ekologi-lecture 14 eid in agriculture

8/3/2019 Ekologi-Lecture 14 EID in Agriculture

1/22

3/24/20

Study of Agro-Industrial Systems India

3/24/2011 1Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas

Mahasiswa Memahami Aplikasi Eco-IndustrialDevelopmentdalam bidang Pertanian dan

Kesadaran tentang trendperkembanganglobal.

Memahami Konsep Resource Flow Analysis

(RFA)



2/22

3/24/20

The large population growth and growing affluence makes itimportant for the country to optimize resource use

Agriculture is the largest consumer of key resources (land,water and energy) in India

Over 90 % of the fresh water drawals in India are used foragriculture

Nearly 50 % of the electrical energy is used in this sector,mostly for pumping water

There is a growing shortage of fresh water in most parts ofthe country

The country will have to re-evaluate agricultural practices tomanage resources better


To understand flowsof materials andenergy throughidentified systemsand to consider

options to optimizetheir use



3/22

3/24/20

To understand the resource* flows through

three selected agro-industrial systems and to

consider implications for policy

Rice

Sugarcane

Cotton

* Resources refer to material and energyresources


Cultivation

Product

Manufacturing

Post Harvest

Processing

On Field

Processing

Waste ToEnvironment

Waste to Reuse

Waste to Re-Cycle

Resource Resource Resource Resource

FinishedProduct 4

FinishedProduct 3

FinishedProduct 2

FinishedProduct 1

Transportation

Scope



4/22

3/24/20

The study area was thestate of Karnataka in thesouth of India

The system identified wasthe cultivation andprocessing of rice,sugarcane and cotton inthe state.

System boundaries aredetailed with resource

flow results


Nearly 13 million people (55% ofworkers) in the state are engageddirectly in agriculture and alliedactivities

Land holding very fragmented 73 % of the farmers own less than2 hectares

Very little mechanization onetractor per 110 hectares

Extreme shortage of electrical

energy

Energy supplied nearly free tofarmers for pumping water

Ground water table is rapidlydeclining due to over-exploitation

The Local Context



5/22

3/24/20

Agri./Irri.

26%

Commercial

4%

Domestic

15%

T&D Losses

35%

Others

6%Industry

14%

Over 90 % of the fresh waterdrawn is used foragriculture

Agriculture is a very largeconsumer of electricalenergy

Un-metered agriculturalpump sets are reported tobe partly responsible for the

large t & d losses

Electrical Energy Consumption

Karnataka


River Cauvery, originates inKarnataka

River Krishna passes throughthe northern part of the state

In recent years, with thegrowth in population and withthe increase of irrigationfacilities, water is often short

Rapid growth in irrigationfacilities

A majority of the populationsurvives on untreated groundwater

A Typical Irrigation Canal3/24/2011 10Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas


6/22

3/24/20

Consists of :

Cultivation

Milling

Rice Bran Oil Extraction


Huge consumption of water - waterused in rice cultivation alone isabout a 100 times the water used inBangalore, a city of 7 million people

Per hectare consumption of wateris much higher than in many otherparts of the world

Systems are available to drasticallyreduce water consumption

Huge quantities of straw areavailable whose re-use pattern is

not known



7/22

3/24/20

Consists of:

Cultivation of sugarcane

Manufacture of sugar

Ethyl alcohol productionfrom molasses (distillery)

Paper making from bagasse(waste from sugarproduction)


Only a part (35% of thesugarcane) is used tomanufacture sugar

An equal part is used inmaking gur (or jaggery), alocal sweetener. The balance isused directly or leaves the state

Although sugar productionyields better value addition, bybetter by-product recovery, gurproduction is a major source ofrural employment

A large quantity of sugarcane

leaves are burnt on the fields.The energy potential could beleveraged

Bagasse, the waste after sugar production used for paper makingMolasses, a sugar production residue used in distilleries to manufacture ethyl alcohol

Note



8/22

3/24/20

Consists of:

Cultivation

Cotton Ginning

Cotton seed oilextraction


Cotton is a major user ofpesticide. Nearly 50 % of all thepesticides in India are used forthe cotton crop

The use of labor is much higherin the case of hybrid varieties ofcotton

The seeds are used for makingedible oil. The matter left overafter oil extraction is used ascattle feed

The pattern of use of the stalkand the seed hull are notknown



9/22

3/24/20

Per Hectare ofLand/ha

Rice Sugarcane Cotton

Per m3 of Water


Per Million Kwhof

Power


Employment(Man-days)

121 183 101 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.071 0.101 0.133

Total value ofoutput (Ind. Rs.)

26,518

152,218 14,913

1.061 6.05 1.14 16.36 46.33 19.67

US $ 1 = 45 Ind. Rs.

~ = 9800 Rp


Resource flows analyses provide a numerical basis toframe policy

Such analyses help set clear and logical priorities foraction

An analysis of an agro-industrial system as an integral

whole could lead to new policy directions



10/22

3/24/20

Identify wastes in the whole system and plan for betterutilization

Encourage the development of the system that gives the mostreturns to society per unit resource by:

Improving yield per unit resource use

Upgrading the varieties to give the farmer a better return

Developing a program to reduce the consumption ofresources per unit production, e.g. get the same yield perhectare with less water.

Set up industries to use the products or the wastes to addvalue to the system.

Cont3/24/2011 19Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas

Identify the critical resources that are scarce in the regionand aim to get the most societal benefits per unit resource

Discourage or replace the system that is likely to endangerthe availability of key resources for the community in thefuture

Encourage the development of activities that are most suitedto the local availability of resources

Monitor the use of chemicals and their path to thegroundwater

Evaluate the technical, economic and cultural feasibility oforganic cultivation practices



11/22

3/24/20

The water consumption in thecultivation of rice is often twice ashigh compared to other places inthe world. A monitoring systemhas to be put in place

Specific policies and programs areneeded to reduce theconsumption of the water andelectrical energy in the system

This should be a major priorityprogram

Cont..3/24/2011 21

Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas

The enormous quantities of straw and huskthat are wasted or badly used need to bestudied in greater detail to better leverageits use either as an energy source orotherwise. This will improve the outputvalue of the system. This need do be donetaking care that local practices and culturesare not disturbed.

Efforts should be made to developequipment and systems that can generatethe best energy value from combustion ofthe straw or husk

The use of chemical pesticides andfertilizers by farmers should be carefully

monitored to prevent pollution of theground water

Well directed efforts are required toleverage the bio-gas potential from thehuge cattle population



12/22

3/24/20

Technology upgradation for theproduction of gur should be takenup to improve hygiene &productivity

Specific policies and programs areneeded to reduce theconsumption of the water andelectrical energy in the system

The use of chemical pesticidesand fertilizers by farmers shouldbe carefully monitored to preventpollution of the ground water

Well directed efforts are requiredto leverage the bio-gas potentialfrom the huge cattle population


The use of pesticides andtheir impact on thegroundwater should bevery carefully monitored

The social impacts of useofchild labor should beminimized

The wastes in the system

should be leveraged(controlled)

The value of the outputshould be increased



13/22

3/24/20

It is imperative for the state touse policy to reduce the use ofelectrical energy inagriculture, as agriculture isthe single largest user groupfor electrical energy in India

Other than striving to reducethe use of water, activemeasures need to beundertaken to promote theuse of other energy sourcesfor pumping water, such as

solar energy or bio-gas


It is estimated that at thepresent over 38 million litersof diesel are used annually fortransporting the harvestedproduce in all the 3 systemsstudied

With greater use of motorizedvehicles, the demand fordiesel for working the land andfor transportation will grow

Policy makers need to be

conscious of a possible spurt inthe demand for fuel with moreuse of machines in farmingand aim to improveproductivity of fuel use



14/22

3/24/20


Food security of the state/country

Impacts on the health of local populations

Environmental considerations impacts on land andwater resources

Social issues for example, child labor, local cultures etc



15/22

3/24/20

Reading :Reading :

Tim Jackson (2005) Live Better by Consuming Less?, Journal of Industrial Ecology,9(1-2) 19-36

29Compiled for Industrial Ecology-PSTP-Unhas3/24/2011

Source: Marlize Palmer (2003)

Technology to implement Sustainable Development


16/22

3/24/20




17/22

3/24/20




18/22

3/24/20




19/22

3/24/20




20/22

3/24/20




21/22

3/24/20




22/22

3/24/20


ekologi-lecture 14 eid in agriculture

Documents