egypt&tut ppt 97 03bbbb
DESCRIPTION
Treasures of Egypt: They Forsook it All!TRANSCRIPT
Berlin: Egyptian Museum
Egypt: “Gift of the Nile”, Herodotus
Hail to you, O Nile, that issues from the earth and comes to keep Egypt alive!
He that waters the meadows that Re created….
He that makes to drink the desert and the place distant from water….
Canal Flooding
Papyrus
Irrigated Fields
Fishing & Hunting
Natural BountyNatural Bounty
Communication
Ancient Egyptian sail boat, from about 2000 BC
Felucca
Only invasion rout
1500 Years of Safety Made Egyptians
•Early Dynastic- 3000-2780 BC - dynasties I - II • Old Kingdom - 2780 - 2254 BC - dynasties III - VI • First Intermediate period - 2254 - 1991 BC - dynasties VII - XI
• Middle Kingdom -1991 - 1778 BC - dynasty XII • Second Intermediate period - 1778 - 1573 BC - dynasties XIII - XVII
•New Kingdom - 1573 - 1085 BC - dynasties XVIII - XX
SecondIntermediate
Period
FirstIntermediat
ePeriod
Early Dynasty
First Intermediate
Middle Kingdom
Second Intermediate
New Kingdom
Late Dynasties
OLD
KIN
GD
OM
UNITY through the god‑king Pharaoh
The Narmer Palette Namer or Menes, architect of Egyptian
unity
3000-2780 BC dynasties I - II
2780-2254 BCdynasties III - VI
Symbolic of the unification
Narmer Palette
Hymn to the PharaohHymn to the Pharaoh
He has come unto us and has united the Two Lands….
He has come unto us and has brought the Black Land under his sway; he has apportioned to himself the Red Land….
He has come unto us and has made Egypt to live; he has banished its suffering….
Khafre, Gizeh, Egypt, Dynasty IV Ca 2520-2495 BC
(i) every living pharaoh was God Horus
(ii) every dead pharaoh was God Osiris
(a) must preserve his physical remains to supply him in the next
life(b) pyramids built to house body and
goods
(iii) source of all law (iv) guarantor of orderly world, ma'at
Pharaoh: The God‑King
Amun
Anubis
Bastet
Bes
Geb
Hapy
Hathor
Horus
Isis
Khepri
Khnum
Ma'at
Nephthys
Nun
Egyptian Gods… They worshipped thousands of gods, goddesses, spirits
Re, sun god (i) Osiris, father of Horus, god of underworld (ii) Isis, mother of Horus
a. Horus, guarantor of balance and harmony
b. Seth, brother and murderer of Osiris
Amun-Re
Isis and Horus
Aten
1. mastaba, the traditional tomb
2. step pyramid four step pyramid. enlarged to six step
3. Smooth surfaced pyramid
Development of Tombs of Pharaohs.
Various Possible Methods of Pyramid Construction
Preparation of dead
Early Dynasty
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
Second Intermediate
New Kingdom
Late Dynasties
2254-1991 BCdynasties VII-XI
The sage Ipuwer indignantly described the turmoil: The door-keepers say: "Let us go and plunder." The washerman refuses to
carry his load… Strangers have become Egyptians everywhere… The high-born are full of lamentations, and the poor are full of joy. Every town says: "Let us drive out the powerful from our midst." . . . Laughter has perished and is no longer made. It is grief that walks through the land, mingled with lamentations.... They who had clothes are now in rags. He who wove not for himself now possesses fine linen…
financial exhaustion political unrest
Relief showing Relief showing men, women, men, women, and children and children suffering from suffering from the effects of the effects of severe faminesevere famine
Early Dynasty
Old Kingdom
First Intermediate
Second Intermediate
New Kingdom
Late Dynasties
1991-1778 BCdynasty XII
public works democratization of religion
Fayum
Fayum
Rembrandt van Rijn(1606-1669)
Abraham
There was famine in the country, and Abram went down to Egypt… Gn 12:10-13
Abraham and Sara in Egypt in 1875 B.C. SDA Commentary, I, 192
Early Dynasty
Old Kingdom
First Intermediate
Middle Kingdom
Second
Intermediate
New Kingdom
Late Dynasties
1778-1573 BC dynasties XIII - XVII
From 1700 B.C. on Semitic immigrants and invaders entered Egypt
One such group:
HyksosThe Hyksos introduced: • the horse and chariot,• the compound bow,• fortification techniques
Hyksos King
Hyksos capital Avaris (modern Tall ad-Dab'a). Excavations since the 1960s have revealed a Canaanite-style temple, Palestinian-type burials, including horse burials, Palestinian types of pottery, and quantities of their superior weapons.
Joseph and the Hebrews came into Egypt during the Hyksos period
SDA Commentary I, 192
“Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Since God has made all this known to you, there is no one so discerning and wise as you. You shall be in charge of my palace, and all my people are to submit to your orders. Only with respect to the throne will I be greater than you.” Genesis 41:39-40
“…So then, it was not you who sent me here, but God. He made me father to Pharaoh, lord of his entire household and ruler of all Egypt. Now hurry back to my father and say to him, ‘This is what your son Joseph says: God has made me lord of all Egypt. Come down to me; don’t delay.” Genesis 45:4-9
Early Dynasty
Old Kingdom
First Intermediate
Middle Kingdom
Second Intermediate
New Kingdom
Late Dynasties
•1573-1085 BC •Dynasties:• XVIII - XX
Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes
Ahmose I 1570 -
1546
Chased out HyksosHebrew associates in troubleHatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483
Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450
Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346
NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty
Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325
Ahmose I
Ahmose I, being depicted as fighting back the Hyksos.
Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes
Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483 SDA Commentary I, 192Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450
Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346
NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty
Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325
Hatshepsut with beard
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahari
Moses’ name occurs 900 times in the Bible!
Nearly half of the 66 books of the Bible mention his name!
YET – no mention in any contemporary secular document
Moses being placed in NileMichelangelo, Moses
Hebrews 11:26-27
[[26] He thought it was better to suffer 26] He thought it was better to suffer
for the sake of the people than to own for the sake of the people than to own
the treasures of Egypt, for he was the treasures of Egypt, for he was
looking ahead to the great reward that looking ahead to the great reward that
God would give him. [27] It was by faith God would give him. [27] It was by faith
that Moses left the land of Egypt. He that Moses left the land of Egypt. He
was not afraid of the king. Moses kept was not afraid of the king. Moses kept
right on going because he kept his eyes right on going because he kept his eyes
on the one who is invisible.on the one who is invisible.
Liberated and unified Egypt - ruled from Thebes
Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483
Tuthmosis III 1483 – 1450 MOSES FLED TO MIDIAN SDA Commentary I, 192
NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty
Relief of Tuthmosis IIIElephantine Island, Temple of Satis,
Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346
Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325
Amenhotep II 1450-1419
Mummified head of Thutmose III.
Thutmose III.
Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes
Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483
Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450
Amenhotep II Exodus SDA Commnetary I, 192
NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty
Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325
Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV)
“the Heretic King" 1350 –46
1450 - 1419 BC
Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes
Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483
Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450
Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) “the Heretic King" 1350 – 1346
NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty
Tutankhamun, “King Tut" 1334 - 1325
•Amenhotep IV became Akhenaten, “who serves Aten (pure, sun disk) willingly.”•Akenaten suppressed other gods
•New capital Akhetaten, to emphasize break with old ruling regime
Tell el-Amarna
Small Temple of the Aten at Akhetaten
Akhenaton
Akhenaton and his family worshiping Aten
Thou appearest beautifully on the horizon of heaven, Thou living Aton, the beginning of life! When thou art risen on the eastern horizon, Thou hast filled every land with thy beauty. Thou art gracious, great, glistening, and high over every land;Thy rays encompass the lands to the limit of all that thou hast made:
The Great Hymn to the Aten
Akhenaton
Nefertitiwife of Akhenaton
Akhenaten Revolution in Art:
Greater Naturalism
Liberated and unified Egypt -- ruled from Thebes
Ahmose I 1570 - 1546
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 – 1483
Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450
Akhenaton “the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346
NEW KINGDOM: 18th Dynasty
Tutankhamun “King Tut" 1334 - 1325
Tutankhamen, the Boy King
Kiya, lesser wife of Akhenaten was Tutankhamun's mother.
NefertitiPrincipal WifeAkhenaten
Tutankhamun
Family Tree of Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun began life with the name Tutankhaten (“Living Image of the Aten”) as son of the heretic King Akhenaten and his lesser wife Kiya. He grew up at Akhetaten, the controversial new capital city.
Tutankhamun’s Early Reign
After Akhenaten’s passing, the ten-year-old Tutankhaten ascended the throne of Egypt.
Tutankhamun as the King of Upper and Lower Egypt
Near the time of his father’s death, Tutankhaten married Ankhsenpaaten—probably his half-sister and the daughter of Akhenaten by Nefertiti, the famous beauty and chief wife.
Back to Polytheism
No More Aton
Restoring Traditional Beliefs
One of Tutankhaten’s first actions as pharaoh was to move away from the Amarna religion, because his father's belief in one god, the Aten, had proved to be quite unpopular with the people.
Tutankhaten quickly re-established the orthodox belief in the pantheon of the gods and reopened their temples. By his second year, King Tutankhaten and his queen had changed their names to Tutankhamun and Ankhsenamun.
Although they did not abandon Amarna completely, members of the royal family re-established the old capitals and now spent most of their time at the traditional administrative center of Memphis.
Tut’s Death and Burial
After a nine-year reign, the boy king passed away unexpectedly before reaching his twentieth birthday.
Coffinette for the Canopic of Tutankhamun
This miniature coffin in the form of Osiris held the liver of King Tutankhamun. One of four containers, this one has texts invoking protection from Imsety, a son of Horus, and Isis, the wife of Osiris.
Canopic Stopper of Tutankhamun
The Outer Coffin
Tutankhamun Tomb
Lord Carnarvon
Howard Carter
Financier and Discoverer
Valley of the Kings
Valley of the Kings
Karnak
Luxor
Valley of the Kings
Tutan
kham
en
Tomb
Tutankhamun Tomb
Howard Carter’s discovery of King Tut’s tomb.
The Initial Discovery: Stairway
On the morning of November 4, 1922, a young boy arrived at the site with jars of water for the workers. As he cleared a space for the jars, he found the top of a step cut into the bedrock. Soon afterward, Carter arrived and directed his men to clear away the sand, uncovering eleven more steps leading to a doorway blocked with stones and plaster.
First Glimpse into the Tomb (corridor)
After making a small hole, Carter peered inside and saw a corridor filled with rubble. He curbed his impatience, had his men refill the stairway, and sent the momentous telegram to Lord Carnarvon in England:
“AT LAST HAVE MADE WONDERFUL DISCOVERY IN THE VALLEY, A MAGNIFICENT TOMB WITH SEALS INTACT; RECOVERED SAME FOR YOUR ARRIVAL; CONGRATUATIONS!
Lioness CouchCow Couch
The Outer Coffin
Innermost Coffin
Tutankhamun's second sarcophagus. Differences in its facial features suggest that it was probably intended for someone else.
Tutankhamun's third, innermost sarcophagus.
Beaten from heavy gold sheet, it weighs 110.4 kg.
1 sarcophagus, and 3 coffins protected the mummy
The second Outside Coffin
Outer Coffin
Burial Chamber
sarcophagus
sarcophagus
The First Look at the Mummy
The third and final coffin was of solid gold and covered in sticky, hardened black resin. With great difficulty, the lid of the inner coffin was finally raised to reveal King Tutankhamun’s mummy. More black resin covered the body inside and adhered the king’s head to his gorgeous gold funerary mask.
Recent examination showed a compound fracture of the left thigh. Setting in infection could have killed him
Cause of Tutankhamun’s death:
A 1968 x-ray seemed to show damage to the base of the skull, perhaps due to a blow to the head but CT scans in 2005 have disproved that theory.
Tut’s CurseTut’s Curse“They who enter this sacred tomb shall swift be visited by the wings of death.”
Supposed message written in ancient hieroglyphics on the outside of the tomb
There was one inscription found on an Anubis shrine that stated:
"It is I who hinder the sand from choking the secret chamber. I am for the protection of the deceased".
Anubis shrine
When Howard Carter opened the tomb, his pet canary was swallowed by a cobra. Cobras, as the goddess Wadjet, were the protectors of the Pharaoh.
Lord Carnarvon Died at 57 died of pneumonia in Cairo on April 5th, 1923, four months after the discovery of the tomb. It was said that at the moment of his death, the lights went out in Cairo and that back in England his dog, Susie, howled and died in the same instant.
Howard Carter died at 65 of natural causesAccording to Newspapers, 26 people associated with the find died within a decade of its discovery. In reality, only six people died during this first decade, while many others lived to an old age.
This falcon collar of sheet gold, fashioned for the burial, wrapped around the neck of Tutankhamun’s mummy
Decorated Chest
Personal Objects
Chair with Footrest
Seti I 1291 -- 1278
Ramses II “the Great" 1278-1212
Merneptah 1212 -- 1202
18th Dynasty Ahmose I 1570 -- 1546
Hatshepsut "the Female Pharaoh" 1504 - 1483 Tuthmosis III 1483 - 1450 Akhenaton the Heretic King" 1350 - 1346 Smenkhkare 1336 -- 1334 Tutankhamun, King Tut" 1334 - 1325 Horemheb 1321 - 1293
19th Dynasty
Ramses II smiting enemies
Ramses II
Ramses II temple at Abu Simbel
Ramses II
Merneptah 1212-
1202
Stela-Merneptah
The earliest reference to Israel as an entity outside the Bible.
“Israel is laid waste and its seed is not”
1) Archbishop James Ussher: Exodus 1491 BC
2) Oppressor: Thutmose III (1502- 1448 BC)
Exodus: Amenhotep II (18th Dynasty) 1450 - 1419 BC
[few scholars]
3) Oppressor: Ramses II (19th Dynasty)(1301- 1234)
Exodus: Merneptah –After Crisis in Egypt [most scholars]
– Better fits Egyptian history– Better fits Palestinian archaeology
Toward the end of the New Kingdom, the pharahonic system of Government was beginning to show signs of wear. Military and Political power declined.
Invasions of the Sea Peoples. 1200 B.C.
Libyan dynasties 940‑730 B.C.
Nubian dynasties 760‑656 B.C.Nubians and Assyrians struggle for control 671‑663 b.c.
Egyptian recovery: the Sauté Pharaohs 664‑525 BC.
Persian conquest of Egypt 525 B.C.Ptolemies after the conquest by Alexander the Great 332 B.C.
Cleopatra
ROMAN CONQUEST AND CONTROL, 68 B.C.
Jesus Flight into Egypt
Herod the Great,
37 to 4 BC.
Egypt under ROMAN CONTROL
Egyptian Christians believe that the Patriarchate of Alexandria was founded
by Mark the Evangelist around 33, but little is known about how Christianity entered Egypt. Originally the Christians in Egypt were predominantly influenced by Gnosticism .
By 200 it is clear that Alexandria was one of the great Christian centers. The Christian apologists Clement of Alexandria and Origen both lived part or all of their lives in that city, where they wrote, taught, and debated.
A mosaic in St. Mark's, Venice, shows St. Mark taking gospel to Alexandria ...