval prozkoumání vzájemných interakcí v hmyzím společenstvu na mršinách drobných obratlovců a vlivu oddálení kolonizace. Na mršině, jako na efemerním habitatu, dochází k silné kompetici mezi jednotlivými skupinami hmyzu. Použitím manipulativního a plně kvantitativního přístupu jsme posunuli hmyzí kolonizaci mršin (potkan, myš) o tři dny. Tím jsme otestovali vliv vyloučení kompetičně dominantních skupin, jako jsou hrobaříci (Nicrophorinae) a larvy bzučivek (Calliphoridae). Většina dosavadních pokusů zaměřených na oddálení sukcese hmyzu byla prováděna na velkých mršinách a vliv oddálení sukcese na mršinách drobných obratlovců zůstával neznámý. Naše výsledky ukazují, že zablokování přístupu hmyzu má vliv na složení celého společenstva, zejména na početnost larev bzučivek a zároveň nemá výrazný vliv na početnost hrobaříků. Z celkového pohledu na společenstvo nám vyplývá, že vysoké počty larev bzučivek odpuzují mrchožravé brouky (Silphidae), ale překvapivě nemají vliv na početnost dravých larev masařek (Sarcophagidae), zejména na větších mršinách potkanů. Dravé druhy brouků oproti očekávání preferovaly mršiny s nižšími počty larev bzučivek. Důvodem této preference byla pravděpodobně obtížnější dostupnost larev žijících v obrovských masách oproti larvám roztroušeným po mršině. Naše výsledky také ukazují, že larvy bzučivek tvoří dominantní složku hmyzích společenstev v průběhu celé sezóny, zatímco dominantní vliv hrobaříků je silně závislí na ročním období.


Vliv oddálené kolonizace na složení hmyzího společenstva na mršinách drobných obratlovců


13

K. Horák1, T. Albrecht2

¹Přírodovědecká fakulta MU, Brno, ČR²Ústav biologie obratlovců AV ČR

[email protected]

Ptáci jsou modelovou skupinou studia latitudinálních změn v životních strategiích a tempu života. Každoroční tvorba nového opeření patří mezi energeticky nejnáročnější a nejdůležitější investice ptačího života. Komparativní ptilochronologická analýza na rozdílných latitudách však dosud chybí. Tato práce zkoumá rozdíly v investicích do opeření pěvců ve dvou odlišných prostředích: tropické Africe (Kamerun) a temperátní střední Evropy (Česká republika). V rámci tohoto latitudinálního kontrastu byla u 50 tropických a 50 temperátních druhů porovnávána růstová rychlost ocasních per a výskyt kazových proužků. Rychlost růstu byla porovnávána v rámci různých migračních strategií, tělesné hmotnosti a dalších aspektů. V souladu s očekáváním bylo zjištěno, že tropickým ptákům rostou ocasní pera výrazně pomaleji než temperátním, a to bez ohledu na fylogenetickou příbuznost. Rychlost růstu per však není primárně dána prostředím v místě pelichání, neboť stejnou rychlost růstu per sdíleli temperátní rezidenti a dálkoví migranti pelichající v tropech. Pomalejší růstová rychlost tropických druhů tak souvisí spíše s celkově pomalejším tempem jejich života oproti temperátním druhům, či s rozvolněním selekčního tlaku na kvalitu opeření v tropech. To naznačují i výsledky analýzy kazových proužků, které byly třikrát častější u tropických druhů. Rychlost růstu per a kvalita peří je dalším znakem jasně poukazujícím na rozdíly v ekologii a fyziologickém nastavení tropických a temperátních ptáků.


Komparativní ptilochronologie a investice do opeření u tropických a temperátních ptáků


14

R. Schnablová1,2, L. Huang3, P. Šmarda4, J. Klimešová5, T. Herben1,3

¹Institute of Botany CAS, Průhonice, Czech Republic²Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Prague, Czech Republic³Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic⁴Faculty of Science MU, Brno⁵Institute of Botany CAS, Třeboň, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Perennial plants of temperate flora have developed a unique strategy to cope with wintertime. They develop overwintering buds that enable them to resprout fast in the spring. Development of primordia of plant aboveground organs one or several seasons back is called bud preformation. How much energy does a plant species invest in the development of buds is likely to determine its ecological success. Bud preformation has been reported in habitats with short vegetative seasons (tundra, alpine habitats) allowing plants to attain the full reproductive process in time. However, its frequency in temperate flora and its ecological distribution has not been well documented.

Our study of a large set of phylogenetically and ecologically representative species revealed that about 31 % of the temperate species are preforming and that bud preformation is phylogenetically fairly conservative. It is more frequent in shaded (i.e. with short vegetation season in spring) and undisturbed (i.e. predictable) habitats. In such environments, it is advantageous to invest more energy into the bud predevelopment, stay safe in the buds and thus shorten the time aboveground. Our results also support the hypothesis that bud preformation may be advantageous for early flowering species with large genomes in which cell division would take a long time.

Our results clearly show that bud preformation is one of the key plant traits enabling plants to adapt to short seasonal temperate climate.


Ekologický význam květní preformace v pupenech rostlin mírného pásu


15

J. Blažek1, A. Konečný1, J. Kulfan2, T. Bartonička1

¹Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Masarykova univerzita, Brno²Ústav ekológie lesa, Slovenská akadémia vied, Zvolen

[email protected]

Mezi členovci jsou motýli hlavními zemědělskými a lesními škůdci v mnoha částech světa a Evropě dokonce reprezentují většinu druhů. Mnoho z nich má ekonomický význam jako škůdci plodin, užitkových rostlin nebo skladovaných produktů. Zaměřujeme se na dva druhy píďalek, které působí lokální žíry na listnatých stromech během dubna a května, Operophtera brumata a Erannis defoliaria. Většina druhů letounů vykazuje oportunistické chování a očekáváme, že vybrané druhy budou na jaře přecházet na nejdostupnější kořist, tedy na housenky píďalek. Housenky jsme vzorkovali během jara a dospělce na podzim, abychom určili úroveň výskytu škůdců na studovaných lokalitách. Na dvou lokalitách s výskytem housenek a jedné kontrolní jsme sledovali letovou aktivitu od 15. dubna do 25. května 2017, kdy počet housenek dosáhl vrcholu. Letová aktivita sběračů (Myotis nattereri a M. bechsteinii) a dalších dvou druhů netopýrů, kteří lovecké strategie kombinují (Plecotus auritus a P. austriacus), byla zaznamenávána automatickými detektory. Na obou lokalitách s výskytem píďalek jsme během gradace housenek zjistili významné zvýšení letové aktivity všech sledovaných druhů netopýrů. Nezaznamenali jsme žádné významné zvýšení aktivity na kontrolní lokalitě. Na základě našich výsledků lze potvrdit, že netopýři jsou schopni agregační odpovědi na lokalitách s vysokým počtem škůdců, čímž by mohli přispět k jejich kontrole.

Tento projekt byl součástí specifického výzkumu na Masarykově univerzitě (MUNI/A/1436/2018).


Agregační odpověď netopýrů na gradaci škůdců hospodářského lesa


16

K. Čiháková1,3, J. Danišová2

¹Katedra biologie, PedF JČU, České budějovice, Česká republika²Tereza, vzdělávací centrum, z.ú. Praha³Muzeum Říčany

[email protected]

Dnešní žáci základních škol budou jako dospělí čelit výzvám spojeným s klimatickou změnou a úbytkem biodiverzity. V ČR však převažuje ve školách frontální výuka, žáci nejsou vedeni k pozorování přírody, kladení otázek, navrhování a provádění vlastních experimentů. Projevuje se to ve výsledcích v mezinárodních šetřeních zaměřených na přírodovědnou gramotnost. V šetření PISA 2015 se ukázalo, že čeští žáci významně zaostávají za jinými evropskými zeměmi ve schopnosti navrhnout vlastní výzkum a interpretovat výsledky výzkumu. U učitelů se proto objevuje rostoucí zájem o učení venku a badatelsky orientované vyučování (angl. Inquiry-based Science Education), které staví na vlastních otázkách žáků, plánování vlastních experimentů a jejich vyhodnocení. Aktivní učitelé se účastní dalšího vzdělávání, vyhledávají si zdroje a využívají hotové badatelské lekce. Analyzovali jsme odpovědi od 570 učitelů, kteří si stáhli e-book na www.ucimesevenku.cz. Zjistili jsme, že dnešní učitelé sice během vlastního studia (přírodovědeckých i pedagogických fakult) absolvovali terénní kurzy, ale nejsou připraveni učit venku. Polovina učitelů sice využívá k výuce venkovní prostředí velmi často, ale nezařazují badatelskou výuku. Pro vyšší zapojení této metody je třeba delší vzdělávání, nejlépe již při přípravě budoucích učitelů. Část učitelů, kteří absolvovali pouze 1denní seminář, totiž přesto nedává žákům prostor pro vlastní výzkumné otázky, ani pro navrhování výzkumu.


Vzdělávání v ekologii - Učíme se venku


http://www.ucimesevenku.cz

17

E. Lorencová1, J. Bojková1, E. Maršálková2, M. Horsák1

¹Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic²Institute of Botany of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Lowland standing waters are a hotspot of mollusc diversity but increasing negative anthropogenic impact (e.g. nutrition inputs and pollutions) on these habitats may alter the structure of the mollusc assemblages. It is assumed that different processes control mollusc assemblages in oligotrophic and eutrophic sites. Besides environmental filters, the distances between sites and their connectivity can influence the migration of mollusc between sites or to new habitats. In this study, we compare mollusc metacommunities of two agricultural regions differing mainly in sites water chemistry, canopy cover, isolation and subsoil. In the 56 naturally eutrophic sites in Dyje River floodplain (Czechia), 33 species were found, while in 22 oligotrophic karst lakes of Dumre (middle Albania), only 9 mollusc species were recorded. Our results showed that: 1) habitat heterogeneity and local environmental conditions significantly influence mollusc species richness and distribution; 2) local environmental conditions are dominant in structuring of mollusc metacommunities in species-rich eutrophic area while the distances among sites have the same importance as local environmental conditions in species-poor oligotrophic sites; 3) inputs of nutrients from the surrounding agricultural landscape change the water quality in ponds, which lead to the homogenization of mollusc regional diversity.

TALK (ENGLISH) PŘEDNÁŠKA (ANGLICKY)4.9 15:15SESSION 2

Freshwater mollusc metacommunities of small ponds in two agricultural regions


18

T. Hamřík1, O. Košulič1

Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, LDF MENDELU, Brno, Czech Republic

[email protected]

The abandonment of traditional farming caused the areas with early stages of succession to overgrow and become homogeneous, resulting in serious loss of arthropod biodiversity. Traditional farming therefore needs to be replaced by active management methods. This research studies the effect of conservation management on spiders of the steppe biotopes Pláně Nature Monument. Specifically, the influence of mowing, prescribed burning, soil disturbance and non-intervention on abundance, species richness, functional diversity and conservation indicators was investigated. The treatments were applied on the patches (4 x 5 m) and replicated at three sites. A total of 154 species with 11,634 specimens including many rare and endangered species were captured. Management had no significant effect on the species richness. Spiders had higher abundance in unmanaged and burned patches. Burned patches had also high abundance of rare and endangered species of spiders. Intensive soil disturbance had the lowest values of conservation indicators and had rather a negative effect on the overall arachnofauna. Prescribed burning had positive results for most of the studied indicators. The results show that interventions performed on a small area can significantly support the biodiversity of steppe habitats. To support habitat heterogeneity and the diversity of organisms that depend on it, the interventions should be combined and performed in such a scale that would avoid extensive habitat disturbance.


Importance of small-scale conservation management to spiders (Araneae) in xeric grasslands


19

V. Lanta1, O. Mudrák1, P. Liancourt1, M. Bartoš1, Z. Chlumská1, M. Dvorský1, Z. Pusztaiová3, Z. Münzbergová2,3, P. Sebek4, L. Čížek4,5, J. Doležal1,6,7

¹Department of Functional Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Czech Republic²Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany CAS, Czech Republic³Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czech Republic⁴Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Czech Republic⁵Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic ⁶Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic⁷Laboratotry of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States

[email protected]

Forestry intensification leads to increase in canopy closure, causing biodiversity decline and functional homogenization. Canopy interventions such as local clearings with standards are proposed to halt such a decline. Here two types of experimental clearings were applied – clearings connected to alluvial meadows versus clearings inside the forest. We studied vegetation changes at two spatial scales for six years in relation to composition of surrounding habitats, soil seed bank and functional traits in order to assess the role of species pool, dispersal limitation and niche-based competition processes. In clearings, plant species diversity substantially increased, peaking in the second and third year after cutting when the vegetation was still sparse. Afterwards, when the vegetation was becoming dense and competition increased, the species richness in clearings decreased. Species composition changed from thin-leafed, wind dispersible early colonizers being light-demanding short-lived species towards shade-tolerant perennial species. Connected clearings were more species-rich than isolated clearings at the larger scale, but less diverse at the fine scale, indicating larger within-site heterogeneity caused. Light and nutrient-demanding plants were more diverse and abundant in connected while threatened species of open forests tended to establish more in isolated clearings. Important role of clearing location within the landscape context for restoring forest diversity.


Active management promotes plant diversity in lowland forests


20

E. Gonzalez1, M. Štrobl1, P. Janšta2, T. Kadlec1, M. Knapp1

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic²Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Non-crop habitats within agricultural landscapes can increase biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services in adjacent fields. Field defects are temporary non-crop patches where the crop is poorly developed and other plants emerge. Despite that these defects can be common, their relevance as habitat for insects is unknown. Here, we studied the assemblages of parasitoids in artificial field defects within oilseed rape (OSR). In five fields, we created field defects at the edge and interior of the fields by destroying OSR plants in 18x18 m plots in early spring. Parasitoids were sampled with white and yellow pan traps and sweep sampling in spring and summer at field defects and OSR controls. We collected 5,949 individuals corresponding to 206 species. The most abundant species were parasitoids of OSR pests: Diospilus sp.1 (12.3% of total abundance), Trichomalus perfectus (11.5%), and Mesopolobus morys (9.5%). We found a significant interaction between habitat type and sampling period for richness and abundance. During spring, numbers of species and individuals were slightly higher in field defects compared to OSR. In summer, richness and abundance increased and were ca. four times higher in field defects than in OSR. No differences between edge and interior were detected. This suggests that field defects can have an important role as habitats for parasitoids within agricultural fields, especially after crop flowering. This study was funded by grant GAČR 18-26542S.


Field defects as habitats for parasitoids: insights from a field experiment in oilseed rape crops


21

T. Těšitelová1, H. Vogt-Schilb1,2, L. Klimešová1, M. Kotilínek1, P. Kohout1, P. Sucháček1, J. Jersáková1

¹University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic²CEFE-UMR 5175, CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France

[email protected]

Natural grasslands have suffered a dramatical biodiversity decline due to land use changes. The restoration of orchid populations is particularly difficult due to their dependence on mycorrhizal fungi for germination. We investigated edaphic conditions and diversity of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in soil in 29 restored and 31 natural grasslands in the White Carpathians and in seven orchid species using high-throughput sequencing. We also investigated germination on a subset of restored and natural grasslands. Significant differences in the amount of nutrients and in fungal diversity were found. Fungi from the Ceratobasidiaceae family were more frequent in phosphorus-rich restored grasslands, while Sebacinales were more frequent in natural grasslands with higher organic matter content. The germination success of orchid species was constrained by their fungal specificity; generalists germinated with a broader range of fungi even in restored grasslands, while germination of specialists was restricted mainly to natural grasslands. In a subsequent experiment, addition of species-specific fungal inoculum into soil in restored grasslands significantly improved germination of two specialist species. Our results suggest that change in land use and edaphic factors affect indirectly the orchid recruitment by modifying fungal community in soil. The absence of mycorrhizal fungi for specialist orchid species can be overwhelmed by fungus inoculum addition.


Restoration of orchid populations in White Carpathians: fungus availability matters


22

P. Pokorný

CTS, Charles University and the Academy of Sciences of the CR, Prague, Czech Republic

[email protected]

The current dynamic paradigm in forest ecology recognizes the important role of different types of disturbances. Paleoecological approaches play an important role in testing the effects of disturbances on forests, which is simply due to the length of the processes we study. Until recently, the notion of their predominantly natural causes has hindered the full appreciation of the importance of disturbing factors. However, it has recently been shown that the anthropogenic impact on forests goes far beyond the (sub)recent past. Rich history of human-forest interactions basically overlaps with the entire Holocene. This is the case in Europe but also in many other parts of the world. The contribution will be a review of the current paradigm shift in this field.


Anthropogenic forest disturbances: Paradigm extended


23

C. Chaudron1,2, M. Mazalová1, T. Kuras1

¹Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic²University of Tours, UMR CNRS 7324 CITERES, Tours, France

[email protected]

The expansion of road networks has led to an increase in the length of a potential habitat for many plants and animals: the road verge. Road verges are generally sown with species-poor grassy seed mixtures, thus they are overgrown by few competitive grasses and are poor in food resource for many invertebrates. To reduce the dominance of grasses, regular mowing is usually needed, but this practice may negatively impact species at other trophic levels. Another method which has proved to reduce the dominance of grasses and increase plant species diversity is the introduction of hemiparasitic plants; however, its effects on species at other trophic levels are poorly known. We studied the effects of Rhinanthus alectorolophus on plants’ and invertebrates’ communities of ten grassy experimental sites located along highways and major roads in Czech Republic. Each site was divided into halves (one half sown with Rhinanthus and one control). We found that Rhinanthus decreased grass cover over the two years following sowing, while it increased the proportion of bare ground and decreased forb cover the second year following sowing. In addition, Rhinanthus increased the abundance of some bumblebees and change in vegetation structure influenced the community composition of both butterflies and bumblebees. Finally, the development of an agricultural technology allowed us to produce Rhinanthus’ seeds at a low price and gave us good prospect for the use of seeds at a large spatial scale.


Hemiparasitic plants as a tool for biodiversity conservation: a case study from the road networks


24

M. Knapp1, M. Řeřicha1, S. Maršíková1, F. Harabiš1, T. Kadlec1, O. Nedvěd2,3, T. Teder1,4

¹Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic ²University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic ³Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic ⁴University of Tartu, Estonia

[email protected]

The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, is considered to be one of the most invasive insect species worldwide. Its invasion success and extreme speed of range expansion has been partially attributed to weak control of its populations by natural enemies. Previously published data on emergence rates of the hymenopteran parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae support the enemy release hypothesis: Harmonia axyridis has been consistently less successfully parasitized compared to native ladybird species. In this study, we show that since 2016, i.e. 10 years after its arrival in Central Europe, several populations of H. axyridis in the Czech Republic have a very high prevalence of D. coccinellae parasitism. Dinocampus coccinellae emerged from 46 % of H. axyridis individuals in the most parasitized population. Moreover, H. axyridis was more parasitized than the native Coccinella septempunctata in seven of nine investigated co-occurring populations. The meta-analytically pooled estimate of D. coccinellae emergence rate from H. axyridis across the Czech populations (this study) is thirteen times higher than the pooled estimate for invasive populations of this beetle elsewhere (historical data up to 2016). We hypothesize that some Central European populations of D. coccinellae have evolved to overcome the immune system of H. axyridis, which was previously thought to be responsible for the high larval mortality of D. coccinellae.


Invasive host caught up with a native parasitoid: Harmonia axyridis vs. Dinocampus coccinellae


25

E. Chumanová, Z. Haňáčková, L. Havrdová, V. Zýka, T. Brestovanská, D. Romportl, D. Zahradník, K. Černý

Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v. v. i., Průhonice, Česká republika

[email protected]

Almost 100 alien pathogens of woody species have been identified in the Czech Republic since the second half of the 19th century when the first introductions were reported. Approximately tenth of them are able to spread invasively, severely impact stands and populations of their hosts and modify a character, structure and function of invaded ecosystems. However, suitable predictive models and maps of pathogens distribution and impacts on forests and landscapes at the local level are lacking. Even though, the identification of locations at the highest as well as the lowest risk of invasion and damage is crucial for effective management of invasions and protection of forests and landscapes at the state level. We aimed to develop spatial predictions of i) the environmental suitability for the pathogens potentially having the highest impact on the Czech nature and/or ii) the potential severity of their impact on Czech forests. We used geographic information systems in conjunction with species distribution models to solve the task. We present two statistical models and maps for Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (causing dieback of ash species), the first one predicting the current ash dieback severity and the second one the environmental suitability for the disease in all forests containing ash trees across the Czech Republic, and an expert model and map predicting the environmental suitability for Phytophthora cinnamomi (polyphagous pathogen causing root and collar rot of its hosts).


Invasive tree pathogens: predicting environmental suitability and potential impact on Czech forests


26

J. Těšitel

Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Masarykova univerzita, Brno, Česká republika

[email protected]

Plant invasions cause loss of biodiversity and degradation of habitats in ecosystems worldwide. Similar to alien invasions, expansions of native species have recently been shown to have comparable effects on biota. Preventing further invasion, reduction of the invasive species and restoration of the original diversity represent a major global challenge.

Recent research has highlighted an emerging role for native parasitic plants as biological control suppressing invasive plants, thus aiding in restoration of infested habitats. Parasitic plants have traditionally been viewed as pests in agriculture but some of them have been shown to enhance biodiversity through their effects on plant communities and ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling. Plant parasitism may specifically interfere with key processes such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation or clonal propagation by rhizomes that allow invaders to grow quickly or attain dominance.

The most comprehensive evidence on parasitic plants interfering with plant invasions comes from three case studies testing the use of parasitic plants to suppress both alien and native invasive plants in Central Europe, southern Australia and eastern China. These studies demonstrate suppression of target invasive species, and in some cases an increase of native species abundance indicating recovery of the communities from invasions. Further cases of native parasitic plants attacking invasive species have been recorded across five continents.


Native parasitic plants: a solution of plant invasions worldwide?


27

A. Petrusek

Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague

[email protected]

Crayfish plague is a disease with serious conservational impact on European native crayfish species, spread primarily by invasive crayfish of North American origin. Mass mortalities of noble and stone crayfish have been also regularly recorded in Czech waters in the past 15 years, and the disease is at present considered one of the key threats to our native crayfish populations. Development and application of molecular tools for screening of infection status in carrier crayfish and genotyping of the pathogen strains allows for tracking likely sources of the diseases and its dispersal pathways. In the presentation, I will highlight the recent advances in the crayfish plague research in Europe, and in particular the up-to-date knowledge on the diversity and spread of the crayfish plague pathogen in Czechia, and challenges we are facing when attempting to mitigate its impact.


Recent advances and challenges in crayfish plague research


28

K. Štajerová1,2, P. Kohout1,3,4, Z. Kolaříková1, L. Sekerka5, P. Šmilauer6, D. Blumenthal7, R. M. Callaway8,9, M. Hejda1, P. Kotanen10, D. L. Larson11, M. Öpik12, U. Schaffner13, R. Sudová1, S. Vosolsobě1,4, P. Pyšek1,2

Affiliations listed on next page

[email protected]

Despite ongoing intensive research on mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant ecology, its importance in invasion biology has been rather underestimated. Here, we focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that are ubiquitous, low host-specific, world-wide distributed and associated with the majority of terrestrial plants. Thus, it is highly probable that an invasive plant species will interact with AMF in its native as well as in the invaded range.

The present study aims to test this assumption by using a biogeographic comparison of three (semi)grassland Asteraceae species native to Europe and invasive in North America. In both ranges, we established experimental sites in which the given species was either a native or an invasive dominant: 1) to identify AMF community assembly associated with the given species, 2) to compare AMF community assembly of the given species with that of native species of resident communities, and 3) to describe changes in AMF community assembly during the invasion process.

In total, 163 AMF virtual taxa were identified. Community assemblies of AMF associated with the given species significantly differed between ranges whereas no important difference was found in the composition of AMF communities in the roots of the given species compared with that of native species of resident communities. In general, the host plant effect and richness of AMF communities associated with the given species decreased during the invasion process.


Community assembly rules of arbuscular fungi in plant invasions: comparison between ranges


29

K. Štajerová1,2, P. Kohout1,3,4, Z. Kolaříková1, L. Sekerka5, P. Šmilauer6, D. Blumenthal7, R. M. Callaway8,9, M. Hejda1, P. Kotanen10, D. L. Larson11, M. Öpik12, U. Schaffner13, R. Sudová1, S. Vosolsobě1,4, P. Pyšek1,2

¹Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic²Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic³Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic⁴Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic⁵Department of Entomology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, CZ-193 00 Prague, Czech Republic⁶Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic⁷Rangeland Resources and System Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA⁸Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA⁹Wildlife Biology and the Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA¹⁰Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada¹¹Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA 12 Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai St., Tartu, 51005, Estonia 13 CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland¹²Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai St., Tartu, 51005, Estonia 13 CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland¹³CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland


Community assembly rules of arbuscular fungi in plant invasions: comparison between ranges

30

D. Boukal1,2, J. Mocq1, P. Soukup1,2, J. Näslund1,3

¹Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia ²Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia³Department of Zoology, Stockholm university, Stockholm, Sweden

[email protected]

Increased habitat complexity can modify feeding links by providing refuges for prey, creating perching sites for predators, and limiting the visual range and movement of predators or prey. All these mechanisms can alter consumer functional responses and hence affect community structure and dynamics, but changes in functional response parameters along habitat complexity gradients are little understood.

We quantified functional response parameters at multiple levels of habitat complexity ranging from an entirely unstructured to a highly structured habitat in a freshwater invertebrate predator-prey system using two complementary experimental approaches: feeding experiments and behavioural observations.

While the functional response shape remained unchanged, we found strong evidence for a stepwise change in attack rate along the habitat complexity gradient. Surprisingly, estimated handling time was constant or varied with habitat complexity depending on the experimental approach. This may stem from partially incompatible definitions of handling time in both experimental approaches.

Added habitat complexity is often used for restoration purposes in degraded habitats. Our results imply that a full understanding of its effects on local food webs and communities requires studies that combine multiple experimental approaches and cover multiple levels of habitat complexity beyond the commonly used presence-absence binary scale.


Parsing the nonlinear effects of habitat complexity on functional responses


31

T. Herben, L. Huang

Department of Botany, Charles University

[email protected]

In temperate climates, one of the key dimensions of species functional differentiation within communities is temporal differentiation in growth and development. While differentiation in flowering has been paid extensive interest, both because of pollination patterns and response to changing climate, growth phenologies have remained virtually unstudied, in spite of their obvious ecological role.

We collected data on growth phenology of about 400 perennial herbs in a botanical garden to make the results independent of local differences in climatic drivers as much as possible. Using these data, we determined Day of peak growth, Day of maturity and two types of growth rates. We then used co-occurrence data of these species and examined whether co-occurring species show non-random patterns of these parameters. We found large differences among habitat types, mainly due to differences in intensity of plant cover. In habitats with sparse plant cover (forests, unproductive habitats), paramaters of growth phenology were either random or over-dispersed. In contrast, in productive habitats (mesic grasslands) all parameters showed synchronization.

We show that large differences in growth dynamics among herbaceous species are constrained by a few key trade-offs involving height at maturity, rate of growth and time when maximum height is attained. These trade-offs correspond to major selective forces in temperate climates which act differently in different habitats.


Plant growth phenologies: trade-offs and environmental patterns


32

J. Mocq1, L. Pellisier1, D. Boukal1,2

¹Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia ²Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia

[email protected]

Changing temperatures can alter food web functioning by modifying predator functional responses that determine trophic interaction strengths. The two key functional response parameters, the attack rate and handling time, vary predictably with predator and prey body size and temperature. While these relationships are well understood across species, the intraspecific scaling of functional response parameters with body size and temperature is poorly known. We tested if the reported interspecific patterns of handling time and attack rate also apply within species.

To this end, we used several larval instars of Sympetrum dragonflies as predators and Daphnia magna as prey. We assayed them at 16, 20, 24 and 28°C in lab feeding trials to identify the functional response shape and the attack rate and handling time for each instar.

While the consumption of smaller instars increased with temperature, that of larger individuals peaked at 24°C and subsequently declined at 28°C, highlighting a greater sensitivity of larger instars to warming. Handling time decreased with body size as expected, but the slopes varied with temperature. The attack rate peaked at intermediate body sizes as predicted only at lower temperatures, and increased with body size at higher temperatures. These results highlight the variability of temperature dependence of functional responses across ontogeny. Models of community responses to climate change should thus consider stage-specific functional responses.


Intraspecific scaling of trophic interactions with temperature and body size in dragonfly larvae


33

O. Michálek1, L. Kuhn-Nentwig2, S. Pekár1

¹Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic²Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

[email protected]

Venomous animals utilize venom in defensive or predatory interactions. The venoms of predators are under strong selection pressure, because venom is a costly substance and a prey may potentially become resistant. Therefore, efficiency of the venom should be tailored to affect the focal prey in particular. Very effective venom paralysis has been observed in specialized predators, such as spiders preying on dangerous prey, like ants or other spiders. Our aim was to compare toxicity of the venoms of four prey-specialized species and related generalist species using controlled bioassays. Firstly, we milked the venom from spiders by means of electrostimulation. Then, we injected different venom concentrations into two prey types – the prey preferred by specialist (spider or ant) and an alternative prey represented by a cricket – and observed the paralysis of the prey within 24 hours. We revealed that the venoms of specialists are far more potent towards preferred prey than alternative prey. The venoms of generalists was similarly potent to both prey types, but less potent than the venom of specialists on the preferred prey. Our results confirm that specific venom efficiency is one of the key adaptations of prey-specialized spiders allowing then to subdue dangerous prey.


Specific efficiency of venom of prey-specialised spiders


34

D. Storch1,2, I. Hatton3

¹Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Praha²Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha³Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona

[email protected]

Metabolic theory of ecology (MET) is a major achievement of recent ecological theory. It states that all biological rates are fuelled by metabolic rate, which universally scales with body size allometrically, as a power-law with the exponent of ¾, driven by the constraints of internal transportation systems. We have assembled the largest data collected so far on metabolic rates, body sizes, abundances, growth rates and lifespans across all eukaryotes, and explored scaling relationships among these variables both within and across the major eukaryote groups. Although metabolic rate scales allometrically with body mass within groups as postulated by the MTE, it scales almost isometrically (proportionally) across all eukaryotes, so that metabolic rate per unit mass is roughly invariant across a wide range of scales. In contrast, growth scales with body mass universally allometrically, with the scaling coefficient of ¾ both within and across groups. We show that these patterns are not consistent with the idea that growth rate is driven by metabolic rate. Instead, the most parsimonious explanation is that metabolic rate is generally constrained only by minimum and maximum metabolism living matter can sustain, and within these constraints, metabolism is adjusted to the needs of growth. Supported by an additional evidence, growth dynamic appears, in striking contrast to the MTE, to be the major factor driving the ¾ scaling of all biological rates.


Is the Metabolic Theory of Ecology entirely wrong? Linking scaling relationships across eukaryotes


35

G. Wos1, F. Kolář1,2

¹Department of Botany, Charles University, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic²Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

[email protected]

Along large environmental gradients important variations in climatic conditions impose strong selection on organisms leading to locally adapted populations. But little is known if local adaptation involves similar combinations of traits or genes in populations from different mountain regions when transplanted in the same environment. We combined reciprocal transplant and growth chamber experiments and tested (1) Do we observe signs of local adaptation along an elevational gradient? (2) Do we observe similarities in gene expression between foothill and alpine populations from different mountain regions? We collected seeds of Arabidopsis arenosa in 16 natural populations at different elevations in 4 mountain regions in Central Europe. Seeds were transplanted into one low- and one high-elevation site in the Eastern Austrian Alps. In parallel, we raised seeds in growth chambers for the transcriptomic analysis. Reciprocal transplant showed significant differences in fitness, i.e. number of flowers, between foothill and alpine populations when transplanted in the low- or high-elevation site. And the differences may be more or less important depending on the mountain region of origin. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant similarities in gene expression between foothill and alpine populations across the 4 mountain regions with an overrepresentation of genes involved in biotic stress response, depicting the overall decrease in pathogen pressure from lower to higher elevations.


Local adaptation along an elevational gradient in Arabidopsis arenosa in Central Europe


36

O. Mudrák1, J. Doležal1

Botanický ústav AV ČR, Třeboň, Czech Republic

[email protected]

For long ecologists expected that plant species assembled into the community need to be functionally dissimilar to differentiate niches and reduce competition. Accumulating evidence shows, that community can be formed also from functionally similar species adapted to environmental stress (environmental filtering). The prevalence of these mechanisms is still debated, but there is missing information from harsh environment at the edge of plant distribution such are cold deserts of Himalaya Mts.

In area of Ladakh (N of India) we acquired 13 functional traits (anatomical and ecophysiological parameters) and reconstructed phylogeny of over 500 species and we used 192 vegetation samples available for the area. For each trait and for phlygenetic distance we computed functional diversity within each vegetation sample (as Mean Pair Dissimilarity). Functional diversity was verified by null model randomization to assess whether it is larger or lower than in randomly assembled community; i.e. whether plants are forced to be similar or dissimilar in their traits or phylogenetic distances.

Functional trait diversity was generally lower than expected in random community while the functional diversity based on phylogenetic distances in community tended to be higher. This indicates that despite plant species were phylogenetically unrelated they tended to be functionally similar showing strong environmental filtering of cold desert plant communities.


Assembly of plant communities in Himalayan cold deserts


37

A. Klimeš1,2, T. Koubek1, M. Weiser1, T. Herben1,3

¹Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha, Česká republika²Botanický ústav AVČR, Třeboň³Botanický ústav AVČR, Průhonice

[email protected]

Angiosperms evolved probably in Jurassic or early Cretaceous as small shrubs in understory of gymnosperm vegetation. Herbaceous habit representing today half of angiosperm species, appeared first time shortly after that. What led to the evolution of herbs is not known. Several hypotheses concerning various stress factors as freezing, or drought were suggested but had not received much support so far. We propose greater growth plasticity of herbs than woody plants as potential driver of their evolution or proliferation. Since herbs create aboveground structures only for one year, they can respond to light heterogeneity more plastically than woody plants creating long living structures with need to pursue long-term goals such as stability and upward growth. We carried out an experimental directed green shading of seedlings of both growth forms to test this hypothesis. Our results represent modest evidence in favor of the hypothesis. Response of herbs is probably larger than response of woody plants. Thus, different growth plasticity might be the driver or one of the drivers of evolution or proliferation of herbs.


Growth plasticity as potential driver of evolution of herbs


38

Z. Münzbergová1,2, T. Dostálek1,2, A. Veselá1,2, M. Šurinová1,2, Z. Líblová1,2, R. Schablová2,3, D. Haisel3

¹Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ²Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic³Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Understanding the determinants of species performance is crucial for predicting species ability to respond to novel climate. Species may respond to novel conditions either by phenotypic plasticity (i.e. performance driven by current climate), genetic differentiation (i.e. performance driven by climate of origin) or their interaction. It is also possible that the species are unable to adapt to the environment and their performance is primarily determined by their evolutionary history. While a range of previous studies explored the interactions between the current and original climate, we know little on their importance relative to importance of phylogenetic constrains. We use a highly diver genus Impatiens with many species occurring along elevational gradients in Himalayas as the model and explore variation in species germination including stratification requirements, growth and physiology including production of photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments. The results indicate that climate of plant origin, current climate as well as phylogeny are important determinants of species performance with the relative importance of these processes depending on the specific traits. Overall, the study illustrates how understanding the relative importance of these three groups of processes is crucial for proper understanding of species ability to respond to future climatic conditions.


Climate of origin, current climate and phylogeny as drivers of species performance


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Z. Lososová1, J. Divíšek1,2, M. Chytrý1, L. Götzenberger1,3, J. Těšitel1, L. Mucina4,5

¹Department of Botany and Zoology, MU, Brno, Czech Republic²Department of Geography, MU, Brno, Czech Republic³Institute of Botany CAS, Třeboň, Czech Republic⁴Vegetation Science and Biogeography, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia ⁵Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

[email protected]

Phylogenetic structure of plant communities carries an imprint of evolutionary processes underpinning assembly of those communities. Here we are using a unique combination of datasets involving a comprehensive hierarchical vegetation system for Europe, structured into vegetation classes, broad vegetation types (composites of the classes), and biomes, and further complemented with extensive pools of species diagnostic for each of the community units. We show that high phylogenetic diversity, reflected by phylogenetic overdispersion, is associated with habitat stability, suggesting that several forest types, aquatic vegetation, and rocky-cliff vegetation, are serving as evolutionary museums. High levels of both disturbance and stress have a profound impact on the phylogenetic structure of vegetation types, driving clustered phylogenetic structure in vegetation of anthropogenic habitats, secondary grasslands, open-canopy Mediterranean vegetation, steppes, and continental semi-deserts. Our study, by showing that phylogenetic similarity of vegetation types within broad vegetation groups and biomes is higher than those among both broad vegetation groups and biomes of Europe, is lending support to the Ecological Zones of Origin hypothesis. We demonstrated that niche conservatism was the major factor structuring the species pools not only at the biome level, but also at finer spatial level of defined by broad vegetation types.


Macroevolutionary patterns in European vegetation


40

J. Smyčka1, C. Roquet1,2, E. Coissac1, M. Boleda1, F. Boyer1, R. Douzet3, C. Perrier3, M. Rome3, C. Dentant4, A. Moehl5, B. Hurdu6,7, L. Garraud8, J. Van Es8, J. Charles Villaret8, A. Alberti9, K. Šemberová10, N. Zimmermann11, W. Thuiller1, P. Wincker9, the PhyloAlps consortium, S. Lavergne1

¹Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, FR-38000 Grenoble, France²Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, ES-08193 Bellaterra, Spain³Jardin Alpine de Lautaret, Université Grenoble Alpes, FR-38000 Grenoble, France⁴Parc national des Ecrins, FR-05000 Gap, France⁵Botanische Garten Bern, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland⁶Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, RO-400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania⁷Institute of Biological Research, RO-400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania⁸Conservatoire Botanique National Alpin, Domaine de Charance, FR-05000 Gap, France⁹Genoscope, Centre National de Séquençage, FR-91057 Evry Cedex, France¹⁰Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-12801 Prague, Czech Republic¹¹Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland

[email protected]

Temperate alpine floras harbor unusually high biodiversity and endemism despite the dramatic climatic history of these regions, but the eco-evolutionary processes that generated this diversity are yet to be understood. In the European mountains, the dynamics and drivers of diversification were often addressed using specific plant lineages, but the general picture was so far missing. Here we reconstruct the past dynamics of species diversification and decipher the main speciation drivers across six formally selected angiosperm lineages representative for the European mountain flora, using high resolution common-ground phylogenomic techniques. We found that diversification rates in most of the groups were not severely impacted by the Pleistocene climatic oscillations and that the high elevation habitat losses were likely buffered by migration towards lower elevations. The major driver of speciation is allopatry and there is no evidence for speciation associated with change of elevational niche. Our results suggest that the evolutionary assembly of European mountain flora was an interesting interplay between allopatric speciation across mountain islands of varying size and connectivity across the Pleistocene, and climate-induced elevational migrations within these islands. The elevational migrations likely buffered the climatic oscillations on one hand, but on the other hand suppressed the adaptive diversification across elevational gradients known from tropical mountain floras.


Tempo and drivers of plant diversification in the European mountain system


41

K. Sam1,2, J. Kollross1,2, S. Fernadez Garzon1,2, I. Kleckova1, M. Weiss1

¹Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic²University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic,

[email protected]

It is well recognized that predators can enhance plant growth by reducing herbivore abundance. Yet the strength of such trophic cascades has been found to be quite variable both within and between communities. We hypothesise that birds, bats and ants are important predators of arthropods. However, we assume, that the importance of predators differs in various habitats and in forest canopies and understories, due to different productivity. We conduct exclosure experiments at six sites spanning from Japan to New South Wales. We exclude ants, birds, bats separately and in combinations from saplings and forest canopies and complete experiment with work on control saplings. We protect saplings by nets (against birds and/or bats) and by tangle foot (against ants). We survey insect communities and herbivorous damage every four months. Further, we complete our experiments with surveys of focal predators. At several study sites, bats and ants do not seem to affect arthropod communities significantly. Birds seem to be the most important predators at many studied sites. We argue that the strength of the top down control can’t be considered without the bottom up control (i.e. plant defenses and species identity). We conclude that stable arthropod populations are maintained low by natural enemies of various importance along gradients. Disruption on communities of natural enemies has the potential to allow arthropods to reach high levels, resulting in extensive herbivorous damage.


Latitudinal pattern in predation, herbivore performance in hostile and enemy free space


42

Y. Klomberg1, J. E. J. Mertens1, R. Tropek1,2, J. Hodeček1, Š. Janeček1

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, Czechia²Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská

[email protected]

Flowering plants are known to exhibit convergence of floral traits to attract the same functional group of pollinators, possibly even resulting in pollination syndromes. However, little is known about the conditions potentially influencing this predictability of pollination systems, as well as the role and efficiency of specific traits in attraction of specific pollinators. Therefore, we studied plant-pollinator interactions in the understudied Afrotropics. Our fieldwork was conducted on Mount Cameroon at four elevations ranging from lowland up to montane forests in both wet and dry season. 217 plant species flowering in all strata and elevations were video-recorded, resulting in a huge dataset of 1209 recordings with over 46.000 plant–visitor interactions. For example, showing shifts from predominantly bee to fly and bird visitation from dry to wet season in higher elevations.

Additionally, 25 floral traits (e.g. shape, colour and nectar characteristics) were measured in all flowering plants in order to look at the role of specific floral traits in the attraction of individual functional groups of visitors, and thus, potentially test pollination syndromes. Using regression trees and non-parametric regression we link the shifts in visitors to the substantial variation in trait importance and composition between season and elevation. Our results suggest that limiting traits, such as shape, size and tube width/length, play an important role in predicting potential pollinators.


Importance of floral traits in Afrotropical montane pollination systems


43

J. E. J. Mertens1, L. Brisson1,2, Y. G. Klomberg1, V. Maicher1,3, S. Janecek1, R. Tropek13

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-12843, Prague, Czechia²Université de Poitiers, U.F.R. Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 40 Avenue de Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers Cedex³Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia

[email protected]

Butterflies and hawkmoths are relatively common flower visitors and pollinators, but not much is known regarding which environmental factors affect their visitation rates and preferences. Our aim is to understand how elevation and season influence the pollination system involving butterflies and hawkmoths and test whether trait-matching between plant and pollinator helps explain the observed patterns

This research ties in with a pollination study at the community level across four primary rainforest sites on Mt. Cameroon, along an elevational gradient (650–2200m), during both dry and wet season. We recorded over 1200 plants (217 species). These plants were filmed continuously for 24h and were checked afterwards for flower visitors.

We found that one third of the observed plant species across the whole gradient is visited by butterflies and hawkmoths, for a total of 743 individual flower visits. Butterfly visitation frequency and species richness decreased at higher elevations and during wet season. Hawkmoths seemed to play a more important role as pollinators at the higher elevations where butterfly visits were scarce (dry season) or absent (wet season). The pollination network structure is more connected and less modular at higher elevations and during wet season. We also observed that butterflies and hawkmoths with longer proboscides visited flowers with longer tubes. Similarly, larger species visited larger flowers.


Butterflies and hawkmoths as pollinators on Mt. Cameroon


44

V. Maicher1,2, S. Sáfián2,3, M. Murkwe4,5, S. Delabye1,2, Ł. Przybyłowicz6, P. Potocký1, I. N. Kobe4,5, Š. Janeček5, J. E. J. Mertens5, E. B. Fokam4, T. Pyrcz7,8, J. Doležal2,9, J. Altman9, D. Hořák5, K. Fiedler10, R. Tropek1,5

¹Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia²Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia³Faculty of Forestry, University of West Hungary, Sopron, Hungary⁴Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon ⁵Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-12844 Prague, Czechia⁶Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland⁷Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland⁸Nature Education Centre of the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland⁹Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia¹⁰Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

[email protected]

Temporal dynamics of biodiversity along tropical elevational gradients are unknown. We studied seasonal changes of Lepidoptera biodiversity along the only complete forest elevational gradient in the Afrotropics. We quantitatively sampled nine groups of Lepidoptera by bait-trapping (16,800 trap-days) and light-catching (126 nights) at seven elevations evenly distributed along the elevational gradient from sea level to timberline. The sampling was repeated in three seasons. Altogether, 42,936 specimens of 1,099 species were recorded. A mid-elevation peak of species richness was detected for all groups, but Eupterotidae. This peak shifted seasonally for five groups, mostly ascending during the dry season. Seasonal shifts of species’ elevational ranges were mostly responsible for these diversity patterns shifts along elevation: we found general upward shifts in fruit-feeding butterflies, fruit-feeding moths and Lymantriinae from beginning to end of the dry season. Contrarily, Arctiinae shifted upwards during the wet season. The average seasonal shifts of elevational ranges often exceeded 100 meters and were even several times higher for numerous species. The reported seasonal uphill and downhill shifts may lead to misinterpretations of diversity patterns along elevation if seasonality is ignored. More importantly, we encourage taking account of such natural temporal dynamics while investigating the global change impact on communities of Lepidoptera in tropical mountains.


Seasonal shifts of butterflies and moths along an elevational gradient on Mount Cameroon


45

P. Toko

Uni of South Bohemia & Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Altitudinal gradients have been frequently used to study environmental effects and mechanisms behind species diversity patterns and species distribution of plants and animals. Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a biodiversity hotspot with some of the world’s largest remaining rainforests; however, there are no data on altitudinal distribution for key plant and animal taxa. We studied altitudinal distribution of a moth family (Geometridae) along a continuous rainforest gradient from 200 m asl to the forest limits at 3700 m asl (8 sites, separated by 500 m altitudinal difference) at Mt Wilhelm. With a total of 78 standard trapping nights we recorded 16,424 geometrid moths and 1,103 species. Using univariate and multivariate statistics, we show trends in species composition, species diversity and how they respond to several environmental drivers. We provide first baseline data and ecological analysis for altitudinal studies of moths available from PNG.


Species diversity of geometridae moths along an altitudinal gradient in Papua New Guinea


46

C. Dahl1,2, V. Novotny1,2, Y. Basset1,2,3

¹Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic²Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Czech Republic³Institute, Apartado 0843–03092, Panama City, Republic of Panama

[email protected]

Plant-insect frugivore networks play important role via density-dependent mortality (Janzen-Connell hypothesis) in the ecology of tropical rainforests. We compare 12 plant-frugivore interaction networks by Coleoptera and Lepidoptera taxa at three ForestGEO plots across Panama, Thailand and New Guinea. We sampled fruits per site and reared for insects from 10 focal plant families. A total 2,149 kg of fruits yielded 14,364 Coleoptera and 3,819 Lepidoptera from 349 tree species representing 10,911 trees. We showed frugivore assemblages varied between fleshy and dry fruits (achenes) syndromes. Species diversity was high in the dry seasonal site in Panama than wet forests of Thailand and New Guinea. Two taxa represent (>800 species) per biomass of fruit when all sites combine. But Lepidoptera had more species than Coleoptera. Hence, dry season was characterized by low insect diversity and equally low abundance of fruits being attacked than wet season. Interestingly, difference in frugivores abundance did not impact the interaction web parameters (vulnerability, generality, H2’ diversity). Frugivores abundance increased seasonally with rainfall only at the Thai site. Finally our results indicate the effect of seasonality may be important in structuring plant-frugivore interaction networks and role frugivores play towards driving forest dynamics of a particular tropical rainforest.

Keywords fruit syndrome, insect predation, rainfall seasonality, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera


Plant-frugivore interaction networks in tropical forests: the effects of seasonality


47

J. Tuma1,2,3, P. Eggleton4, T. M. Fayle1,5

¹Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic²Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Soil Biology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic³University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic⁴Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom⁵Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

[email protected]

Animal interactions play an important role in understanding ecological processes. The nature and intensity of these interactions can shape the impacts of organisms on their environment. Because ants and termites, with their high biomass, and range of ecological functions, have considerable effects on the environment, the interaction between them is important for the ecosystem processes. Despite this, the manner in which ants and termites interact is poorly-known and existing data is not well synthesised.

Here we review and synthesise all existing literature on ant-termite interactions (1900-2019). We infer that ant predation on termites is the most important, widespread and most studied phenomenon. Predatory ant species can regulate termite populations and subsequently slow down decomposition of wood, litter and soil organic matter.

In future research, it will be necessary to evaluate the impact of ant predation on termites on broader ecosystem processes. This could be possible by enumerating the effectivity of specific ant species or ant communities to regulate termite populations in various regions. Therefore, we need more specific, or combined methods as DNA barcoding of ant gut content along with field observations and/or exclusion experiments for evaluating the effects of this relationship on ecosystem scale.


Ant-termite interactions: an important but under-explored ecological linkage


48

J. Květ1,2, J. Pelikán3, J. Svoboda2,4

¹CzechGlobe, CAS, Brno+Třeboň²Institute of Botany CAS, Brno³Institute of Vertebrate Research CAS, Brno⁴University of Toronto, Erindale College, Mississagua, Canada

[email protected]

The Lake of Kobylí (Kobylské jezero) a shallow lake in S.E. Moravia (CZ, about 1000 hectares), drained in mid-19th century, experienced its spontaneous revival on about 2/3 of its original area in the rainy years 1960-66. A succession sere of wetland plant communities rapidly colonized this shallowly flooded or waterlogged area. Within 5 years, stands dominated by Typha latifolia or Phragmites australis occupied most of it. A dense population of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus, up to some 57 individuals per hectare in September), preferably feeding on Typha leaf bases, consumed 5-10 % of the aboveground net primary production of the Typha stands (estimated from the amounts of Typha shoots piled up on top of the muskrat dens). Muskrat preferential feeding on Typha thus reduced its density by 100 to 10% within the average radius of 14 m from each muskrat den. In this way, muskrats facilitated the intrusion of Phragmites into Typha-dominated stands with eventual complete substitution of the dominance of Typha by that of Phragmites. This process occurred on a large part of the flooded or waterlogged area of the Lake of Kobylí by summer 1967, when the whole lake was again completely drained.


Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) enhanced vegetation succession in a re-established wetland


49

I. Jarić1,2, M. Říha1, V. Děd1, A. T. Souza1, K. Ø. Gjelland3, L. Tsering1, P. Blabolil1, M. Holubová1, T. Jůza1, K. Moraes1, M. Muška1, M. Prchalová1, Z. Sajdlová1, M. Šmejkal1, M. Tušer1, L. Vejřik1, I. Vejřiková1, J. Peterka1

¹Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic²University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic³Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tromsø, Norway

[email protected]

With the recent advancements in technology and development of novel methods in the field of fish ecology, spatial ecology and distribution of fish can be nowadays studied by new automatic telemetry systems that provide unprecedented data with a very high spatiotemporal resolution. As such, behaviour and distribution of studied individuals can be described to a detailed level as never before. Moreover, association of precise movement data with environmental descriptors can provide unique and novel insights regarding fish ecology, habitat preferences and individual behaviour. In addition to studying multiple lakes and reservoirs within Czech Republic, our research brings together other research groups involved in lake fish telemetry in Europe, to initiate multi-lake research activities using combined fish telemetry datasets. Thousands of individuals of various fish species from lakes throughout Europe were tagged and tracked using telemetry systems at extremely high spatial and temporal resolution, resulting in a total of nearly half a billion fish detections, combined with detailed geomorphological and environmental data. Unique data about temperature preferences, migration strategies, home ranges, diel activity and habitat use will contribute to the improved quality of management measures and the forecasting of future population dynamics, including improved understanding of wider ecological questions such as community functioning and effects of climate change.


Multi-lake research of fish behaviour using high-resolution 3D telemetry systems


50

J. Frouz1,2, N. Bartuška1,2

¹Biology center CAS²Charles University

[email protected]

Upscaling, understanding how spall scale processes form process in larger and more complex scales belong to central problem in ecology. Here we present results of our effort to understand ecosystem development based on understanding interactions between its basic component, soil, plants and soil biota based on long-term observation of well-defined Chrono sequences of reclaimed and unclaimed post mining sites. One of the problem with this upscaling is that as the scale increase, measuring system behavior and its manipulation is more difficult and it’s also more difficult to identify system boundary and basic components which generate system behavior. To overcome this we are building of artificial catchment, which will allow isolation, manipulation and detailed measurement from ecosystem components to landscape detail. The aim of the experimental catchment is to allow comprehensive monitoring of the flow of water and nutrients through the ecosystem and its component as well as the exchange of gases between the ecosystem and the surrounding atmosphere. Particularly, the intake of rain water, including deposition, surface and subsurface runoff, water flow in the soil profile, total radiation, carbon exchange (in the form of CO2) and the whole ecosystem and soil and atmosphere. The area itself will be divided into four separate catchments of will resemble condition in two extensively studied Chrono sequences of post mining sites reclaimed and unclaimed chronosequence.


Why we need large experimental platform in ecology: example of post mining ecosystem development


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M. Hejda1, J. Čuda1, K. Pyšková1,2, P. Pyšek1,2

¹Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice 252 43, Czech Republic²Department of Ecology, Science Faculty of the Charles University Prague, Viničná 7, Prague 2, CZ-12844, Czech Republic

[email protected]

The diversity is affected by the available resources, representing the bottom-up regulation and by predation or herbivory, representing the top-down regulation. To examine how this assumption works in the savannas of South Africa, we sampled 33 plots of 50 × 50 meters, differing in the availability of water, type of bedrock and the impact of elephants. The gradient in water availability was created by locating plots (i) near the perennial rivers, (ii) near seasonal rivers and (iii) on the crests, far from any waterbody. The plots also differed in the type of bedrock, granite vs basalt. The impact of elephants as dominant large herbivores was expressed by the number of elephant dungs, recorded in each plot.

The plots on granite harboured more herbs and shrubs than plots on basalt. Further, plots on crests harboured least herbs and shrubs, compared to the plots located near seasonal and perennial rivers. Most importantly, this pattern differed according to the type of bedrock, with the plots located on basaltic crests harbouring the lowest numbers of both herbs and shrubs .

The number of elephant dungs differed between the types of plots but not regarding the type of bedrock. The numbers of elephant dungs did not show a significant relation to the numbers of either herbs or shrubs.

These preliminary results suggest that the plant diversity is affected by the water availability, interacting with the bedrock type, rather than by the elephants.


The aridity and type of bedrock determine the plant diversity of South African Savannas


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A. Novoa1,2,3, L. Foxcroft2,4, J. Keet5, P. Pyšek1,6, J. J. Le Roux2,5,7

¹Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic²Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa³Invasive Species Front page, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Claremont, South Africa⁴Conservation Services, South African National Parks, P/Bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa⁵Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa⁶Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic⁷Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia

[email protected]

The patchy distribution of trees typical of semi-arid savannahs often results in a discontinuous distribution of water, nutrient resources and microbial communities in soil, a phenomenon known as “islands of fertility”. Here, we assessed how this phenomenon affects the establishment and impact of the invasive cactus, Opuntia stricta, in the southern region of Kruger National Park, South Africa. To do so, we compared the soil characteristics (pH, conductivity, water content, nutrients and enzymatic activities), the diversity, structure and composition of the soil bacterial communities, and the fitness correlates of O. stricta and native trees (germination and early growth) between uninvaded and invaded soils. These soils were collected under the two most common tree species in the area (Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana and Spirostachys africana) and in open patches with no vegetation. We found that the presence of native trees and invasive O. stricta modifies the soil water content, nutrients and their cycles, pH and the diversity of the bacterial communities, which in turn affect the establishment of the native trees and the invasive O. stricta. These results show the dynamic and multiple dimensions of the phenomenon of islands of fertility and plant invasions in semi-arid savannahs.


Islands of fertility promote the invasion of Opuntia stricta in Kruger National Park


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K. Prach

Faculty of Science USB, České Budějovice and Institute of Botany CAS, Třeboň

[email protected]

Plant succession was reviewed across all major terrestrial biomes and after all major terrestrial disturbances. Succession was most predictable at high latitudes and least following human-made disturbances. Divergent trajectories generally prevailed, decreasing predictability. Numbers of plant species increased in the course of succession most at mid latitudes and following severe disturbances such as mines and volcanoes. Invasive species were most likely to influence succession at low latitudes.


Plant succession across biomes and disturbance types: results of meta-analyses


54

J. Lepš

University of South Bohemia, Fac. Sci, Dept. Botany, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Biodiversity – Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) experiment in their overwhelming majority demonstrate that the biodiversity has positive effect on most of the ecosystem functions. However, there is a more than 20 years tradition questioning the design of these experiments and the relevance of these effects for real world. On the other hand, some of these experiments are the largest and longest running ecological experiments in the world, and their results are published in the most prestigious journals and highly cited. One of the most contentious conclusions of the BEF experiments is the positive relationship between diversity and productivity, which is in obvious disagreement with the field experience of most ecologists, particularly those working in the semi-natural meadows. In my presentation, I will try to show what we can learn from the BEF experiments(also from practical point of view), what are the consequences for the real word ecosystems, but also, what are the reasons for the disagreements with the field ecologist experience. The main problems of the transfer of results of BEF experiments are: (1) unnatural species composition of experimental communities, particularly those of low species richness; (2) the range of species richness well below those interesting for conservation. Positive features are mainly the ability to control for the confounding factors, and also ability to test for the mechanisms.


Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning - what do the experiments say about the real world


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V. Jílková1,2, K. Jandová3, A. Vacířová3, J. Kukla3

¹Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic²SoWa Research Infrastructure, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic ³Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Wood ants forage for aphid honeydew in the nest vicinity. Honeydew is an important source of labile carbon (C) coming to the forest floor with throughfall. Therefore, we investigated whether the C input in the nest vicinity is lower than at greater distances and whether such changes have profound effects on soil organic matter decomposition and sequestration on the whole soil profile.

We established sampling points around four wood ant nests in a temperate coniferous forest at the distance of 4, 30, and 70 m. Throughfall was collected during the vegetative season and analysed for total organic C content. The soil from the organic (O) and two mineral (A (0-10 cm) and B (50-60 cm)) soil horizons was subjected to soil C fractionation. In addition, we carried out a one-year litter-bag decomposition experiment.

A 1.5-times smaller C input from the throughfall was detected in the nest vicinity than further from the nests. Carbon content in soil fractions decreased, whereas decomposition rate increased with the distance from the nests. However, these effects were significant only in the B horizon.

Through foraging activities, wood ants create natural C-input gradients in forest ecosystems that can be further used to investigate soil properties and processes affected by changing C input to soils which is expected due to future climate changes. As shown by our results, only the B horizon seems to be affected, which, however, might have further consequences for forest soil C storage.


Wood ant nest surroundings as natural carbon gradients in forest ecosystems


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M. Růžek1,2, F. Oulehle2,3

¹Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, PřF UK, Praha²Czech Geological Survey³Global Change Research Institute ASCR

[email protected]

Litter decomposition is a key process in terrestrial carbon cycling. Soil heterotrophic respiration plays a pivotal role in gross carbon flux to the atmosphere. Atmospheric deposition of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) can affect decomposition rate. Whereas S deposition is able to retard decomposition activity, influence of enhanced N availability on litter decomposition is still not sufficiently explained.

Since 2014 we have been conducting experimental simulation of enhanced atmospheric S and N depositions in forests in the Ore Mts. - an area historically affected by severe acidification and eutrophication. At each forest stand (Norway spruce and European beech), soil acidity and N availability were manipulated for 4 years by systematic addition of S and N treatment solutions. At each experimental site, sixteen 3 x 3 m plots were assigned to control (Ctrl), nitrogen (N), acid (S) and acid + nitrogen (S+N) treatments.

In 2017 we buried bag-packed standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green Tea) and native litters (spruce needle and beech leaves) into organic horizons of treated plots. During two years we were continually retrieving tea- and litter- bags and measured both quantitative (litter mass loss) and qualitative parameters (C, N and lignin content). We present preliminary results of the experiment. The results show S and N deposition effect on decomposition rate and further qualitative changes of decomposed materials during decomposition.


Experimentally altered soil chemistry affects decomposition rates in mountainous forest ecosystems


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J. Schenková, V. Polášková, M. Bílková, J. Bojková, V. Syrovátka, M. Polášek, M. Horsák

Faculty of Science MU, Brno, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Spring fens are groundwater fed wetlands which vary in water chemistry, ranging from calcium-poor acidic to calcium-rich tufa-forming types. Clitellata (Annelida) are dominant invertebrates of permanent fauna in spring habitats, including both specialized cold stenothermic and ubiquitous eurythermic species. We explored 41 isolated spring fens across Czechia and Slovakia, where we quantitatively sampled clitellate assemblages and obtained continuously measured water temperature along with other environmental and climatic conditions. The species composition was significantly driven by spring water temperature and also mesoclimate air temperature independently of the other important environmental variables (i.e. water mineralization, oxygen content, and total organic carbon). Mesoclimate air temperature had no significant effect on the diversity of species inhabiting substrate. However, water temperature, specifically its daily fluctuation, had a strong effect. Only the sites with no or moderate fluctuation were inhabited by cold-stenotherm spring specialists and cold-water species. In contrast, no significant response to any temperature parameter was found for the diversity of surface active species, which was driven by other environmental variables. Our results suggest that climatically induced increase in temperature fluctuation of spring waters can result in notable reduction of cold adapted clitellate species at the expense of eurythermic species.


Effect of climatic conditions on aquatic Clitellata in groundwater-dependent wetlands


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J. Schlaghamerský1, M. Bílková1, J. Schenková1, V. Polášková1, V. Pižl2

¹Masaryk University, Fac. of Science, Brno, Czechia²Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia

[email protected]

Invertebrate assemblages of interfaces between aquatic and terrestrial habitats remain understudied. Annelids are an important group in such habitats (abundance, biomass, species richness, importance for decomposition). In 2015–2016, microannelids and earthworms were sampled in 27 micro-wetlands (spring fens) and adjacent grasslands (pastures or meadows) in the Western Carpathians (Eastern Czechia to Eastern Slovakia). Four fen types, differing in mineral-richness, pH and vegetation, were represented by several sites each. The aims were to compare the assemblages of semiaquatic and adjacent terrestrial habitats and to explore the effect of pH and mineral-richness. Both habitats at each site were sampled in spring and autumn of a single year. Over 3000 specimens of earthworms and 21000 specimens of microannelids were identified, yielding 18 species of Lumbricidae and ca 90 species level taxa of microannelids (some problematic ones confirmed by molecular barcoding). Of the latter, Enchytraeidae had the highest species richness (68), followed by the aquatic Naididae (10), Aeolosomatidae (5), Lumbriculidae (4), and two terrestrial “polychaetes” (Hrabeilla periglandulata, Parergodrilus heideri). Several finds were first records for Czechia and/or Slovakia. Densities were much lower in fens than in grasslands, where enchytraeids were highly prevalent. Mineral-richness and pH clearly differentiated the assemblages.

The study was funded by the Czech Science Foundation (GA15-15548S).


Annelids of fen and grassland soils in the Western Carpathians


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J. Klimešová

Institute of Botany CAS, Třeboň

[email protected]

After 20 years of data collection and analyses, functional ecologists noticed that they have ignored half of a plant that is hidden belowground. Is the omission significant and what we would gain if we will not ignore any more belowground organs and their function? Belowground organs absorb water and nutrients and transport them to aboveground plant parts, they store buds and carbohydrates for regeneration after damage, they forage for resources, they are responsible for clonal multiplication by producing independent ramets, and they enable sharing resources among ramets in heterogeneous environment. Those functions are important for plant life and their study will enable deeper understanding of plant strategies.


Plant belowground organs and why we should not ignore them


60

T. Klinerová, P. Dostál

Institute of Botany CAS

[email protected]

Plant soil feedbacks (PSFs) and competition influence performance and abundance of plants. To what extent the two biotic interactions are interrelated and thus affect plant performance in combination rather than in isolation remains poorly explored. It is also unclear how the abiotic context such as resource availability modifies individual and joint effects of PSFs and of competition.

Using a garden experiment we assessed the strengths of PSFs, competition and their combined effects explored under low and high nutrient levels, and related them to abundance of 46 species and their ecological optima with respect to nutrients.

We found that PSFs reduced, but did not eliminate differences in competitive ability of species. Isolated and combined effects of the biotic interactions poorly predicted local or regional abundance of species. They were rather related to species’ ecological optima, as nutrient-demanding plants experienced less negative biotic effects but only at a high nutrient level.

Our study demonstrates that soil microbiota can mitigate differences in competitive ability among species. It remains to be tested whether such an equalizing effect can maintain coexistence in eutrophized communities, in which nutrient-demanding species may disproportionally benefit from less negative competition and PSFs effects.


Nutrient addition weakens competition and plant-soil feedback, but only in nutrient-demanding plants


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N. Fahs1, P. Blažek2

¹City University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany²University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia

[email protected]

Traditional management on semi-natural grasslands is no longer economically sustainable, which contributes to the decline of their biodiversity. We aimed to find a management strategy which is effective in conservation of species-rich grasslands and simultaneously fulfils the farmer’s needs. An 8-year experiment on a 2-cut Arrhenatherion grassland in South Bohemia tested the effect of different date for the first mowing and low levels of different organic fertilisers.

The natural species composition in plots fertilised with compost and manure was best supported by mowing in May or alternately, while there was little difference between mowing dates in unfertilised and alternately fertilised plots. All types of fertilisation suppressed the target species and supported species showing degradation. This was most pronounced in plots mown in July where tall grasses and Apiaceae expanded.

Most nutritious herbage (high digestability and N, low fiber) was yielded in May, and the quality was decreasing during the year. Fertilisation with liquid manure and alternately increased significantly the biomass production in most years.

An annually alternating first mowing date avoiding a too late cut in July can combine the conservation of the natural species community with reasonable-quality herbage on our study site. In this mowing regime, even low organic fertilisation rates (<50 kg N/ ha) can be applied to increase the yield, having only a low negative impact on the species community.

POSTERPOSTER5.9 13:00-15:30POSTER SESSION

How to combine interests of farmers and nature conservation in Central European grassland management


62

T. Brestovanská1, V. Zýka1, M. Andreas1, V. Barták2, P. Bulíř1, K. Černý1, V. Strnadová1, J. Vait3, A. Vorel2

¹Department of Biological Risks RILOG, Průhonice, Czech Republic²Faculty of Environmental Science CULS, Prague, Czech Republic³Povodí Vltavy, State Enterprise, Prague, Czech Republic

[email protected]

The aim of this paper is to present the ongoing project of TA CR solved at the Department of Biological Risks (RILOG Průhonice). The project deals with prediction of the influence of European beaver (Castor fiber) on the river banks of selected watercourses of the Berounka River basin. The riparian stands of the watercourses are a natural habitat of the Eurasian beaver. The riparian stands fulfil numerous important functions and roles: from technical to environmental, landscaping, aesthetic and recreational. The beaver in these stands produces changes that are reflected by deterioration of the functions. The project has three aims. Firstly, a prediction model of spreading beavers in the selected catchment areas will be created. Secondly, a prediction model of riparian stands potentially damaged by beavers will be prepared. As third aim we will develop a set of measures limiting impact of beavers. This paper contains only the introduction of aims of project and partial results because the project is in the process.


A predictive model of Eurasian beaver spreading and related damage of riparian stands


63

M. Bryndová1, D. Stec2, L. Michalczyk2, M. Devetter1

¹Biology centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic²Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

[email protected]

Tardigrades are part of the microfauna living in soil worldwide. Compared to meso- and macrofauna, tardigrade role in soil is negligible. However, recent studies suggested that tardigrade importance for food web functioning may be more profound in soils where meso- and macrofauna are present in low numbers, for example in some habitats of polar regions, habitats after disturbation and young successional stages.

To understand the role of tardigrades in food webs, we employed manipulative laboratory experiments, studying their feeding preferences (1st experiment), and dependence of feeding preferences on selected traits (2nd experiment). More to that, functional trait analysis based on field samples was employed, comparing species and functional diversity of 5 habitats (3rd experiment).

In the 1st experiment, we confirmed that tardigrades can be classified into feeding groups (carnivores, omnivores, herbivores), but the spectrum of the diet in each group was wider than expected. In the 2nd experiment, we tested 9 tardigrade species for their preference for 3 types of prey (rotifer, nematode, tardigrades) and corelate the preference with traits on their feeding apparatus. We observed avoidance of tardigrade prey that was related to the buccal tube dimensions. And finally, in the 3rd experiment, we showed that functional trait composition provided easier interpretation of observed pattern in tardigrade communities compared to species composition only.


Tardigrade function in soil food web


64

B. K. Das1, J. Lichtenberg1, J. Kovar1, M. Barton1, M. Heurich2, A. Vorel1

¹Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic²Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald, Bavaria, Germany

[email protected]

Studies regarding the effect of preys in the diet of their predators is extensively investigated, but it’s not the same vice a versa, especially for grey wolf (Canis lupus) and Beaver (Casto fiber). Due to past extirpation of both the species, it was not possible until now, to study feeding ecology of beaver in relation to wolf predation. We investigated the change in the foraging pathways and diet preference of beaver after the reoccurrence of the wolf in Central Europe (Germany and Czech Republic). We analysed difference in the foraging pathways of individuals of several beaver populations before (winter 2015-16) and after (Autumn 2018) the reoccurrence of the wolf in the territories of the beaver populations and, investigated the preference of foraged tree species to explain the change in the diet of beaver after the reoccurrence of wolf. We found that foraging distances of beaver greatly reduced when compared to the foraging distances before the reoccurrence of the wolf. Significant difference between preference of the tree species in the diet of studied beaver populations is also observed along with the reduced distances of the foraged items. Exceptionally, the Bayerischer Wald beaver population showed no observable change in their foraging pathways and diet preference after the reoccurrence of the wolf. The study depicts the effect of possible predation pressure on beaver populations and shaping of general ecology by wolf in Central Europe.


Game of fear of an elusive predator


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S. Delabye1,2, V. Maicher1,2, O. Sedláček3, P. Potocký1, T. Albrecht3,4, M. Ferenc3, D. Hořák3, D. Storch3,5, R. Tropek1,3

¹Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia ²Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia ³Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia ⁴Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia ⁵Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Prague, Czechia

[email protected]

Unravelling of biodiversity global distribution patterns is one of the main goals of the current macroecology. The environmental productivity, commonly defined as the amount of biomass produced by primary producers within a given time and space, is considered among the main factors affecting local biodiversity. However, data on the relationship between productivity and species richness of most organisms, including Lepidoptera, are still missing. We present preliminary results of the moth biodiversity patterns along a continent-wide gradient of productivity in south African ecosystems.

Macromoths (Heterocera) were sampled along a longitudinal gradient of environmental productivity (measured by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – NDVI) from the Namib Desert to northern Zimbabwe. By standardised light trapping, we collected macromoths in 120 sampling plots in 12 localities along the gradient. Seven macromoth families (Eupterotidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Lasiocampidae, Notodontidae, Erebidae and Noctuidae) were processed so far and their biodiversity patterns will be presented. Over 3000 specimens representing ca. 180 (morpho)species were collected. At a local scale, species richness, abundance and beta diversity of all seven groups grew linearly with the mean NDVI. Moreover, community composition is positively correlated with NDVI (17.4% of explained variation). More details on the influence of environmental productivity on the seven groups’ biodiversity will be showed.


Diversity patterns of moth communities along a productivity gradient in Southern Africa


66

J. Filip1, Š. Janeček1, Y. Klomberg1, P. Janečková1,3,4, P. Potocký2, S. Delabye2,3, V. Maicher1,2, E. Chmelová1,2, K. Daňková1, J. Jersáková3, J. Horník5,6, M. Bartoš4, R. Tropek1,2

¹Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague²Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice³Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice⁴Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences⁵Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Pardubice⁶NGO Centaurea–Society for Landscape Monitoring and Management, Stolany

[email protected]

Hoverflies (Syrphidae) are important insect visitors of flowers. Nevertheless, not much is known about their specialization in plant-pollinator networks. Especially, there is a lack of knowledge on how it is affected by communities of plants and spatio-temporal variability of floral rewards.

We sampled plant-pollinator interaction networks in piedmont wet meadows of the Železné hory Mts. in Czech Republic. In 2016 and 2017, we have repeatedly sampled 13 meadows with different level of isolation. Within each meadow, 20 transects (1x5 m) were established to sample visitors of all flowering plants three times in each study year. We have also quantified flowering plants within each transect, as well as within each sampled meadow. In addition, we measured production of nectar (quantified as the sugar weight produced per day) of individual flowering plant species per transect and per meadow. Overall 5716 hoverfly specimens were determined and included in 546 reconstructed plant-hoverfly networks for each transect and sampled meadow from both sampling seasons. Amount and diversity of nectar rewards affected structure of plant-hoverfliy interaction networks, but differently in both studied scales, i.e. per transect and per meadow. Moreover, the interannual dynamics of these patterns were detected, with the network metrics influenced stronger in 2017.


Pollination networks of hoverflies in meadow communities of the Železné hory Mts.


67

E. Fňukalová1,2, V. Zýka1,2, D. Romportl1

¹Katedra fyzické geografie a geoekologie, PřF UK, Praha, Česká republika²Oddělení biologických rizik, VÚKOZ, v. v. i., Praha, Česká republika

[email protected]

Zelená infrastruktura je strategicky plánovaná síť rozšiřující dosavadní systém ochrany přírody o ochranu ekosystémových služeb. Udržení stávajících hodnot ekosystémových služeb je při současných projekcích změn klimatu a land use v hustě osídlené Evropě klíčové pro zajištění environmentální bezpečnosti a lidského blahobytu.

Dva principy, na nichž je metodický přístup postaven, jsou multifunkčnost a vnitřní konektivita území. Tento poster představuje možný způsob identifikace sítě lokalit vhodných pro zelenou infrastrukturu ve střední Evropě. Multifunkčnost krajiny je vyjádřena kapacitou ekosystémů poskytovat ekosystémové služby. Na základě prostorové distribuce tohoto potenciálu je pak v softwaru Linkage Mapper navržena ekologická síť propojující jádrová území lokalit Natura 2000.

Návrh zelené infrastruktury na 17 % plochy střední Evropy identifikuje oblasti s nadprůměrnou kapacitou poskytovat ekosystémové služby. Dále je strukturálním prvkem propojujícím lokality Natura 2000, čímž přispívá k úplné implementaci této soustavy na ekologickou síť. Překryvem s dálkovými migračními koridory velkých savců zajišťuje také funkční konektivitu krajiny.


Zelená infrstruktura v Evropě


68

M. Gajdošová1, A. J. Beermann2, J. Bojková3, V. Polášková3, J. Schenková3, V. Syrovátka3, M. Zhai3, M. Horsák3, F. Leese2, A. Petrusek1

¹Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech republic²Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany³Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech republic

[email protected]

Based on the hypothesis that the Western Carpathians have served as an important glacial refugium, a considerably high molecular diversity can be expected in this biogeographic region. In the project of which we present the first results, we aimed to uncover and characterize molecular diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of spring fens, a well studied and hence convenient model habitat. Using a DNA metabarcoding approach, we sequenced a fragment of the COI gene of pooled spring fen invertebrate communities from 21 localities in the Western Carpathians. The analysis of the sequences revealed an excessive amount of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), when compared to the number of taxa observed in already well-studied morphology-based community composition. The fact that a substantial part of the OTUs lack reference sequences in reference databases (Barcoding of Life Database, GenBank) indicates that the Western Carpathian region is not yet sufficiently covered by barcoding efforts, and suggests that there indeed is a considerable unrecognized diversity of macrozoobenthos, even in some well-studied groups used in aquatic biomonitoring. However, most newly uncovered diversity is concentrated in a few taxa such as the dipteran families Tabanidae and Ceratopogonidae, or the amphipod genus Gammarus. In future research, we plan to compare the observed Carpathian diversity with comparable habitats in the Bohemian Massif.


Community metabarcoding uncovers cryptic diversity of invertebrates in the Carpathian spring fens


69

P. Halamová1, P. Potocký2, O. Sedláček1, R. Tropek1,2

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague²Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice

[email protected]

The knowledge of forest fire consequences is still limited in Central Europe even though fire was an integral part of those forests during Holocene. Reduced forest resistance and resilience together with climate change and extreme temperatures already have visible consequences in Central Europe, it is therefore crucial to understand natural forest dynamics to adapt management practices.

Furthermore, there is a decline of numerous insect species that have been common in the Central European landscapes, many of such species are specialised to the open canopy forests that are shaped, besides other drivers, by fire.

We studied composition of moth communities at 6 forest plots disturbed by fire and 6 nondisturbed forests in the Protected Landscape Area of Kokorinsko – Machuv kraj. Moths were sampled quantitatively by two portable light traps per plot, nine times from May till August 2018.

Altogether, we sampled 23000 specimens of 220 moth species. In the contribution, we will present differences of moth species richness, as well as their community composition, between both forest plot types. We will also focus on preferences of species of conservation concern.


Influence of fires on moth communities in Central European forests


70

E. Hejduková1, L. Nedbalová1,2

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University²The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany

[email protected]

Natural conditions in non-marine polar habitats are characterized by many extremes and seem unfavourable for life. Despite this, diatoms apparently adapted well and inhabit a wide range of polar environments. However, it remains unknown, which strategy enables them to survive. Our aim was to study the annual cycle of freshwater diatoms to reveal their seasonal strategy. For the multiple sampling, four study sites (streams, seepage, wetland) with high abundance of diatoms were established in the High Arctic. Diversity and viability of diatom cells were studied in samples collected five times tracing the key events for survival (summer vegetative season, autumn dry-freezing, winter freezing, spring melting). For viability evaluation, a multiparameter fluorescent staining (SYTOX Green, CTC and DAPI) in combination with light microscopy was used and allowed the evaluation of physiological state (active healthy cells, inactive but intact dormant cells, injured but active cells and, injured and inactive dead cells). Four samplings of natural communities performed during one year showed that the relative proportion of each cell category was seasonally dependent. Small amounts of cells were capable to survive winter as active or inactive resting cells but remarkably a relatively high number of cells proved to be active immediately after thawing in winter season. The results emphasize importance of vegetative cells adaptation for winter survival.


How to survive winter? Annual study of freshwater diatoms in the arctic


71

D. Hořák1, A. Dušan2, L. Hort2, M. Ferenc1, J. Farkač1, T. Petrusková1, A. Klvaňová3, P. Munclinger1, V. Kubelka1, J. Mlíkovský1, J. Vokurková1, D. Bovšková1

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague ²The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Brno ³Czech Society for Ornithology, Prague

[email protected]

Avian ecology acquired vast knowledge on bird geographical distributions, however, the majority is about species’ ranges or home ranges of individuals. A proper understanding of how densities of birds are determined and if the 3rd dimension of geographical space contributes to density estimates is missing. We established a 50 ha plot in the Žofínsky prales, Czech Republic, which represents Hercynian mountain spruce-(fir)-beech forest. Within the plot, we set up 82 census points with a perimeter 40m, which covered the whole plot area. We estimated avian densities based on point counts and for the whole area simultaneously. In 2018, we performed three 10 mins morning checks at all points to estimate diversity and abundances. Individuals were located using a laser range finder and recorded into the detailed forest map so that we have information about utilisation of 3D forest space. In total, we recorded 1345 individuals (during three checks) classified into 39 species. Using these data, we provide a map of geographical and temporal variation of total abundances and diversities of birds. Moreover, we estimated a precision, with which traditionally used point census estimates fit the real abundances for different species. Finally, we provide information about variation in vertical distribution of birds. Developing this approach can help to understand how the interaction between geographical and ecological space contributes to assembling of bird species into local communities.


Avian individuals in 3D-space of Žofínský prales forest, Czech Republic: A pilot survey


72

K. Hrušková1, H. Pánková1, Z. Münzbergová1,2

¹Botanický ústav AV ČR, Průhonice, Česká republika²Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha, Česká republika

[email protected]

Kuřička hadcová je endemit ČR vyskytující se pouze na EVL Želivka a EVL Hadce u Hrnčíř. Jedná se o trsnatou trvalku rostoucí na skalních hadcových výchozech v rozvolněných borech. Rozmnožuje se semeny.

V současné době je dynamika druhu sledována projektem LIFE for Minuartia (LIFE15NAT/CZ/000818). V rámci něho dochází k posilování 3 přirozených populací kuřičky výsadbami nových jedinců, předpěstovaných ze semen z původních lokalit, jedna lokalita byla reintrodukována.

Ročně sbíráme demografická data (velikost jedinců, počet kvetoucích a nekvetoucích lodyh), která jsou statisticky vyhodnocována maticovými projekčními modely a integral projection models. Na jejich základě zjišťujeme klíčové přechody životního cyklu, pokoušíme se předpovídat vývoj populací a popsat faktory, které ho ovlivňují.

Problémem původních populací se jeví uchycování nových semenáčků. U nově vysazených jedinců je sledováno jejich dobré přežívání a tvorba nových semenáčků. Údaje o nově vysazených jedincích pochází ze 2 vegetačních sezón.

Cílem porovnávání je určení faktoru, který iniciuje odlišné chování původních a vysazených jedinců. Uvažovanou možností je odlišnost stanovištních podmínek na místech, kde byly provedeny výsadby a kde přežívají původní jedinci. Místa s původními jedinci mohou být pro přežívání méně vhodná s přihlédnutím k extrémním klimatickým výkyvům v posledních 3 letech. Vliv extrémů komplikuje uchycování semenáčků, což bylo redukováno předpěstováním rostlin v experimentální zahradě.


Růst a přežívání vysazených a přirozených jedinců kuřičky hadcové Minuartia smejkalii


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S. Ibalim1,2, K. Sagata3, V. Novotny1,2, M. Kia3, S. T. Segar4

¹Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic / Prosíme o krátkou formu, např. 1Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha, Česká republika ²New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Nagada Harbour, Papua New Guinea³Biological Sciences, School of Natural and physical Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea⁴Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK

[email protected]

The main focus of ecologists is to understand factors that structure ecological communities. Studies that seek to reveal phylogenetic patterns of ecological communities help to understand these factors because they reveal patterns and processes simultaneously. Phylogenetic patterns of Geometridae moths collected on Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient was investigate to assess whether the phylogenetic relatedness pattern observe in the Andes (monotonous decline) is pervasive with those of Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient. Relatedness pattern was assessed from phylogenetic pattern retrieved from distance analysis using CO1 in software BEAST. Correlation test was performed to determine correlation of elevation and species diversity to phylogenetic relatedness pattern respectively. The results were interestingly contrasting with all 3 relatedness patterns (random, over-dispersion and clustering). Concatenated random pattern was found at low (200-700m), mid (1700-2200m) and top (3200-3700m) elevations, over dispersion at mid elevations (700-1700m) and clustering at higher elevations (2200-3200m). There were no correlation of species diversity and elevation to phylogenetic relatedness pattern. This is an example study that seeks to address one of ecologists’ key challenges. It infers processes based on the phylogeny and phylogenetic pattern and I believe it will provoke new ideas and discussions. I look forward to presenting it at the 7th Conference of the Czech Society for Ecology.


Phylogeny and phylogenetic patterns of geometridea moths along Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient, PNG


74

T. Janík1,2, D. Romportl1,2

¹Katedra fyzické geografie a geoekologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzity Karlovy²Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v. v. i.

[email protected]

Hlavním posláním národních parků je ochrana přirozených procesů a biodiverzity. Distribuce biodiverzity by tak měla být v ochraně území a jeho managementu zohledněna. Úroveň poznání biodiverzity a jejích změn v čase a prostoru se však často významně liší, v některých územích se její ochrana řídí nepřesnými nebo zastaralými podklady.

Cílem představené studie bylo identifikovat místa s vysokou biodiverzitou a současně popsat zákonitosti vztahu mezi biodiverzitou a prostředím. Modelovým územím je NP Šumava, který hostí řadu ikonických druhů organismů rozdílných habitatových nároků a jehož zonace a management je zároveň předmětem dlouhodobých sporů. Výstupy studie tak přináší objektivní podklady pro odbornou argumentaci např. pro vymezení klidových zón.

Analýza využívala statistické přístupy a nástroje habitatového modelování (MaxEnt) a prioritizace územní ochrany přírody (ZONATION). Byly do ní zahrnuty vybrané živočišné druhy, které jsou chráněné a současně jsou i předmětem ochrany NP. Byla použita dostupná nálezová data, především z databáze NDOP a databáze Správy NP a CHKO Šumava. Mezi fyzickogeografické proměnné byly zařazeny charakteristiky reliéfu (nadmořská výška, sklon, orientace…), klimatické a půdní charakteristiky, krajinný pokryv a také činnost člověka.


Identifikace hotspotů biodiverzity jako podkladu pro prioritizaci územní ochrany – příklad NP Šumava


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A. Kik1,3, N. Baro2, V. Novotny1,4

¹New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Madang, Papua New Guinea²University of Papua New Guinea³Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic⁴Institute of Entomology CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Lifestyle changes in local societies may cause the loss of native language skills (NLS) and ethnobiological knowledge (EK). The rapid change of lifestyles in Papua New Guinea in the recent years is threatening the survival of NLS and EK among young people. We used a structured questionnaire to collect data from upper secondary students (n=4220) in 17 secondary schools in three culturally different provinces of PNG, and assessed NLS and EK in relation to the socio-demographic information. The relationship between NLS and EK was also established. Our results showed that students who speak a vernacular language at home demonstrated a higher level of language acquisition and proficiency than those speaking English or Neomelanesian Pidgin at home. Also, the students whose parents speak the same language at home have better language skills and ethnobiological knowledge, compared to linguistically mixed families. A comparison of parents’ language fluency with students’ language fluency in these families showed that almost half of the students cannot speak their parents’ languages fluently, compared to their parents, who are fluent speakers in a bilingual situation (87%). NLS were a significant predictor for EK of bird and plants, confirming the importance of language as repository of knowledge. The loss of NLS and EK in a single generation is remarkable, but what impact will such changes have on PNG languages and EK in the next generation?


Lifestyle change and native language skills and ethnobiological knowledge loss in Papua New Guinea


76

P. Knobová

Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha

[email protected]

The distribution of nutrients in soil is very heterogeneous at different scales relevant to plant roots and plants respond to this heterogeneity by the architecture of the root system. However, the ability to form the root system in terms of the most effective nutrient uptake differ among species. Over 70% of terrestrial plants create arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis which helps them to acquire nutrients from the soil. It has been shown that plant with mycorrhizal symbiosis acquire nutrients from heterogeneous soil differently than plant without mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this study is to estimate the link between the root foraging of heterogeneous sources, mycorrhizal status and root traits of 111 species. I show that species with various root traits differ in foraging of heterogeneous sources but there is no distinction among species with different mycorrhizal status.


Mycorrhizal symbiosis or roots – plant strategies to exploit heterogeneous resources


77

F. Kostanjsek1,2, Z. Faltynek Fric1, L. Cizek1

¹Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic,²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic,

[email protected]

Among saproxylic beetles, many early colonizers, namely Buprestidae and Cerambycidae prefer a particular host tree and can be considered specialists. We focus on these species and relate their preferences for light with their host tree light requirements.

The data was collected at several locations within different forest in the Czech Republic and Germany.

Beetles were reared from logs of various sizes exposed in both light and shaded conditions. Specialist beetles were defined by indval, checked and confirmed in literature and tree light preference were proxied by the Ellenberg values. Beetles light preference was determined by percentage of individuals reared from wood exposed in sunny conditions. Beetles and trees phylogeny were reconstructed using already published data.

Our preliminary results show significant correlation between light preferences of beetles and their host trees even after removing the effect of phylogeny through substituting light trait values with phylogenetic independent contrasts. Further steps are expanding our sample in order to search for phylogenetic signal and inspecting potential coevolution of these traits in beetles and their host trees.

Keywords: saproxylic, light preference, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, specialist, beetle rearing, phylogeny


Light preference of the saproxylic beetles and their host trees

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V. Kubovčík1, J. Hošek2,3, O. Heiri4, F. Rojik1, S. Vaterková1, J. Trubač5, P. Pokorný3

¹Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Slovak Republic²Czech Geological Survey, Prague, Czech Republic³Center for Theoretical Study, Praha, Czech Republic⁴Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland⁵Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

[email protected]

We present a new chironomid record developed from the sediments of former Lake Švarcenberk in South Bohemia (412 m asl, Czech Republic). The long-term development of the chironomid fauna of the lake is described, which indicates a millennial-scale transition from mixed assemblages consisting of taxa with peak distributions in relatively cold, intermediate and relatively warm environments to assemblages without cold adapted taxa. Taxa typically found in nutrient-rich lakes with seasonally anoxic conditions were present along the entire record. This indicates that the lake always maintained assemblages typical for meso- to moderately eutrophic conditions, although several taxa typically also found in oligotrophic lakes disappeared in the course of the Lateglacial. Since the results suggested an important effect of past climate changes on the chironomid assemblages, we estimated Late Glacial and Early Holocene (covering ca. 15–8 ka BP) mean July air temperatures based on fossil assemblage change using a joint Norwegian-Swiss transfer function. General patterns of temperature changes inferred from chironomids during the Last Termination are similar to various multi-proxy reconstructions in Europe. However, we observed two unusually strong and abrupt cooling events linked with Gerzensee and Preboreal Oscillations, suggesting that local climatic factors and ecosystem responses may have over amplified these cold events in our records. This study was supported by the grant agency KEGA Project No. 005PU-4/2019.


Chironomid-based environmental reconstruction of the Last Termination in southern Bohemia


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K. Hazdrová1, B. Lachová1,2, P. Šustr3, T. Peterka4, D. Romportl1,2

¹Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Česká republika²VÚKOZ, v. v. i., Česká republika³Czech Globe, ÚVGZ AV ČR, v. v. i., Česká republika⁴Správa NP Šumava, Česká republika

[email protected]

Území NP Šumava a Krkonošského NP procházejí v posledních letech výraznými změnami krajiny i managementu. Obě území s odlišnými přírodními podmínkami poskytují jedinečnou příležitost pro monitoring prostorové dynamiky populací jelena lesního a jejích reakcí na změny biotopů, výskyt predátorů i rozdílný vliv antropogenního rušení. Aby byla zajištěna ochrana dynamicky se obnovujících porostů a cenných biotopů, je nutné provádět selektivní management a kontrolovat stavy populací. Pro management a pochopení životních strategií jelena je nezbytná znalost typického habitatu, geoekologických preferencí a charakter časoprostorového využívání území. Data jsou získávána pomocí GPS telemetrie, která poskytuje zdroj bodových dat o výskytu konkrétních jedinců. Výsledky časoprostorové analýzy dat z období let 2006 2007 z NPŠ, NPBW a 2007 2018 z KRNAP ukazují denní i sezónní proměnlivost habitatových preferencí. V obou územích lze identifikovat řadu společných trendů, zároveň můžeme pozorovat rozdíly dané odlišností přírodních podmínek i rozdílným stupněm antropogenní zátěže.


Habitatové preference jelena lesního v na Šumavě a v Krkonoších


80

B. Lepková

Katedra botaniky, PřF UK

[email protected]

Many plant species have an ability to disperse after being digested by an animal. This ability, called endozoochory, is well documented for frugivorous animals consuming fleshy fruits as well as for herbivorous animals. From germination trials of dung samples, we know of a number of plants which are well adapted to the passage through the digestive tract of various herbivores. However, we presume that majority of seeds are destroyed during the passage. It is also probable that the survival rate of seeds is different not only for individual plant species but also between dispersal vectors – herbivorous animals. The survival rate can be established by a simple feeding experiment but so far, most work has been done on farm animals or with a low number of plant species. Furthermore, experimental approach of simulating the digestion by mechanical and chemical means has been even more frequently used. Therefore, I conducted a feeding experiment with forty species of open landscape plants and four species of herbivores, and a simulation experiment with the same plant species and specific method to simulate each herbivore following their mastication patters and digestion type. Specifically, I asked: (i) What is the survival rate of different plants after ingestion? (ii) How much does the survival rate differ between dispersal vectors and the simulations? (iii) Which of the simulated scenarios gives the best estimate compared to the feeding trials?


Seed survival after deer ingestion – feeding trials versus simulation experiment


81

O. Lepšová-Skácelová1, A. Landeira-Dabarca2, D. Boukal2,3, E. Chmelová3,4, V. Kolář2,3, Š. Otáhalová3 and Robert Tropek3,4

¹Dep.of Botany, Fac. of Sci., Univ.South Bohemia, Czech Republic²Department of Ecosystem Ecology³Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic⁴Dep. of Ecology, Fac. of Sci., Charles Univ., Prague

[email protected]

Post-industrial sites as a result of mining activities or deposits of the waste of coal combustion in power plants usually are highly polluted by heavy metals, with low nutrient concentration, fine sediments and high conductivity. Using reciprocal transplant experiments approach, we tested how phytoplankton community and their activity as primary producers could be affected by these impacts, testing for local adaptation to these conditions. Our results shown that phytoplankton communities transplanted from polluted areas to unpolluted areas increase their density and activity, while the community transplanted from polluted areas to unpolluted waters showed a slow increase in density but were not that impacted so strongly as was expected. However, community composition from polluted sites showed a significant change towards unpolluted site community, while in the other treatments only the structure and abundance changed. In this context, we detected some ‘sensitive’ species that never appears in polluted areas such as Botryococcus braunii. Common planktic species such as Crucigenia tetrapedia occurring in both types of localities grew much better in unpolluted localities (similarly with lab cultures od Scenedesmus quadricauda used for both environment).


Phytoplankton response to pollution in flying ash-lagoons: reciprocal transplant experiment


82

D. Öztürk1, J. Šupina3, M. Svitok2,4, J. Okrouhlík1, D. Boukal1,2

¹Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia²Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czechia³Department Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia⁴Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University, Zvolen, Slovakia

[email protected]

Hypoxic conditions can appear in ice-covered freshwater water bodies and can last up to several months, and can negatively affect individual fitness of aquatic animals. In particular, insufficient oxygen supply might put additional stress on the individuals and lead to higher depletion of stored energy and decreased growth rate, body size and survival in overwintering aquatic invertebrates, but these effects have not been measured in overwintering insects.

To fill this gap, we investigated the chronic effects of short-term (1 week) and long-term (1 month) hypoxic conditions under simulated winter conditions (4 ºC) in the lab, using larvae of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum as a model species. We focused on four key components of individual fitness: survival, body size, respiration rate, and energy reserves.

We found that (1) mass-corrected metabolic rates decreased under hypoxic conditions, (2) survival significantly decreased in hypoxia, and (3) dry weight and relative protein and lipid content of the larvae declined under hypoxic conditions. These results show that chronic hypoxia strongly affects multiple fitness components and should thus be considered as an important factor that can drive adaptive physiological responses of aquatic invertebrates to severe winter conditions.


Chronic hypoxia affects multiple fitness components in overwintering mayfly larvae


83

T. Petrusková1, K. Žabková1, M. Honza2, M. Požygajová2, P. Samaš2, P. Procházka2

¹Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha, Česká republika²Ústav biologie obratlovců AV ČR, Brno, Česká republika

[email protected]

Brood parasitism is a breeding strategy imposing significant selection pressure upon the host as well as the parasite. Therefore, specific adaptations have evolved on both sides. The best known brood parasite of Palearctic passerines is the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Research of different aspects of ecology and behaviour of this species is however uneven. While mimicry of cuckoo eggs remains a frequently studied topic, only few studies examined vocal behaviour of cuckoo juveniles. Their authors suggested that juvenile cuckoos adapt their begging calls to tune them for the species they parasitize on. However, such results did not seem convincing. We studied cuckoo begging calls in nests of the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) and the reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) from a sympatric locality. Contrary to the previous studies, the structure of begging calls of common cuckoo juveniles raised by these two hosts did not differ in any of the measured parameters, although begging calls of own juveniles differed significantly between host species. Moreover, a considerable individual variability of begging calls dependent on age was detected in cuckoo juveniles hosted by both species. Our results clearly show that at least at the studied sympatric locality, cuckoo nestlings do not adapt their begging to different host species. The ambiguous results of previous studies could be rather due to ignoring temporal changes in begging calls.


Tuned for provider? Do cuckoo nestlings adjust their begging characteristics to the host species?


84

P. Pipek1,2, P. Pyšek1,2, T. Blackburn3,4

¹The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic ²Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic ³Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom ⁴Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK

[email protected]

New Zealand is one of the most invaded regions in the world - currently it hosts about 40 alien bird species, but many more were introduced in the 19th century by acclimatisation societies without success. As these introductions were documented in detail, New Zealand bird invasions are often used as a model system to study what determines the outcome of introduction events, with special emphasis on the role of propagule pressure. However, NZ data was critised recently, as different authors have reported different numbers of liberated birds. This discrepancy has several causes. For introductions of European skylark (Alauda arvensis) and starling (Sturnus vulgaris) the most important issue is that not all liberated birds were imported from overseas. In fact, the majority were redistributed within New Zealand from regions where they had already established. This may have implications for analyses of propagule pressure. The birds that were retransported came from populations that were already pre-filtered. As a result, a lower number may have been necessary for a successful establishment in recipient regions. Some regions relied principally only on such “second-hand” birds, likely for reasons of cost.


Extensive transportation of skylarks and starlings within New Zealand in late 19th century


85

D. Požárová, A. Knotek, F. Kolář

Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha, Česká republika

[email protected]

Adaptation and phenotypic plasticity enable plants to survive in variable environments. Arabidopsis arenosa, primarily a low- to mid-elevation species, colonized alpine environment in four mountain regions of Europe, in all of which morphologically distinct alpine ecotype was formed. Parallel origin of alpine ecotype makes A. arenosa a promising model in research of mechanisms of alpine adaptation.

In order to discern the basis of such phenotypic convergence, we cultivated eight foothill-alpine population pairs from four mountain ranges in growth chambers under four treatments, varying in two key environmental parameters (light intensity and temperature). Specifically, we aim to: (1) Estimate which portion of morphological and phenological variation is heritable and which reflect phenotypic plasticity. (2) Find which traits keep their distinct appearance in different treatments. (3) Test for the consistency of the alpine differentiation and identify convergent traits.

The preliminary data indicate that the overall foothill-alpine differentiation remains stable between the alpine and foothill populations when exposed to the same conditions. The most remarkable differences are in the relative investment to generative and vegetative parts, flower size and total height. On the other hand, we also identified a set of traits that are modulated by the experimental conditions and the level of plasticity differs across treatments, ecotypes and regions of origin.


Role of plastic vs. heritable traits in parallel alpine differentiation of Arabidopsis arenosa


86

E. Mikulášková1,2, J. Procházka1,3, J. Běták1, J. Halda1,4

¹VÚKOZ, v.v.i., Průhonice, Česká republika²Ústav botaniky a zoologie, PřF MU, Brno, Česká Republika³Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno, Česká republika⁴Katedra biologie, Univerzita Hradec Králové, Česká republika

[email protected]

Natural forests in Central Europe have been transformed during centuries into a forest-free area or cultural forests with different degree of conservation. Cultural forests are more predisposed to large-scale disturbances, which results in biodiversity decrease. If we want to support a primaeval character of cultural forests by the management, we need to understand processes and dynamics in natural forests. Our project includes monitoring of several types of primaeval forests in the Czech Republic. We focus on biodiversity research of selected groups of organisms.


Dynamics of biodiversity in natural forests


87

P. Pyszko, M. Šigut, A. Dolný, M. Drozdová, P. Drozd

Katedra biologie a ekologie, PřF OU, Ostrava, Česká republika

[email protected]

Shannonův index je velmi užíván až zneužíván ekology po celém světě. Mnozí autoři proto poukazují na nevhodnost použití indexu v ekologii společenstev, zejména pro jeho závislost na počtu druhů. Tato kritika je však podávána většinou poněkud matematicky a nikoli způsobem jednoduše srozumitelným hlavní mase uživatelů - ekologů společenstev. Možná i proto vychází toto úsilí na prázdno a proporce článků používajících Shannonův index konstatně stoupá, zejména v rozvojových zemích a v oblasti aplikovaného výzkumu. Rozhodli jsme se proto posoudit použitelnost Shannonova indexu jazykem blízkým těm, jenž ho nadužívají. Sesbírali jsme data o 1024 reálných společenstev čítajících od dvou do 3829 druhů, různé taxonomické úrovně a z různých skupin organismů. Cílem bylo zjistit, jak moc závisí v reálných podmínkách Shannon na počtu druhů. Zjistili jsme, že prostý počet druhů vysvětluje téměř 90 % variability Shannonova indexu, že vyrovnanost společenstva taktéž zivisí na počtu druhů a navíc, že oba indexy jsou závislé na velikosti vzorku. Výsledky naznačují, že Shannonův index může být nahrazen jednoduše logaritmem počtu druhů.


Je nám ještě k něčemu Shannonův index?


88

V. Remeš, E. Remešová, L. Harmáčková

Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Clades occupy limited geographic and ecological space. Within this space, coexistence of species on a regional scale is allowed by geographic allopatry. New species can evolve habitat differences that allow regional sympatry with habitat-based microallopatry. The evolution of behavioral differences (e.g. foraging behavior) can allow fine-scale niche partitioning and local coexistence. We evaluate this set of mechanisms enabling the build-up of local diversity on a large clade of vertebrates using quantitative comparative methods. We analyse 471 local communities of 279 species of Australian songbirds obtained from Australian Bird Count program. We combine this data with a comprehensive database of habitat associations and foraging behavior from the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. We use recent comparative methods to test following hypotheses: i) range overlap develops with time since species split, ii) coexisting species differ more in their ecological traits than expected by chance, iii) local co-occurrence can be explained by ecological factors (e.g. habitat associations). Ultimately, we want to analyze how species achieve ecological isolation during diversification, whether the evolution of ecological specialization is a key to local coexistence, and whether the build-up of local diversity during clade diversification is related to ecological differences among species.


Ecology, range overlap, and local co-occurrence in Australian songbirds (Passeriformes)


89

E. Remešová1, B. Matysioková1, L. Turčoková Rubáčová1,2, V. Remeš1

¹Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Science, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynska Dolina, Bratislava 4, 842 15, Slovakia

[email protected]

One of the major questions in ecology is how species share their ecological space and what enables them to coexist. Partitioning of foraging niches should facilitate local coexistence. Thus, detailed data on foraging ecology are needed to provide insight into the assembly of communities. To this end, we quantified foraging behaviour of songbirds (Passeriformes) on 21 sites in woodlands and open-forests of eastern Australia along a 3000 km long latitudinal transect spanning from the tropics to southern temperate regions. We obtained 5894 prey attacks by 2624 individuals from 112 species. Birds foraged mostly by gleaning (53.4% of attacks) on leaves (51.3%) in the outer part of crown (41.4%) and in medium foliage density (40.8%). In the 41 best sampled species (minimum of 30 attacks recorded), we identified foraging guilds defined first by the foraging substrate and then by the foraging method. Specialization on foraging substrate was positively correlated with specialization on method. The organization of guilds, patterns of substrate and method use across species, and species specialization were similar to previous local-scale studies from eucalypt woodlands and forests, and from forests in northern temperate regions in Europe and North America. Thus, using our own data and comparisons with previous studies, we confirm a general pattern of foraging guild organization of woodland and forest songbirds outside the tropics.


Foraging ecology of songbirds (Passeriformes) in woodlands and forests in eastern Australia


90

R. Rodrigo, P. Janda, M. Mikoláš, V. Cada, J. Pettit, M. Svoboda

Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Historical disturbances strongly influence the structure and development of stand in unmanaged primary forests. One common way to look at the patterns and dynamics of forest structure is through diameter distributions. Our objectives of this study were to (1) determine the range of variability between stands/plots with respect to diameter distributions, and (2) evaluate the impact of age and disturbance severity and timing on diameter distributions. The study was conducted in the primary forests of the Carpathian Mountains, which are dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies L. (Karst.). A total of one hundred ninety circular plots (1000 m2) were established using a stratified random sampling design. Diameter at breast height (dbh; measured at 1.37 m height) and species of all living trees ≥6 cm dbh was measured. Disturbance history (severity and timing) was reconstructed by examining individual tree growth trends in order to describe and explain its influence on current diameter distributions. To provide quantitative basis for comparison, a weibull function was fit for each plot. In addition, to describe the impact of age and disturbance severity and timing, we used these variables in a regression analysis to model the shape parameter. The results of this research can help us better understand how structural characteristics and forest functioning responds to variation in past disturbances.


Diameter distributions related to age and disturbance in Carpathians primary spruce forest in Europe


91

D. Romportl1, T. Janík1,2, V. Zýka1,2, R. Borovec1, H. Skokanová1, M. Havlíček1, J. Houška1

¹Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v. v. i.²Katedra fyzické geografie a geoekologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzity Karlovy

[email protected]

Změny krajinného pokryvu jsou klíčové pro pochopení současného stavu a budoucích trendů vývoje ekosystémů. Předmětem posteru je představit dílčí výsledky dlouhodobého projektu zaměřeného na hodnocení vývoje krajiny ve velkoplošných zvláště chráněných územích a lokalitách soustavy NATURA 2000.

Celkem byly manuální vektorizací vytvořeny a následně analyzovány pro všechny zájmové území mapy krajinného pokryvu ve čtyřech časových horizontech, které zachycují stav využití krajiny během klíčových období změn: 1) před vrcholem kolektivizace (1950), 2) po pádu komunismu (1990), 3) při vstupu do Evropské unie (2004) a 4) v posledních několika letech (2016). Pro přípravu vstupních dat byly využity topografické mapy území a letecké snímky. Využití krajiny bylo rozděleno do devíti kategorií.

Z výsledků je patrné, že ve všech územích dominují především lesy, trvalé travní porosty a orná půda - plošně nejrozsáhlejší změny se tak logicky odehrály mezi nimi. V horských oblastech a vojenských újezdech dochází zejména k zalesňování, dominantně přeměnou z trvalých travních porostů, ale ubývá zde i ploch orné půdy ve prospěch trvalých travních porostů. Nížinné chráněné oblasti se vyznačují nárůstem orné půdy z trvalých travních porostů. To svědčí o intenzifikaci využití území pro zemědělství v relativně vhodnějším nížinatém prostředí. Zásadní dopad má však nárůst antropogenních struktur v krajině, které způsobují fragmentaci krajiny a narušují celkovou ekologickou integritu chráněných území.


Změny krajiny v chráněných územích ČR - směs protikladů


92

P. Sabo, P. Urban

FPV UMB Banská Bystrica

[email protected]

The global environmental changes have already crossed some of the ecological boundaries of the Earth´s life support systems. Numerous driving forces of this development include also a low reflection of the enormous structural and behavioral complexity of living systems. To contribute to strivings to cope with a high ecosystem complexity and dynamics we have found supportive several important findings of the theory of system ecology, mainly non-equilibrium thermodynamics of complex adaptive systems within the framework of the Holling´s adaptive development cycle. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and Holling´s cycle help us to explain ecosystem development and evolution from a strictly system point of view. They emphasise also a high ecological significance of natural disturbances of ecosystems, which participated in the evolution of ecosystems and from the long-term view even contributed to their resilience. This provides a new system framework within which we tried to contribute to ecosystem integrity assessment and to derive key principles of ecosystem management. Finally, non-equilibrium thermodynamics of living systems may be also helpful in determining the emergency of the current environmental crisis and in redefining the road to sustainability.


Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of ecosystems and its management implications


93

M. Sladová1, E. Fňukalová1, M. Andreas1,3, V. Zýka1,2, E. Chumanová1, D. Romportl1,2

¹Odbor biologických rizik, VÚKOZ, Průhonice, Česká republika²Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha, Česká republika³Přírodovědecká fakulta Hradec Králové, Česká republika

[email protected]

V rámci projektu Biologický výzkum a monitoring na úrovni krajiny ČR byly hodnoceny habitatové preference a potenciální distribuce vybraných, ochranářsky významných druhů živočichů-předmětů ochrany v rámci modelových území. Těmi jsou velkoplošná chráněná území, tedy zejména národní parky, chráněné krajinné oblasti a lokality soustavy NATURA 2000. Habitatové modely vhodnosti prostředí pro vybrané zájmové druhy jsou vytvářeny na základě dvou přístupů, které jsou následně porovnávány. První z nich je tzv. expertní přístup, kdy habitatový model vychází z expertního hodnocení výskytu druhů odborníky, v druhém případě pak bylo použito statistického modelování pomocí nástroje MAXENT. Habitatové modelování a hodnocení potenciální distribuce zájmových druhů v rámci vybraných území přineslo nový pohled na kvalitativní a funkční vlastnosti krajiny. Výsledné analýzy ukazují, že v souladu s výskytem generalistů (velké šelmy, či další druhy s velkými prostorovými nároky) lze vyčlenit území, která jsou cenná vzhledem k jejich celistvosti a minimální míře fragmentace či perforace antropogenními prvky (zejména pohraniční horské oblasti - Šumava, Jeseníky, Beskydy). Na druhou stranu díky habitatovým specialistům (zástupci motýlů, obojživelníků, plazů a měkkýšů) nacházíme centra vysoké potenciální biodiverzity v oblastech typických pestrou vertikální (např. Moravský kras) nebo horizontální (např. Litovelské Pomoraví) strukturou, či jejich kombinací. klíčová slova: habitatové modely, MAXENT


Habitatové modely klíčových druhů živočichů - předmětů ochrany velkoplošných chráněných území


94

A. Sounapoglou1, K. Hrubá2,3, S. Sakhalkar1, K. Ishmeal1, E. Chmelová1,2, J. E.J. Mertens1, Y. Klomberg1, Š. Janeček1, R. Tropek1,2

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia²Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia ³Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia

[email protected]

Pollination interactions are a crucial though often overlooked part of biodiversity. Their knowledge is important to understand ecosystem dynamics and evolution. However, only little is known about patterns in pollination interactions at a community level along important gradients. Although pollination networks are relatively intensively studied in temperate grasslands, pollination in temperate forest ecosystems is understudied. To fill this gap, we study plant-pollinator interactions in forests along an elevational gradient of the Krkonoše Mts., northern Czechia. Specifically, we focus on changes of pollination networks characteristics along elevation, with a specific interest in their specialisation. We hypothesise that plant-pollinator networks will be less specialised in lower elevations.

We sample plant-pollinator networks in 4 different elevations (ca 500, 650, 850, and 1100 m asl) in semi-natural forests on the southern slopes of the Krkonoše Mts. We standardisedly record both day and night flower visitors of all flowering plant species by video cameras. We also sample and analyse nectar of the flowering plants, quantify their flowers, and measure floral traits. In spring 2019, we sampled the two lowest elevations gaining 4,752 hours of video recordings of 22 plant species. In the next two years, we are planning to finish the sampling in all elevations during spring and early summer. Our poster will introduce the project, including its first results.


Pollination systems along an elevational gradient in Krkonose: Project introduction


95

K. Surovcová1, O. Košulič1, T. Hamřík1, J. Rozsypálek1, R. Michalko2

¹Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic²Department of Forest Ecology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Invasive species often have a tendency to cause negative effects in ecosystems. However, in some cases the effects of invasive species is seemingly positive. Ash trees are one of the last smooth tree species that continue to grow in lowland floodplain forests. In the last decades, ashes have been attacked by the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Ash decline can cause significant changes in the stand structure, microhabitat conditions and various biotic interactions. Our objective was to analyse the biodiversity of spiders and carabid beetles in commercial ash forests along the gradient of H. fraxineus infestation. In particular, we studied the effect on species and functional diversity, activity density, conservation value, degree of rarity, and abundance of rare and endangered spider and carabid species. Experiments took place on 12 locations in the floodplain area around southern Moravia (Czech Republic). All studied indicators showed a hump-shaped relationship with increasing infestations except carabid species and functional diversity, that showed no particular relationship with infestation. Surprisingly, the results showed that the invasive organism can have a seemingly positive effect on the diversity of particular organisms in forests. However, the ultimate impact was still negative because a strong infestation of ash plantations greatly reduced the overall biodiversity. Funding: (LDF_PSV_2017004).


Impact of invasive species (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) on biodiversity in commercial ash plantations


96

P. Šebek1, G. Percel1, J. Miklin1,2, G. Parmain3, J. Horak4, C. Bouget3, L. Cizek1,5

¹Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic²Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic³Forest Ecosystems Research Unit, Irstea, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France⁴Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic⁵Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

[email protected]

Open-grown trees are key habitats for arthropods in temperate woodlands. They host rich communities of bees and wasps, ants, spiders or saproxylic (=deadwood dependent) beetles. However, due to changes in forestry practices, formerly common open woodlands have been transformed into rather shady and dense forests. This has led to decline in open-grown trees across the landscapes and to actual threat for the woodland associated insects. Recent studies indicate that presence of several model saproxylic beetles, e.g. Cerambyx cerdo or Osmoderma barnabita, can be better explained by a historical state of their habitats rather than by present. But to what extent can the historical state affect the whole communities of saproxylic beetles? We sampled saproxylic beetles with 68 traps installed in open woodland habitats (solitary trees, tree alleys, forest edges, open forests) distributed across 8 landscape windows. We then tested the effect of quanity and connectivity of open woodland habitats in the present (2014) and in the past (1952) on local and regional diversity of beetles (alpha and gamma diversity, respectively). Preliminary analyses indicate that some ecological groups, xylophagous, mycetophagous, or floricolous beetles, may be affected by the historical state, suggesting potential delays in response of the communities to landscape changes.


Are present-day saproxylic communities affected rather by past than by present state of their habitats?


97

K. Vlková1,2, V. Zýka1,2, D. Romportl1

¹Odbor biologických rizik, VÚKOZ, v.v.i., Průhonice, Česká republika²Přírodovědecká fakulta UK, Praha, Česká republika

[email protected]

Karpaty představují jednu z posledních oblastí zachovalých přirozených biotopů v Evropě. Horské celky s rozsáhlými lesními komplexy dodnes hostí početné populace velkých šelem (Lynx Lynx, Canis Lupus, Ursus Arctos). Intenzivní hospodářský růst a rozvoj dopravní infrastruktury však v současné době generuje mnoho migračních bariér a vytváří tak krajinnou mozaiku lesních ekosystémů a intenzivně využívaných oblastí, které ovlivňují životaschopnost populací velkých šelem. Takový vývoj krajiny je dán konfliktem mezi rozvojem infrastruktury a ochranou přírody, přičemž jen málo odborníků v rámci územního plánování má znalosti a zkušenosti k řešení této problematiky.

Cílem projektu ConnectGREEN je proto vytvoření podkladů pro ochranu konektivity habitatů a management krajiny Karpat na nadnárodní úrovni. Porovnáním nálezových dat a parametrů prostředí byly identifikovány potenciálně vhodné habitaty a vymezena jádrová území výskytu zájmových druhů. Na základě habitatových modelů a fragmentační geometrie vytvořené kombinací lineárních prvků silniční a sídelní infrastruktury byla vygenerována vrstva rezistenčního povrchu reprezentující průchodnost krajiny vzhledem k antropogenním bariérám. Tato vrstva byla klíčovým vstupem modelování konektivity, kdy byla propojena jádrová území výskytu a navrženy koridory pro migraci velkých šelem. Výstup modelu může sloužit jako indikátor vhodnosti umístění přechodových struktur a zmírnit tak dopady plánovaných dopravních staveb na konektivitu krajiny.


Konektivita habitatů velkých šelem v Karpatech


98

P. Knobová1, J. Jansa2, M. Weiser1, et al.

¹Dept. of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czechia²Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Prague, Czechia

[email protected]

Birdseye view upon symbiosis of plants and arbuscular mycorhizal fungi shows that plants from the same family share the same infectability, and that the fungal species could be ranked in terms of dominance and “agressivity” of colonization, regardless of the host plant species.

Here we show that the intensity of AM colonization differs vastly among plant species that always form the symbiosis, and that the dominant fungus differs among the species as well.

We investigated the intensiy of mycorrhizal colonization in seedlings of 22 plant species from 11 families. As a colonization agent, we used a mixture of three Glomus species, and we estimated the colonization intensity by quantitative PCR.

In order to interpret the patterns in the colonization, we used data upon plant species’ phylogeny, growth rates and root traits.


Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization across species - intensity and species matching


99

V. Zýka1, D. Romportl1, M. Havlíček2, H. Skokanová2, R. Borovec2, K. Demková3, J. Houška2, E. Chumanová1, T. Janík1, M. Sladová1

¹Odbor biologických rizik, VÚKOZ, v. v. i. Průhonice, Česká republika²Odbor ekologie krajiny, VÚKOZ, v. v. i. Brno, Česká republika³Odbor kulturní krajiny a sídel, VÚKOZ, v. v. i. Průhonice, Česká republika

[email protected]

Fragmentace krajiny představuje pro mnoho území palčivý proces, při kterém dochází ke stále většímu rozdrobování krajiny. Přispívá k tomu sice pomalý, ale zcela nevratný rozvoj antropogenní infrastruktury, především zastavěných ploch a dálniční, silniční a cestní sítě. V posledních letech se projevuje vliv neustále se rozvíjející rekreační infrastruktury. Tento rozvoj se nevyhnul a bohužel stále nevyhýbá chráněným územím. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je proto ukázat vývoj míry fragmentace vybraných zvláště chráněných území (NP a CHKO) a vybraných území NATURA 2000 od 50. let 20. století do současnosti. Míra fragmentace krajiny je zde vyjádřena metodou Efektivní velikosti oka (Effective Mesh Size, Jaeger, 2000, Moser et al., 2007, Girvetz et al., 2008). Na řadě míst výsledky přináší očekávaný nárůst míry fragmentace krajiny. Například vlivem rozvoje lesní hospodářské cestní sítě můžeme paradoxně pozorovat narůstající míru fragmentace v NP Šumava. Existují ovšem případy, kdy se mohou fragmentační procesy projevit převážně pozitivně. Uhodnete, které to jsou?

Příspěvek vychází z projektu „Biologický výzkum a monitoring na úrovni krajiny ČR – zajištění odborné podpory pro činnost resortu životního prostředí, Část – D: Změny v krajině a trendy ve vývoji krajiny“.


Míra fragmentace krajiny ve zvláště chráněných územích – podklad pro řízení a management


List of participants / seznam účastníků

Name / Jméno Institution full name Plné jméno instituce EmailBlažek Ján Masaryk University, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Brno [email protected]žek Petr University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra botaniky, České Budějovice [email protected]á Eliška Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected] David University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Přírodovědecká fakulta, České Budějovice [email protected]á Tereza Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i., Průhonice [email protected]á Michala Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Ústav půdní biologie, České Budějovice [email protected]Čiháková Kateřina University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Pedagogická fakulta, Katedra biologie, České Budějovice [email protected]Čížek Lukáš Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected] Chris Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR a Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, České Budějovice [email protected] Bishal Kumar Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Prague Česká zemědělská univerzita, Fakulta životního prostředí, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected] Sylvain Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected] Miloslav Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Ústav půdní biologie, České Budějovice [email protected]ý Aleš University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Ostrava Ostravská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra biologie a ekologie, Ostrava [email protected]ál Petr Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice Botanický ústav AV ČR, Průhonice [email protected] Pavel University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Ostrava Ostravská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ostrava [email protected] Jan Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]ňukalová Eliška Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra fyzické geografie a geoekologie, Praha [email protected] Kostanjšek Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected] Jan Charles University, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Praha [email protected]šová Magdalena Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected] Ezequiel Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Ecology, Prague Česká zemědělská univerzita, Fakulta životního prostředí, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected] Catherine Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, ŠvýcarskoHalamová Pavla Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]řík Tomáš Mendel University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Brno Mendelova univerzita, Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta, Ústav ochrany lesů a myslivosti, Brno [email protected]áčková Lenka Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra zoologie a ornitologická laboratoř, Olomouc [email protected]íčková Kristina Schola Humanitas, Litvínov Schola Humanitas, Litvínov [email protected] Martin Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice Botanický ústav AVČR, Oddělení ekologie invazí, Průhonice [email protected]á Eva Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]íková Markéta University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích, Přírodovědecká fakulta, České Budějovice [email protected] Tomáš Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected]önigová Iva Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, Prague Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR, Praha [email protected]ák Kryštof Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Brno Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Brno [email protected]řák David Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]á Karolína University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, České Budějovice [email protected]šková Karolína Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice Botanický ústav AV ČR, Průhonice [email protected] Clémence Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie a životního prostředí, Olomouc [email protected]á Eva Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i., Průhonice [email protected] Sentiko University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, České Budějovice [email protected]ík Tomáš Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra fyzické geografie a geoekologie, Praha [email protected] Ivan Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Hydrobiologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected]áková Jana University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, České Budějovice [email protected]ílková Veronika Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Ústav půdní biologie, České Budějovice [email protected] Jakub Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra zoologie, Praha [email protected] Alfred University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra zoologie, České Budějovice [email protected]












































Name / Jméno Institution full name Plné jméno instituce EmailKlimeš Adam Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra botaniky, Praha [email protected]šová Jitka Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice Botanický ústav AV ČR, Průhonice [email protected] Yannick Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected] Michal Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Prague Česká zemědělská univerzita, Fakulta životního prostředí, Praha [email protected]á Pavlína Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected] Nubitgha Ishmeal Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected]šulič Ondřej Mendel University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Brno Mendelova univerzita, Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta, Ústav ochrany lesů a myslivosti, Brno [email protected] Vojtěch University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, UK University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, Velká Británie [email protected]čík Vladimír Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Ecology and

Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology and General Ecology, Zvolen, SlovakiaTechnická univerzita vo Zvolene, Fakulta ekológie a environmentalistiky, Katedra biológie a všeobecnej ekológie, Zvolen, Slovensko

[email protected]

Květ Jan Institute of Global Change Research, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň Ústav výzkumu globální změny AV ČR, Třeboň [email protected]á Barbora Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected] Vojtech Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Functional Ecology, Třeboň Botanický ústav AV ČR, Oddělení funkční ekologie, Třeboň [email protected] Jan Olešnice Olešnice [email protected]á Barbora Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected]š Jan University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, České Budějovice [email protected]šová-Skácelová Olga University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra botaniky, České Budějovice [email protected]íznarová Eva Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Brno [email protected]á Erika Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Brno [email protected]á Zdeňka Masaryk University, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Brno [email protected]äntylä Elina Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, České Budějovice [email protected]á Jana Palacký University, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc [email protected] Jan Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]álek Ondřej Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Brno [email protected] Radek Mendel University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Ecology, Brno Mendelova univerzita, Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta, Ústav ekologie lesa, Brno [email protected] Julien University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra biologie ekosystémů, České Budějovice [email protected]ák Ondřej Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice Botanický ústav AV ČR, Průhonice [email protected]ünzbergová Zuzana Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, and

Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, PrůhoniceUniverzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha, a Botanický ústav AV ČR, Průhonice

[email protected]

Novoa Ana Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice Botanický ústav AVČR, Oddělení ekologie invazí, Průhonice [email protected]Öztürk Derya University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, České Budějovice [email protected]žana Stanislav University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Ostrava Ostravská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra biologie a ekologie, Ostrava [email protected] Gwendoline Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected] Adam Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]á Tereza Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected] Pavel Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]ý Petr Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague Centrum teoretických studií, Univerzita Karlova a AV ČR, Praha [email protected]žárová Doubravka Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra botaniky, Praha [email protected] Karel Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň Botanický ústav AV ČR, Třeboň [email protected]ázka Jiří Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i., Průhonice [email protected] Petr University of Ostrava, Ostrava Ostravská univerzita, Ostrava [email protected]šek Petr Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice Botanický ústav AVČR, Oddělení ekologie invazí, Průhonice [email protected]šková Klára Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]š Vladimír Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra zoologie, Olomouc [email protected]

List of participants / seznam účastníků (cont.)











































Name / Jméno Institution full name Plné jméno instituce EmailRemešová Eva Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra zoologie, Olomouc [email protected] Ruffy Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology, Prague Česká zemědělská univerzita, Fakulta lesnická a dřevařská, Katedra ekologie lesa, Praha [email protected] Dušan Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i., Průhonice [email protected]ík Martin Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Olomouc [email protected]ůžek Michal Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha [email protected] Peter Matej Bel University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Bánská Bystrica, Slovakia Univerzita Mateja Bela, Fakulta prírodných vied, Katedra biológie a ekológie, Bánská Bystrica, Slovensko [email protected] Samaneh Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected] Katerina Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected]á Jana Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Brno [email protected]ý Jiří Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Brno [email protected]á Renáta Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice Botanický ústav AV ČR, Průhonice [email protected]á Anna Ostrov u Macochy Ostrov u Macochy [email protected]á Michaela Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i., Průhonice [email protected]čka Jan Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, Francie [email protected] Antigoni Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]ý Vojtěch Gymnázium Jeseník Jeseník Grammar School [email protected] David Center for Theoretical Study & Department of Ecology at Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague Centrum teoretických studií a Katedra ekologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Univerzita Karlova, Praha [email protected]á Lenka Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected]á Kamila Mendel University, Brno Mendelova univerzita, Brno [email protected]á Klára Palacký University, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc [email protected]Šebek Pavel Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected]Šorfová Vanda Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Brno [email protected]Štajerová Kateřina Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences,

Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, and Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague

Botanický ústav AV ČR, Oddělení ekologie invazí, Průhonice, a Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha

[email protected]

Těšitel Jakub Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Brno Masarykova univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Brno [email protected]ěšitelová Tamara University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, České Budějovice [email protected] Pagi University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice Jihočeská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, České Budějovice [email protected]ószögyová Anna Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected] Robert Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague, and

Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České BudějoviceUniverzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha, a Biologické centrum AV ČR, České Budějovice

[email protected]

Tůma Jiří Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice Biologické centrum AV ČR, Entomologický ústav, České Budějovice [email protected]šar Katarina Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie, Praha [email protected] Zdeněk Muzeum regionu Valašsko, Vsetín Regional museum of Moravian Wallachia, Vsetín [email protected]áclavík Tomáš Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra ekologie a životního prostředí, Olomouc [email protected]čurová Lucie Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra botaniky, Praha [email protected]á Kristýna Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i., Průhonice [email protected]šňovská Denisa University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Ostrava Ostravská univerzita, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Ostrava [email protected] Martin German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Lipsko, Německo [email protected]ána Jakub Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Olomouc [email protected]á Pavla Mendel University, Brno Mendelova univerzita, Brno [email protected] Karel Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Olomouc Univerzita Palackého, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra zoologie a ornitologická laboratoř, Olomouc [email protected] Martin Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra botaniky, Praha [email protected] Guillaume Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Prague Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Katedra botaniky, Praha [email protected]ýka Vladimír Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Průhonice Výzkumný ústav Silva Taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví, v.v.i., Průhonice [email protected]

List of participants / seznam účastníků (cont.)



































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