Eindhoven University of Technology

MASTER

Energy efficient topology formation for Bluetooth mesh networks using heterogeneousdevices

Agnihotri, M.K.

Award date:2015

Awarding institution:Royal Institute of Technology

Link to publication

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Energy efficient topology formation forBluetooth mesh networks using

heterogeneous devices

MOHIT KUMAR AGNIHOTRI

Master’s Degree ProjectStockholm, Sweden August 2015

Master Thesis

Energy efficient topology formation forBluetooth mesh networks using

heterogeneous devices

Mohit Kumar Agnihotri

KTH | School of Information and Communication Technology

Supervisors:Dr. Cicek Cavdar, Ph.D., KTH Wireless

Francesco Militano, Senior Researcher, EricssonDr. Roman Chirikov, Ph.D., Experienced Researcher, Ericsson

Examiner:Prof. Dr. Jens Zander, Ph.D., KTH Wireless

Stockholm, August 2015

2.4 GHz

1 MHz 2 MHz 2042 MHz2480 MHz

N Tn

Lifetime = minn∈N

Tn

m

m′ < m

m − m′

k m

5

2

9

3

8 4

7 6

1

5

2

9

3

8 4

7 6

1

Lifetime = minm∈M

Tm

R2

M1

R3

R1 M2

Prospective Relays

M1 M2 R1 R2 R3R1

unit/sec unit/sec

Network lifetime (seconds)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Rel

ay N

ode

Ene

rgy

(mA

h)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100 Device R1Device R2Device R3

Network lifetime (seconds)0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Rel

ay N

ode

Ene

rgy

(mA

h)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100 Device R1Device R2Device R3

Relay Switchover

O(log n) O(log n)O( log n

n )

O(log n)

v u uv

aSp(a) a a a

a Sp(a)S′(a)

S′(a) a

u vS(u) v S(u) S(u)

u S(v) S(v) v u

AlgorithmicProcessing Unit

Input Port Output Port

RSME

RSMEN

≥

C ⊆ {c1, c2, . . . cn} nW ⊆ {w1, w2, . . . wn}

RSM = f(C, W )

c1, c2, c3 and c4 w1, w2, w3 and w4

RSM =4∑

i=1ci ∗ wi

RSME RSMEN

1 − 100%

RSME =

⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩

200EnergyLevel0.1 ∗ EnergyLevel

⎫⎪⎬⎪⎭

RSMEN =

⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩

200 + N ∗ WEnergyLevel0.1 ∗ EnergyLevel

⎫⎪⎬⎪⎭

0 100 200

Coin-Cell Device

Device Energy (mAh)

Rechargeable Device

Mains connected Device

8

7

1

2

34

5

6

8

7

1

2

34

5

6

Master

Slave

state(u) = {none, master, slave}c(u, v) = {white, black, silver, green, red, blue}

u v u v

u v

u v

u v w IDu > IDw > IDv

u v w IDu > IDv > IDw

IDu > IDneigh

ϕ(u)

vu v

RSME RSMEN

RSME RSMEN

P (u) P (v) u v

8

7

1

2

34

5

6

Master

Slave

u �UE ← EnergSrc(Nodeu) �

UE == CONNECTEDRSMU = 200

RSMU

UE == RECHARGEABLERSMU = EnergyLevel(u) �

RSMU

RSMU = 0.1 ∗ EnergyLevel(u)RSMU

P (u) P (v) u vu v

P (u) P (v) u vs

P (u) P (v) u vsu sv su sv

v

sv P (v) v

u

su P (u) u

u, w �UN ← Neighburs(Nodeu) �UE ← EnergSrc(Nodeu) �

UE == CONNECTEDRSMU = w ∗ UN + RSM(u)

RSMU

RSM(u)

u, v �Ursm ← RSM(Nodeu)Vrsm ← RSM(Nodev)

Ursm > Vrsm �

Ursm < Vrsm �

Uid ← ID(Nodeu)Vid ← ID(Nodev)

Uid > Vid �

Uid < Vid �

ϕ(su) su

su sv

P (u)

P (u) P (v)P (w) P (u) P (v)

U VU V

Su

S

U V

Sv

One Hop Interconnect

Two Hop Interconnectcommon slave config

Three Hop Interconnect

U V

S

Two Hop Interconnectmaster-slave config

8

7

1

2

34

5

6

Master

Slave

Gateway

8

7

1

2

34

5

6

Master

Slave

Gateway

Sv VSuU Sv VSuU

G

su captures sv

VSuU VSuU

G

su captures v

VSUVSU

S

v captures s

Sv VU Sv VU

R

sv captures u

VU VU

R

v captures u

GatewayEnergyAvg = Energy(su) + Energy(sv)2

GatewayEnergyAvg = min(Energy(su), Energy(sv))

≥

≥ 1

Gw1, Gw2 �GwRule1 = Rule(GW1) �GwRule2 = Rule(GW2)GwCap1 = Capacity(GW1) �GwCap2 = Capacity(GW2)GwEnergy1 = Energy(GW1) �GwEnergy2 = Energy(GW2)

(GwRule1 − GwRule2 == 0) AND (GwCap1 − GwCap2 == 0)(GwEnergy1 > GwEnergy2)

Gw1

Gw2

(GwRule1 − GwRule2 == 0)(GwCap1 > GwCap2)

Gw1

Gw2

(GwRule1 > GwRule2)Gw1

Gw2

Gw1, Gw2 �GwEnergy1 = Energy(GW1) �GwEnergy2 = Energy(GW2)

(GwEnergy1 > GwEnergy2)Gw1

Gw2

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

Preferred interconnect(only one is chosen)

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

Preferred interconnect(only one is chosen)

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

Preferred interconnect(only one is chosen)

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

Preferred interconnect(only one is chosen)

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

Preferred interconnect(only one is chosen)

2

3

8

1

4

5

7

6

Preferred interconnect(only one is chosen)

VSuU VSuU

G

v captures su

VSUVSU

S

v captures s

Sv VU Sv VU

R

u captures sv

Sv VSuU Sv VSuU

G

su captures sv

VU VU

R

v captures u

BLE Device BLE Device

Transmission Manager

Simulator

Characterstic Module

TxRx Module

Middleware Module

BLE Device

Radio Characteristics

Energy Characteristics

Mobility Characteristics

Traffic Characteristics

Compute Characteristics

Characteristics Module

Topology Block Routing BLock

Middleware Module

Transmit Module Reception Module

TxRx Module

BLE Device 1

1

BLE Device 2

2

1 2

1 2

Transmission Manager

With Collision & Interference

With Collision

Transparent Channel (NO collision & Interference)

mJμA

P_idle

P_Tx/Rx

ConnectionInterval

ConnectionInterval

T_tx T_rx

IdleEnergy = 1μA ∗ 3V olt ∗ T

TxE = RxE = 0.1mJ

CurrEneT ={

CurrEneT −1 − IdE − TxE Event = TransmissionCurrEneT −1 − RxE Event = Reception

}

DeviceStatus ={

Alive, CurrentPower > 0Dead, CurrentPower =< 0

S → 1 → 3 → D

S D

1

2

3

4

μ

30, 40, 50, 60, 70 30, 50, 70

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e (m

onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

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onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

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onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

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fetim

e (m

onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e (m

onth

s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

GS-Ref

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

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fetim

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onth

s)

0

5

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30

GS-Ref

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

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fetim

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onth

s)

0

5

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25

30

GS-Ref

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

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onth

s)

0

5

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15

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25

30

GS-Ref

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

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onth

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0

5

10

15

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25

30

MS-Ref

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

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onth

s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

MS-Ref

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e (m

onth

s)

0

5

10

15

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25

30

MS-Ref

GS-Ref GS-Ref+E GS-E

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

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onth

s)

0

5

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25

30

MS-Ref

Number of Devices30 40 50 60 70 80

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

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onth

s)

0

10

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30

40

50

60MS-Ref Algorithm

30% Coin-Cellfitted50% Coin-Cellfitted70% Coin-Cellfitted

Number of Devices30 40 50 60 70 80

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e(M

onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60MS-E based Algorithm

30% Coin-Cellfitted50% Coin-Cellfitted70% Coin-Cellfitted

Number of Devices30 40 50 60 70 80

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e(M

onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60MS-EN based Algorithm

30% Coin-Cellfitted50% Coin-Cellfitted70% Coin-Cellfitted

Number of Devices30 40 50 60 70 80

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e(M

onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60MS-RefRef-fittedMS-EMS-E-fittedMS-ENMS-EN-fitted

Number of Devices30 40 50 60 70 80

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e(M

onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60MS-RefRef-fittedMS-EMS-E-fittedMS-ENMS-EN-fitted

Number of Devices30 40 50 60 70 80

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e(M

onth

s)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60MS-RefRef-fittedMS-EMS-E-fittedMS-ENMS-EN-fitted

RSME RSMEN

dn

((α1...αn), (α2...αnαn+1)) αn+1

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

wor

k Li

fetim

e (m

onth

s)

0

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30

GS-Ref

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

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fetim

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onth

s)

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GS-Ref

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

Net

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GS-Ref

MS-Ref MS-E MS-EN

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onth

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GS-Ref

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GS-Ref

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GS-Ref

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GS-Ref

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GS-Ref

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GS-Ref

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GS-Ref

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