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Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA)

Dr. M. Manshouri

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A project may bring physical benefits when,

previously polluted and derelict land is

brought back into productive use;

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Sanitary Landfill

preparation and lining

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Sanitary Landfill filling

process and closing

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Orleans Sanitary landfill

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Moundsville Sanitary Landfill

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Projects may also have immediate and directimpacts that give rise to secondary and

indirect impacts later.

The direct and indirect impacts may

sometimes be connected with short-run and

long-run impacts.

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Impacts also have a spatial dimension.

One difference is between local and strategic,

the latter covering impacts on areas beyond

the immediate locality.

These are often regional, but may sometimes

be of national or even international

significance.

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Environmental resources cannot always be

replaced; once destroyed, some may be lost

for ever.

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Great Smoky Mountains National Park in eastern Tennessee and

western North Carolina

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Acid rain risk in Europe ( Hatier, Paris, 1993)

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Changes in the practice of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) and advances in

information technology have greatly expanded

the range of tools available to the EIA

practitioner.

For example, map overlay methods, originally

pioneered by McHarg (1971), have evolved

into sophisticated Geographic Information

Systems (GIS).

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Expert systems, a branch of artificial

intelligence, have been developed to help in

screening, scoping, developing terms of

reference (TOR), and conducting preliminaryassessments.

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These systems use comprehensive checklists,

matrices, and networks in combination with

hundreds of impact rules developed by EIA

experts.

The global sustainable development has made

the analysis of costs and benefits an integral

part of EIA.

This has forced the expansion of factors to beconsidered in traditional cost benefit analysis.

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Map overlay method

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* denotes Negligible

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As it was noted before these methods are not

neutral, and the more complex they are, the

more difficult it becomes for the general

public to participate in the EIA process.

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The quality of assessments

Many EISs fail to meet even minimumstandards.

They did not appear to contain the required

nontechnical summary, that, in a quarter of thecases, they were judged not to contain the data

needed to assess the likely environmental

effects of the development, and that in many

cases, the more complex, interactive impacts

were neglected.

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Quality may vary between types of project.

It may also vary between countries operating

under the same legislative framework.

In some areas of the world (e.g. California and

Western Australia), the monitoring of impacts

is mandatory, and monitoring procedures

must be included in an EIS.

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A summary of NEPA procedures

The process of EIA established by NEPA,

and developed further in the Council on

Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations, issummarized in next Figure.

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