egyptian art mmfa

8/2/2019 Egyptian Art MMFA

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Egyptian Art

Reviewed work(s):Source: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 41, No. 3, Egyptian Art(Winter, 1983-1984), pp. 1+3-56Published by: The Metropolitan Museum of ArtStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3269068 .

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6. Xlth thegrowth fgovemmentndtemple ureaucraciesuringhecourseofDynasties and6, more ndmorepeoplewereable o commissionombsand omb culpture. he culptorsof hehugecemetery t Saqqarae-sponded y developingstyledevoid findividualityutextremelyompetentandattractive. his tatueof hegra-nary oreman ykairau ithhiswifeanddaughters a good xample. hefacesofall hreearenearlydentical.The ombownerNykainu,however,definitelyoldspndeofplace.His

naked ittle girl hangson to one leg,whilehis wife Nykainebtynestlesbeside he other, n a charrliinglyemi-ninebut clearlydependentpose. Thefnnge of curlson her forehead epre-sents her ownhairbeneathher heavywig. The greatdiscrepancyn size ofthefigures,commonn OldKingdom rt,was modifiedn laterpenods but neverentirelyabandoned.Nykairau adseveral ombstatues. Another, n theMetropolitanMuseum, howshimasa scnbe. E. R. R.

7. Bold elief ndbrilliantolor istin-gliish hisunusually ell-preservedrelief fNebhepetraMentuhotpeI(c. 2060-2010.C.), who s portrayedweanng heWhiteCrown fUpperEgypt,a jeweled road ollar, ndawhitegaament eld n placebya shoul-derstrap.Uncommonarehasbeentakenwith hefinedetails f hehieroglyphs, he subtle hading f heking'seye,and he miniatureatterningf herectangularanel nfront f he dng'sface.ThegoddessHathor, hosedamagedigure domedwith hehorned undisk tands t thenght,declaresn theaccompanyingext, aI

haveunited heTwoLands oryouaccordingo what hesoulsofHeliopolisavedecreed."lthoughhewords repurely onventionaln thecontext fa religiouseremony,Men-tuhotpe I is indeed emembereds thefounder f he MiddleKingdomnd heconqueror horeunified gyptaftertheturbulent irstInternediatePenod.Theblockwasdiscoveredn1906-7 y Edouard avillentherliinsofMentuhotpe'simeraryemple twesternThebes.This ceneonginallydecoratedhe southem uterwaSl f hevestibule fthe sanctuary.P.D.

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8, 9. Adequaterovisioningor heafterlife asa paramountoncernoEgyptians fevery ocial ndoccupa-tional lass.While uneraryfferingsandactivities feverydayifeweremostoftenportrayedn reliefduiing he OldKingdom,mall aintedmodels lacedin thetombbecamencreasinglyreva-lentduringhe FirstInternediatePeriods a more ffective ayofper-petually nsutinghenecessities ndpleasuresf ife.Theelaboratelypaintedmodels fMekutra, chancellorwho erved othMentuhotpeI andIII, are hefinestpreservedromancient gypt.Made fpainted ndgessoedwood, inen, nd ord, hey

werediscoveredn a small hamberfMekutra'somb n westernThebes ur-ing ts reexcavationy theMuseumExpeditionn 1920.The ervant irlbeasing rovisionsfrom neofMekutra'sstatess carvedto half ifescalewithremarkableen-sitinty.Hereyesare arge,hernose sratherwideand lat,andhermouthsdrawn ack n a tight mile featurescharactezisticf heroyal tyleof ateDynasty 1.Despite he stiffness f heconventionalttiding tance,her limtorso s modeled ithunusualubtlety,and he figures furthernlivenedytheblilliant olors fhercostume ndjewelry.Onherhead hebalances tall

pannierontainingread, egetables,and hoice utsofmeat,and hecaariesa saclificialuck y ts wings.In theunderworlds in everydayife,the Nilewas hehighwayorcommerceand ravel, nd ivetine raftweretherefore ecessaryquipageor hedeceased.Mekutra'sraveling oat sfaithfullyecreated.hecabins cov-eredwithwovenmatting nddecoratedwith hields aintedn mitationfcow-hide;matcurtainsrerolled poverthewindows. s thecaptainmakeshisobeisance,Mekutraitsbeforehecabin oor,nhalinghefragrancefalotusbudand njoyinghemusic fasinger nda blind arpist. P.D.ll


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23.Thecoffin fPuhorsenbuelongsoa classofcoffinslownbytheArabicword wshi, eaningfeathered;heyaredistinguishedythe ntncate at-ternofwingsdecoratinghe id.RtshicoffinsreessentiallyThebanhe-nomenonnd xhibitheclumsiness,individuality,nd harrnfprovincialworks.Puhorsenbu'smilingacespainted rarepink,and he executionof hewings,which redepicted sifviewedrom hedorsalide,approachanabstract esign.Althoughmanyrwshioffins erehollowedutof ogs,Puhorsenbu'sasconstructedfsyc-amore lanks.Rtshi offins ere nvogue oronly wohundredears(c.1667-1450.C.); nevertheless,heyarea crucialinknthedevelopmentfS --''.. . ' _ '


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25,26.The reasure f he threeminorwivesofTuthmosisII (c. 1504-1450B.C.), ofwhich nlya fewobjects reillustratedere,comprses hemostspectacularorpus froyalewellyofDynasty 8prorto the reign fTutankhamun.t is thoughto havebeendsscoveredn 1916n a tomblocatedn a deserted alley fwesternThebes y local nhabitants. heMuseum urchasedhe contents f hetreasure lmost ntirely n hemarketover he course fseventy-fiveears.Theobjectsncludetems hatweremade oreveryday se andaccord-

ingly how ignsofwear-as wellasequipmentntendedxpresslyor hetomb.Althoughhe names fthe threequeens Menhet,Merti, ndMenwaioccur nlyoncertainuneraly rtiiicts,theirassociation ithTuthmosisII isassumed ecause f he appearancefhiscartouchesnsomeofthe evetydayjewelry ndalabaster nguentars.Theunusualpellings fthe names ndicateanon-Egyptiannginand uggest hatthequeens'mamages o Tuthmosis ayhave trengthenednumber fdiplo-matic lliances ith oreignands.

objectsmade or hesinglepurpose fadoniing mummy.A unique val oldplate, hasedwitha palmette esign, s thecenterpiecefor hisreconstructionfa magnificentheaddressfig.26).Four undwdiftygoldelements, raduatedn sizeandinlaidn rosettepattetoswithcar-neliall, urquoiselass,andclear lass,arestrung erticallyn eweled ttipsthatdescendrom heovalplateandcover he wigbelow.Thediscoveryfsimilar osette lementst thepur-ported indspot f hetreasure asestablishednarchaeologicalinkbetween hetomband heheaddress..D.

Thehinged raceletsfig.25,nght)are ashionedfgoldbeaten o shape,bumishedo a highgloss,and nLaidwithaltemating iecesof urquoise,carnelian,nda third ubstance otidentified.nscnbed n he ntenorwith he royal itlesofTuthmosisII,theyaresldllfilUlyhased o that hebroad rooves eflectightbrilliantly.Althoughhebracelets ereapparentlyintendedo be wozn s a matched air,thetextsdisplay number f dio-syncraciesndicatinghateachwasdoneby a different and.Cut romsheetgold, he sandalsfig.25, eft)closelymitateooled eatherwork,uttheir ragile onstructions typical f261


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statue epresentingcouple,lmost _ _ -bysidewith heir nns boutachother,n ront faslab nscribedn hebackwith inerasynvocationsor ach | e . . 1 K^ofthem. arts fthe ext urviveRuttheir ames re ost.The tatuewas _ _madeor heuplRs tomb tThebes. P | | l

us ogaugethelffACstusualheWoman's q tyellowkin olorscontrastedith he L5e


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S t # x f *were toS m the draserat oneenddf :the boarrd.1 moveswew deteSmined ytossing hmw ticlz such :as thesered-stainederolyxatnpl,carved t oneendmnthhehead fajadkal ndat theotherwitha fingemail,a visual eferenceo theancaent ordfor hrow tick,djeba, rfinger."herules or hetwogames, orgotteninoeRomaJlimes,havenever een ntirelyreconstructed.he idesand opoftheboard re nscribed ith unerazyor-mulasnthename f heoverseer fworks ia andhisparents, ndat oneend dia is depictedeatedwithhiswifeandhermother.P.D.

29.Board ames, ly mtegnallvments f uney equipmentefbreD9q1ast 1 (e. 31v B.C.), 8 ffieentire ontinuumfEgyptian iviZza-tion. lniswooden oF has woplay-ing 811S, onewith wenty quareson op or hegameoft1au, rSbers," ppatentlyn mportromAsia,andoneunth hirtOrquares n hebot-tom or enS, whichmeans ssing."Senet cqliiredfuneraryoledulingthe NewKingdom;heobstacles f hegaxne ere quated ith hehazanls ftheafterlife, ndhlowledge f ts ruleswas houghto enable ictoziousntryinto heunderworld.aniing ieces

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32 'rnishead m a ue ofAmenhotpeII (c.1417-1a79 B.C.) Ba characiristiciken of he dngwhoruled therxchestmp theworld adyet seen.The eatuxes fAmenhotperecunously hildlike:round heeks nda soft in; amouthwitha distinctivelyhapedupperipslightly }ickerhan helower;arge, lanted, legantly utlinedeyes; nda pleasant utsomewhatnig-rnatic pression Thepersonalitybehindhis ace emains luave,although e have oreiderablenfoFrnationboutAmenhotpeWeignXHeclaimedo haw beena mighthrionhunterm hisyouth, utto judge romstatues n the Metropolitanuseumand lsewh@re-ebecame orpulentiIl ater ears. EeR R


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33.Althoughhewasnotofroyal irth,GreatQueenTiye eems o have xer-cisedunusualnfluence,robablyyvirtue fher orceful ersonaSity.ikemost epresentationsf hecontempbrazies fanyEgyptian ing,her magesweremade o resemblehoseofherhusband, menhotpeII, withyouth-filly roundedaceand argealmond-shaped yes.YetTiyehadherowndistinctiveeatures,ncludingdeter-minedittle rown t thebrows ndan

indescribableutunmistaliableontourto thefilllandgenerous ut aintlypoutingmouth.Thus his ragment fastatue, nbeautifilllyolishedasper,is immediatelyecogiizables Tiye.When omplete,hefigurewasproba-blya compositeork,wsth ppropri-ately oloredtones ndpreciousmetalsformlnghevariouslementsfhercos-tumeandheaddress a masterworkna timeof avishwealth ndbrilliantcraftsmanship..R.R.

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34.Thesehree arnelianlaqueswereoriginallyet ingold ewelry, robablybracelets. he tonewaspreciousnd,beinghard,difflcultocarve;heseficts, and heglorificationnall hreeofAmenhotpeII, indicatehat heywerea product ftheroyalworkshops.heymayhavebeenmade ocommemorateoneoftheking's eb eds importantfestivals froyal enewal-foronone(left)he s shown wice n he1oedcos-tume,accompaiiedyQueen 5ye.Onthe secondright),AmenhotpendTiyeareattendedy twoprincesses. hethird below), virtuosoittlepieceofopenworkarving,howsTiyeas awingedphinx,weating floralrown.Herhumannnsareraised nadorationofthecartoucheontainingerhus-balld's ame.TheprominencefTiyeonall hreeplaquess significant,signofhergreatimportance. .R.R.

35.TheRoyal cribe enuappears tthetighton hisstela,worshipingImsety ndHapy,woof hefunerarydeitiesknown s the Four onsofHorus.Hisown on, he ector-priestPawahy,tands elow,makinghepre-scribed esture sherecitesorhisfatherhefunerary ymnwtitten nfront fhim.The ineworlunanshipndsuave tylearecharacteristicfall heartsofAmenhotpeII's eign.Thegracefuligures,with heir light imbs,ratherargeheads, ndgreat lantingeyes,recall heelegant utvaguelyjuvenileppearancef he dnghimselSenuhada set of hesestelaeorhismortuaryult.OnentheLouvreshowshimgreeting he other woSonsofHorus,DuamutefndKebehsenuef.Another,n theMetropolitan'sollec-tion,representsimwithOsiris.E.R.R.

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36,37.Mlbrantithcolor,hese oursmall esselshave hebnlliancefjewels.Thecompansons notat all b-fetched,or heEgyptianseem o haveregardedlassas a kind fartificialgemstone,nd twasequally alued.Glassmaldngasapparentlyn-ventednwesternAsia.Theartreached gyptearly nDynasty 8,around500 .C., anduntilat least heendof hedynasty, lassmanufacturewasa royalmonopoly.herewereglassworksn the palace omplexfAmenhotpeIIat Malkata,nd nAkhenaton'sesidentialapital tAmarna. uling hereigns f hese woldngs,Egyptian lassmaldngreachedits peak,producingessels ike hese,

whose echnicalxcellencend lear,pure olors reunsurpassedn theancientworld.The hapes f Egyptianlassvesselswereborrowedrom tonewarendpot-tery.Theminiaturemphorand wominiatureratersnght)have heirprototypesn arge toragears.The ootedbowlwithholizontalbbingbelow)imitateslabasterxamples. ll hevesselswere onned ver sandy ore,whichwasscrapedutwhen heglasshadcooled ndhardened. dditionalcolorswere railed nand,while tillsoft,dragged panddowno producefestoon nd eather atterns. hewholewas henmarvered,rsmoothed,o thesheenofpolishedgemstones..R.R.

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38. Generally estricted o formal tyl-istic conventions ndrepetitious ubjectmatter,Egyptianartisanswere never-theless capable f creatingworksofstartlingrealism.The bodyof thisgazelle s carved roma singlepieceofivory,with hoovespaintedblackandhairsalong he spinerenderedby smallscores; he missinghornswere proWablyof anothermaterial, uchas ebony.Attached o the woodenbase by tenonsprotrudingrom ts tiny hooves, he

gazelle s shownpoisedon a desert hil-lock,tail raisedandeyes alert to dan-ger. The smoothed urfaces, lenderlegs, anddelicate olonngcontnbute othis consummate ortrayal f fragilegrace. As in the hippopotamusfig.21),reference s made o the animal'senvironment:he base s incisedwithdesert flora hat represent he natunlhabitatof the gazelle,andthe hollowsare filledwith Egyptian-blue ig-ment. P.D.

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39. Thereliefs hat adotned he templesof the Aton at 1b11l Amarna re someof the most innovativeo havebeen pro-duced n ancientEgypt. Designed oservethe propagandist uiposesofAkhenatonc.1379-1362 B.C.), thescenesthat complised he templedeco-rationswere planned n a monumentalscaleandoftencovered ntirewalls,enlivened n thepezipheryby smallervignettesor subsidiary igures.Thisspanofhorses,undoubtedlyccom-paniedby other eamsandgrooms,wasa subordinate etail n a chariotpro-cessionof whichAkhenaton ndhisqueen, Nefertiti,were the primaryfocus.Thesehorsesare givenunusual

vitalityby themodeling f theirdroop-ingmuzzles, apezingarchednecks,attentiveears,androunded yes.Although heir hind egsare predict-ablyrendered n doubleprofile,he con-ventionsof Egyptianartare stunninglyviolatedn thesimpleactionof onehorsethrowingts headdown o gnawat its leg. The ifelikemovement asbeen faithfully eproduced y the sculp-tor, who, rather handepict he com-monplacemageof a synchronizedteam,has captured purelyephemeralmoment.The relief s nowon loan o theMuseumrom hecollection f NorbertSchimmel. P.D.

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41.Generalf heAnny,Royal Scnbe,andDeputyorKing utankhamun, hHaremhabitscross-leggedn hepose : - *---X-.,lg-& m >ofanordinarycnbe, oldingscroll x - - - Ww;;qtonwhichs ltten hymnoThoth. _lips,andsweet,ratherdrowsyexpres 4sion remodeledn he eatwesf _ ;_ X ! 3 11ht;'> ;,;sXofHaremhab-whoirtuallyov- 3 Btk;0AXerned gypt unnghereignf _ ffit@$Ug;Tutankhamunc. 361-1352 B C.) and _ ffiwhowouldnedaybecomeung iS j_ l lunmistakablyonveyedy he uperb -1_ _qualityf hisifesizetatue, major d _workrom great oyal telier.hat j _such manhouldeportrayedsa m _ _ _scribehowsherespectccordedo it- n__eracy. he osewasalso ppropriate >_for statue edicatedoThoth,od fwriting,ndt may ave ad specialsignifice forHaremhab,hose _inscnptionsn his tatue nd lse- _ _ gwheretressheadministrativespect 1._ __ _d hili mamy adlievEm

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soryand hepaintingmprecise,hehasty xecutionf herelief eems osuit he confilsionfanned onflict.Onginallyartofa battle cene n atemple fRamesses I,the blockwasreused y Ramesses V (c.1166-1160B.C.) inthefoundationsfhismortuarytemplen westernThebes,where twasdiscoveredy theMetropolitanMuseumn 1912-13. .D.

42.Thepandemonsumf hebattlefieldand he ang ishof hewoundedrepor-trayed n hissandstonelock,whichonce onned artofalargewarreliefThe cenemaynotrefero anhistoncalevent,butmaybe a conventionalizedrepresentationf he Egyptian ing r-umphantverhisfoes, dentifiablesnorthernersytheirdistinctiveressandhairstyles.hnsfixedby the feath-ered hafts fpharaoh'srrows, everal

dyingAsiaticsieentangledn a heap,trampled eneathhehooves f heldnWshanot eam,whoseunderbelliesarevisible long heupper order.Oneof hefallen nemy, ithyellow ldnanda whiteong-sleevedarment,isapparentlymanof social r militarymnkdifferent rom hatof thered-sldnnedoldiersn short mbroi-deredkilts,whose onger air s boundbyfillets.Althoughhe carvings cur-

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43. Smoothimestonelakes rom heexcavationfrock-cutombswereoftenusedby draftsmennd clibes orpracticingheirprofessionalreehandsldlls s wellas for dledoodling. hisostracon, iscoverednthe Valley f heKings, ears ketches fboth eriousandhumorousntent,doubtless rawnby oneof heworkrnenngagedndeco-rating he royal ombs.The irst ketchis thatofa Ramesside ing,whosealmond-shapedyesandgracefullycurved osewere ompleted itha fewconfidenttrokes;hedome f hecrown, owever,pparentlyequiredcorrection.heartistalsodrew wostandingigureswhosenames ppearabove: ayandhiswife,Meresger. ayseems o be drinkingeer rom jarthrough tube,andhis hinphysiqueand onventionalressareanamusingcontrasto the corpulencendnear-nakednessfMeresger. erhair,whichnonnally ould avebeencovered y alongwig, s close-cropped,ndhershoulders avebeenrenderednclumsyforeshorteningorcomic ffect. P.D.

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44.Thecoffins fAmenemope, mem-berof a prestly Thebanamilyduxingthe reignof RamessesXI (c. 1113-1085B.C.), aremasterpieces f coloril detailandstylizedreligzous esign.By thetwilightyearsof the New Kingdom,muchof the essentialdecorationhathadonceadornedombwallshadbeen transferredothe nestedcoffinsthatcontainedhemummies f thedeceased.Depositedn barerock-cutshafts,these receptacleswerenowpaintedwithelaborateloral ollarsand

headdresses,miniature ignettes,andcrampedhieroglyphicexts covenngevery nchof suriee. This ntenordetailof Amenemope'sutercoffin ep-resentsAmenhotpe , oneofthe firstldngsofDynasty18,who was laterdeifiedas one ofthe patronsof theworEnen's illageof Deir el Medina ndwho by the endof the NewKingdompossesseda number f ocalshnnesaroundhe Thebannecropolis.Garbedin the Blue Crown nda beaded unic,Amenhotpe raspsa maceandanankh

sign;oneithersidekneelsa greenNilegod,stnped inthe zigzag inesthatrepresentwaterandbearinga heavilyladenofEerngable.Amenhotpesalsoflallkedby twocrowned ulturesperchedon the hieroglyph epresentingtheWest.Thebnght colors,appliedwithsuchprecisiono thisstylizedintenorscene,are not dimmedby thevatnish hat coats he extenorof thecoffin. P.D.

45.Despitehevariety f ts content, llEgyptianimeraryiteratureerved hefimdamentalurpose fprovidinghedeceased itha compendiumfmagicalspells hatwouldacilitatentryntotheunderworld.romheNewKing-domonward,hese pellswerewrittenmost requentlynpapyrusndn-cludedtiginalompositionss wellasdexivativesf heearlier ynamidbxtsandCoffinExts.The pells nd heiraccompanyingignettes recollectivelyknown s the Book f he Dead; nlyaselectionccursnanyonepapyrus,

with hetextsapparentlyrrangednrandomrder. hepapyrusf hesong-stressofAmunNany,who iveddulingDynasty 1 c.1085-945.C.), displaysthefreedom ithwhich pellswereinterrningledndabridged,ftenwithgarbledesults.The extpicturedboveis wnttenn cursive ieroglyphsnd scomptisedfpartsofChapters1and72,spellsoracomingorthby dayandopeningheunderworld";hefonner sillustratedy awinged xljatye.Thefourbaboonseated roundlakeoffirebelongo Chapter25, ecorded

elsewheren hepapyrus. heotherngnettesappearwithoutheir orre-spondingexts:hesceneofNanypros-tratebeforeherisingunpertainsoChapter7,whilehe sketches faswallownda phoenixepresenthespells hatenableNany o transfonnherselfnto hesebirds.Thepapyruswas ound ytheMuseumn 1929amongNany's utial quipment,epos-ited n heearlieromb fQueenMexit-amunn westernThebes. P.D.


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48.ThevizierNespekashutyc.656B.C.) plarenedo beburedat Thebesna tomb overed ithrelief f he bestquality. he omband tsdecorationwereneverinished,oweverwhether ecauseheowner iedpre-maturely rbecause e was orcedoabandonhe project,we donotknow.The ubjectmatternthisdetail stra-ditional, ith emale ffenng earersblinging roduceo thetombownerorhisafterlife. utwhile hesubjectnSobekhotpe'somb fig. n ofeighthundredears arliers maxleraceful

by means f ancywigs,elegant os-tumes,and ransparentrushstrokes,thisscenes rigid,with tolid oses,sharply utoutlines, nd latreliefplanes.Thepreliminaryrawings eremore ively, ndahintofthatvitaSitycanbe seen n theright eg of hewoman n he eft: he contourf helegwould avebeendeletednthefinalsmoothingfthe stone.Thepreferencein the seventhentury .C. was forareadableormula,rsplyexecutednthefinecrystallineimestonef heThebanhills.C.L.

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49.TEscurved ooden anel ormedthehead ndof heouter nthropoidcoffin fa temple fficial,he Door-keeper f he House fAmun,Peldlerldlonsu.nund hebase,aband fstylized aw niches rdoor-ways,a traditionalrchitecturalotif,marksheboxasthemummgsinalhome.Above, kneeling oddessspreads erwinged nns n a gesture fprotectionroundhe occupant'sead.She s Amentet,hegoddess f heWest,where hesun et and he dead

werebutied.Amentets drawnwithauthority,ntheprecise,inear tyleofpaintingavoredt Thebesn thesev-enthcentury .C. Thecolor, arefullyapplied ithinheoutlines,s subordi-nate o thedrawing;ven heunearthlygreenof hegoddess's}dn eems uSdued n compaxisono the complicatedbranchesfherelaboratelyrawn ar.It is noteworthyhatPeldlerldlonsu,iVirlyminor fficial, asable o com-mand uch inework orhis imeraryequipment.E.R.R.


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50.Carved fgraywacke,heMetter-nichStela s thefinest ndmost laborateexamplefa genreofmagicalstelae hatoxiginatedn the ateNewKingdom. hechildHorus tanding ntwocrocodiless thedominant otifofthesemonuments,hichwere n-sctibedwithmagicalexts hatwererecitedo cureailmentsnd oprotectagainst nimal ites.Thegemlikevignettes f hisstelaportraynumberofgodscounteractinghe nfluencesfsnalies, rocodiles,nd cotpions.Above,he sungod sworshipedy fourbaboonsndakneeling ectaneboI(360-342 B.C.), to whose eignhemonuments dated.One extexplainsthecentralityfHorus nmagicalstelaebyrecountingheyoung od'scureofpoisonousitesby thegodThoth.Apparentlyrectednane-cropolisfsacred ullsbytheptiestEsatum,he stelawas ound t Alex-andriandpresentedn 1828oPrinceMetternich,ywhosename tis nowknown. P.D.51.Thiskneelingtatue epresentsheOverseerfSingers fAmun fLuxor,Amenemopiemhat.othhis itleandhisnamendicatehathe wascloselyassociated itha cultofAmun f Luxorin ornearMemphis. he tatuewasdesignedoraMemphiteemple,probablyhemainemple fthe city'smajor eities,PtahandSelimet,whoarenamednthe nsctiptions.Amenemopiemhatolds cultobject fthecow-earedoddessHathor. hepro-portions fhisfigure,tsmusculatity,and uchdetails s theslanteddges ofthecollarbonend heshallow epres-siondown hecenter f hetorsorepresentconsciousttemptntheLatePenod oemulatehe classicworks f heOld ndMiddleKing-doms. E.R.R.


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54.Horushe ilcon, heroyal od,hoversnflight.Hisclaws zasphe(now roken)ieroglyphhen,a* * * *n * sclrcuLarlgnslgmIymgmversadoIIiinion,nd elatedotheoval ar-touchenwhichoyal ameswerewtitten.Horusnthisposewasusuallyshown irectlybovehe king,asprtector ndguarantorf heroyalperson.Thisplaquesoneofa partially

preservedroup f Viencenlayshatdecoratedlarge laboratebject,probablywoodenhnne.Theredanddark-blueetails re heprsduct fachampleveechniqueeryunusualorbience:depressionserecut nto hemainbodyof heplaque nd illedwithvitreous astes.Thewholewas henfi>d,and he nlaiduriace olishedlikeagreat ewel. E.R.R.

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1417B.C., fromThebes.Paint onmud plaster,287/8 21 nches. Rogers Fund,1930(30.2.1)28. Dynasty 18, c. 1504 1425B.C. Paintedsandstone,h. (left) 14Ysnches, (right)17Ysnches.Rogers Fbnd, 1913 13.182.1AB)29. Dynastyl8, c.1450-1360B.C. Wood,blue faience,and ivoly;gameboard: Y4x 17/8 37/8nches-draughtsmen: . % nch and Ys nch, diam. 7/8nch;throwsticks: w. Y2nch, l. 3Y4Y2,and 7/8nches.Rogers Find, 1912 nd 1919 i2.182.72);19.2.19-27);(OC3014A-H, J-Q)30. Dynasty 18, c. 1570-1379B.C., fmm Thebes,Asasif (MMA815).Paint on leatherJ Ysx 6Y4nches.RogersFind, 1931(31.3.98)31. Dynasty 18, c. 142>1417B.C., from ThebesValleyof the Kings, tomb 43. Cedarwood, h. 97/8inches.TheodoreM. Davis Collection,Bequest ofTheodoreM. Davis, 1915 30.8.45A-C)32. Dynastyl8, c. 1417-1379 .C.. Quartzite,h. 133^'4inches.Rogers Fbnd, 1956 56.138)33. Dynasty 18, c. 1417-1379 .C. Yellow asper, h.5Y2nches.Purchase, Edward S. Harkness Gift, 1926(26.7.1396)34. Dynasty 18, c. 1417-1379 .C. Carnelian,23^481%, Y2x 13^/4,Y2x 13^/4nches. Purchase, Edwar1dS. Harkness Gift, 1926 26.7.1339,1340, 342)35. Dynasty 18, c. 1417-1379 .C. Limestone, 29Y212%nches.Rogers iind, 191212.182.39)36. Dynasty 18, c. 1370-1320B.C. Glass, h. 57/8, Ys,3Ys nches.Purchase, Edward S. Harkness Gift1926;Rogers Fund, 1944 26.7.1177,1181);44.4.48)37. Dynasty 18, c. 1370-1320B.C. Glass, h. 23^'4inches, diam. 4Y2nches. Purchase,Edward S.Harkness Gift, 1926 26.7.1178)38. Dynasty 18, c. 1379-1362B.C. Ivory,wood, andEgyptian-bluepigment, l. 37/8nches,h. 4Y2nches.Purchase,Edward S. Harkness Gift,1926 26.7.1292)39. Dynasty 18, c. 1373-1362B.C. Limestone, 9 x20Y2nches. Collectionof NorbertSchimmel(L.1979.8.19)40. Dynasty 18, c. 1365B.C., fromThebes, Valleyofthe Kings,tomb 55. Alabaster,obsidian,and bluepaste, h. 20Y2nches, diam. 9Y2nches.Jar:Gift ofTheodoreM. Davis 1907 07.226.1)-id:TheodoreM.DavisCollection,Bequest of TheodoreM. Davis,1915 30.8.54)41. Dynasty 18, c. 1361-1352 .C. Graygranite, h.46 inches.Gift of Mr.and Mrs. V. Event Macy,1923(23.10.1)42. Dynasty 19, c. 1304 1237B.C., fromThebesAsasif,temple of Ramesses IV. Paintedsandstone24 x 45Y4nches. Rogers Fund, 1913 13.180.21)43. Dynasty 19-20, from Thebes, Valleyof theKings. Limestone, lOY4 8Ys nches.Gift ofTheodoreM. Davis, 1913 14.6.191)44. Dynasty 20, c. 1113-1085 .C. Gessoed andpaintedwood, 1. 76Y4nches, w. 207/8nches. RogersFind, 1917 17.2.7A)45. Dynasty 21, c. 103W991 .C., fromThebes, Deirel Bahri, SAE 358 (MMA65). Paintedand inscribedpapyrus,h. 133M4-14Ysnches. RogersFind, 1930(30.3.31)46. Dynasty 22. Gold,h. 67/8nches.PurchaseEdward S. Harkness Gift, 1926 26.7.1412)47. Dynasty 22. Fiience, h. 5Y4nches. Purchase,EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926 26.7.971)48. (Detail).Dynasty 26, 656-610B.C., from Thebes,Deir el Bahti, SAE 312 MMA509).Limestone, totalh. offigures, c. 16M2nches. Rogers Find, 1923(23.3.468A)49. Dynasty 25, c. 690-656 B.C., fromThebes, MMA832. Paintedwood, h. 22 x 227/8-263H8nches. RogersFund, 1928 28.3.53)50. Dynasty 30, 36W342B.C., Graywacke, 27/8lOYsnches.Fletcher Find, 1950 50.85)51. Dynasty 26, 664-610B.C. Graywacke,h. 25Y4inches. Rogers Fund, 1924 24.2.2)52. Dynasty 30 or PtolemaicPeriod.Bronze,h. 77/8inches. Rogers Fund, 1925 25.2.11)

53. PtolemaicPeliod, 50-30 B.C. Basalt, h. 36Ysinches.Purchase,Lila AchesonWallaceGift andRogers Fund, 1981(1981.224.1)54. Macedonian-Ptolemaic eriod,332-30 B.CPolychrome Vience, . 113^/8nches. Purchase,EdwardS. HarknessGift, 1926 26.7.991)55. RomanPeriod,A.D. 150 61.Encausticon woodh. 153^/4nches. Rogers Fbnd, 1909 09.181.3)EgyptianChronologyPaleolithic Period c. 300,000-6000B.C.Neolithic Period c. 6000-4300B.C.Predynastic Period c. 4300-3000B.C.Badanan Culture c. 4300-4000 B.C.Amratian Culture c. 4000-3600 B.C.Gerzean Culture c. 3600-3200 B.C.Dynasty 0 c. 3200-3100 B.C.ArchaicPeriod c. 3100-2686B.C.Dynasty 1 c. 3100-2890 B.C.Dynasty2 C.2890-2686B.C.Old Kingdom c. 268s2160 B.C.Dynasty3 C.2686-2613B.C.Dynasty 4 c. 2613-2498 B.C.Dynasty 5 c. 2498-2345 B.C.Dynasty6 C.2345-2181B.C.Dynasty 7 c. 2181-2173 B.C.Dynasty 8 c. 2173-2160 B.C.First Intermediate Period c. 2160-2060B.C.Dynasty 9 c. 2160-2130 B.C.Dynasty 1O c. 2130-2040 B.C.MiddleKingdom c. 2060-1786B.C.Dynasty 11 c. 2133-1991 B.C.Dynasty 12 c. 1991-1786 B.C.Second Intermediate Period c. 1786-1570B.C.Dynasty 13 c. 1786-1668 B.C.Dynasty 14 c. 1700-1668 B.C.Dynasty 15 (Hyksos) c. 1667-1559 B.C.Dynasty 16 c. 1667-1559 B.C.Dynasty 17 c. 1667-1570 B.C.New Kingdom c. 1570-1085B.C.Dynasty 18 c. 1570-1320 B.C.Dynasty 19 c. 1320-1200 B.C.Dynasty 20 c. 1200-1085 B.C.ThirdIntermediate Period c. 1085-656B.C.Dynasty 21 c. 1085-945 B.C.Dynasty22 C.945-715B.C.Dynasty 23 c. 818-715 B.C.Dynasty 24 c 730-715 B.C.Dynasty 25 (Kushite) c. 760-656 B.C.Late Dynastic Period 656-332B.C.Dynasty 26 (Saite Perlod) 666525 B.C.Dynasty 27 (First Persian DomInation) 525-404 B.C.Dynasty28 404-399B.C.Dynasty29 399-380B.C.Dynasty30 380-342B.C.Second Persian Domination 342-332 B.C.Macedonian Period 332-305B.C.Ptolemaic Period 305-30 B.C.Roman Pleriod 30 B.C.-A.D. 325Coptic PleriodA.D. 325 641

Cover:Youthfulmajesty and courtlyelegarlceareapparentn the features of an Egyptian royalwomanwho died thirty-threecentures ago.Althoughherface was carved ust 2Y4nches (5.4cm.) high, thisenlargeddetail (see fig. 40) onlyenhances he lifelikeformscreatedby the ancientartisan.Inside iFont and back covers:Details of papyrusofNany (fig. 45)

56

Credits1. GerzeanPeriod. Ivoly, l. 4Ysnches.Purchase,Edward S. Harkness Gift, 1926 26.7.1281)2. Dynasty 1.Graywacke, . 67/8nches, w. 53^'4nches.Rogers Find, 1919 19.2.16)3. Dynasty 0. Quartz,h. 43^t4nches, l. 97/8nches.Purchase,Fletcher Find and The GuideFoundationInc. Gift,1966 66.99.2)4. Dynasty 4, from Saqqara.Limestone,h. 38inches.Purchase, unds from variousdonors 1958(58.123) '5. (Detail).Dynasty 5, from Saqqara.Paintedlimestone, h. of main igure, 393o'4nches. RogersFind, 1907 08.201.2)6. Dynasty 5, c. 2456-2345B.C. Painted imestone,h. 22Y2nches. Rogers Fbnd, 1952 52.19)7. Dynasty 11, rom Thebes, Deir elBahri, temple ofMentuhotpe I. Painted imestone, 14Ys 38%inches. Giftof Egypt ExplorationFlund, 907(07.230.2)8. Dynasty 11,c. 2009 1998B.C., fFomThebes, tombof Mekutra MMA1101). aintedwood, h. 44Ysinches. Rogers Find and EdwardS. HarknessGift,1920 20.3.7)9. Dynasty 11,c. 2009 1998B.C., fFomThebes, tombof Mekutra MMA1101).Gessoed andpaintedwood,linen, andcord, 1.50Ys nches, h. 14%nches, w. 12inches.Rogers Find and EdwardS. Harkness Gift,1920 (20.3.1)10. Dynasty12, c. 1962-1928B.C., fromLisht, SouthPd cemetely. Gessoedand paintedwood,h. 227/8nches. Rogers Fundand Edwar1d.HarknessGift, 1914 14.3.17)11. Dynasty12, c. 1962-1928B.C., from Lisht, SouthPd. Limestone, h. 13 ft., 1137/8nches. RogersFund,1934 34.1.205)12. Dynasty 12, c. 1878-1843B.C. Gneiss,l. 283^t4inches, h. 163^/4nches. Gift of Edward S. Harkness,1917 17.9.2)13. Dynasty12, c. 1955B.C. Painted imestone41 x l9Ys nches. Gift of Edward S. Harkness, 1912(12.184)14-17. Dynasty 12, c. 1897-1878B.C., from Lahun,tomb 8. Pectoral:gold, amethyst, turquoisefeldspar, arnelian, apis azuli, and garnet;girdle,wtistlets, andanklets:gold andamethyst. Pectoral:1.3Y4nches, h. 13M4nches;circumferencef claspedgirdle, 317/8nches-wtistlets: l. 53M4nches-anklets:1. 7Ysnches.Purchase, Rogers FundandHenryWaltersGift,1916 16.1.3); 16.1.6)-16.1.14,15)-(16.1.7AB,55)18. Dynasty 12-13. Ivory, . 133H8nches,w. 2 inches.TheodoreM. Davis Collection,Bequestof TheodoreM. Davis, 1915 30.8.218)19. Dynasty12-13. Amethyst, turquoise,red jasper,and apislazuli, . 17/8nches. Purchase,EdwandS.Harkness Gift, 1926 26.7.1359)20. Dynasty12-13. Steatite, l. 103M4nches. Purchase,EdwardS. Harkness Gift, 1926 26.7.1275A4)21. Dynasty12, from Meir,bunal of Senbi, B3 pit 1.Blue faience, . 77/8nches, h 43H8nches.Gift ofEdward S. Harkness, 1917 17.9.1)22. Dynasty12, fromMeir.Wood,gold leaf,alabaster,obsidian,and variousorganicmatetials,1. 6 ft., 5 inches, w. 1 ft., 7 inches. RogersFund, 1912(12.182.132C)23. Dynasty 17-18, c. 1668-1450B.C., fromThebes,Asasif Paintedsycamorewood, 1. 763M4nches, w.187/8nches. Rogers Find, 1930 30.3.7)24. Dynasty 18, c. 1503-1482B.C., fromThebes, Deirel Bahri.Painted ndurated imestone, h. 76Y4nches.Rogers Fund,1929 29.3.2)25. Dynasty 18, c. 1482-1450 .C., bom ThebesWadiGabbanet l Qurud.Sandals:gold,1. 10 nchesW. 3N4 inches.Bracelets:gold, carnelian,andturquoiseglass, 1. N4 inches, w. 23H8nches. FletcherFund, 1922 26.8.146AB), 26.8.125,127)26. Dynasty18, c. 1482-1450 .C., from Thebes,WadiGabbanet l Qurud.Gold, carnelian, urquoiseglass, and clear glass, max. diam. 12 nches, h. 9Y2inches.Purchase, FrederickP. HuntleyBequest,1958;LilaAcheson WallaceGifts, 1982,1983; oseph


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