egypt world history & geography to 1500 ad
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Egypt World History & Geography to 1500 AD. PowerPoint Slides Mr. Mable Tucker High School 2012. Ancient Egypt. "The Gift of the Nile". SOL Standards Chapter 1. STANDARD WHI.2a - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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EgyptWorld History & Geography to 1500 AD
PowerPoint SlidesMr. Mable
Tucker High School
2012
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SOL Standards Chapter 1STANDARD WHI.2a
The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including those of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley, and China and the civilizations of the Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Nubians, by
b) describing the development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery.
Development of social patterns
• Hereditary rulers: Dynasties of kings, pharaohs
• Rigid class system where slavery was accepted
Development of political patterns
• World’s first states (i.e., city-states, kingdoms, empires)
• Centralized government, often based on religious authority
• Written law codes (e.g., Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi)
Development of economic patterns
• Use of metal (e.g., bronze, iron) tools and weapons
• Increasing agricultural surplus: Better tools, plows, irrigation
• Development of the world’s first cities
• Development of the practice of slavery within most cultures in the ancient world, taking various forms
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Old Kingdom2650-2134 BC
Middle Kingdom2040-1640 BC
New Kingdom1550-1070 BC
Achievements Built enormous tombs & pyramids.
Land drained for farming.
Sea Trade &Became an empire.Conquered much of
Near East
Decline Power struggles, crop failures, &
cost of pyramids.
Hyksos invaded & conquered.
Nubians, Persian, Greeks, & Romans
invaded.
Three Major Time periods of Ancient Egypt
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Egyptian History is divided into three
main periods
•The Old Kingdom
•The Middle Kingdom
•The New Kingdom
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Menes is Narmer
He changed his name after he unified Egypt!
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Upper Egypt
Lower Egypt
The History of Egypt begins with Menes
Menes Unites upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, joining the two into a united kingdom
In doing this, Menes establishes the first Egyptian Dynasty
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Union of Two Crowns
• Red Crown– Upper Egypt
• White Crown– Lower Egypt
• Menes– Overthrew the king of
Lower Egypt– Wore a Double Crown
• Unification– Joining of separate parts
into one whole
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Crown of Lower Egypt
• Red Crown
• Upper Egypt
• Symbol: Vulture
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Crown of Upper Egypt
• White Crown
• Lower Egypt
• Symbol: Cobra
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Double Crown
• King Tut’s Death Mask
• Notice Double Crown
• Vulture and Cobra
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The Pharaoh
• God-King
• Pharaoh Means “BIG HOUSE”• owns all the land and people and what people
posses• Pharaoh's will is the law• irrigation• no city walls
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The Pharaoh
• God-King (Therefore a Theocracy)
• Religious• direct descendant of the Sun god• HE IS THE LIVING GOD!• controls access to the afterlife• July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the
Pharaoh– 365 day calendar.
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Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork
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IV. Social Order
.
Priests
Nobles/Warriors
Scribes
Merchants
Peasants/Slaves
Pharaohs
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The Old Kingdom 2700-2200 B.C.
The Old Kingdom was a period of great prosperity.
•Time of Great Pyramid Building
•Kings became Pharaohs.
•The Pharaoh was seen as divine, or godlike.
•The Pharaoh wielded absolute power, but used advisors to help them.
•The Chief advisor to the Pharaoh was the Vizier.
•Social order and customs were established in the OLD KINGDOM
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First Intermediate Period
• civil wars
• Famine
• Drought
• Loss of trade
• Pharaohs became weak
• Open to foreign Invasions
• After the fall of the Old Kingdom there was a period of chaos for about 150 years
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• A new dynasty brought stability.
• The Pharaoh was still on top…
• But the Nobles were more powerful and ruled things
• The dynasties of the middle kingdom were weak and disorganized.
• No strong CENTRAL power; Power was Diffused!!!
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Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE
• End of civil wars, & farming and trade return• move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes)• public improvements
– drain swamps, canal to Red Sea
• belief in afterlife expands to include common people
• tombs instead of pyramids– better protection for mummies.
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Second Intermediate Period
• The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of a people called the Hyksos
• The Hyksos had Chariots and bronze weapons to the Egyptians. The Egyptians were easily defeated.
• Eventually the Egyptians overthrew the Hyksos and established the New Kingdom
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Hyksos• Hyksos is Egyptian for FOREIGN
RULERS
• Chariots &Bronze weapons
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VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE
• Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt
• Known as the Empire period
• development of “public” and “private” zones at temples.
2 3 4 51 6
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Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos
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New Kingdom 1567-1085 BCE
• Egyptian Threw out Foreign Invaders• The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom took
a more aggressive ruling style• Egypt became the most powerful state in
Southwest Asia.• Egypt became an Empire! Ruled Territory
outside its own.• Golden Age of Egypt
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VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE
• Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature– incorporated chariot, bronze working,
horses– development of a professional army
• became a slave based economy fueled by war and expansion
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She was the first woman to be Pharaoh
She took power for herself
She had to pose as a man to cement her authority.
She built many monuments and temples.
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VI. Threats to Tradition
• Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm.
• Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”)
• He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavored to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes.
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Aten
• Unifying deity, lord of all
• Akhenaten (heretic king) tried to unify religions and kingdoms
• No physical form – just sun rays
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VI. Threats to Tradition1355-1335 BCE
• Nefertiti– Wife of Akhenaton the only
pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism
– political move against priests of Amon-Re
– moved capital to Amarna
– worshipped Aton, the sun disk
• royal inbreeding.
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Akhenaton
• Amomhotep IV became Akhneaton
• Aton was the sun god
• Ankh was the symbol for LIFE
• Therefore, he was the LIVING Sun God!!!
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Influences????
Remember that the Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt at this time!
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Influences????
Amen or Amun was the overall god of the Egyptians.
Christians say AMEN after their prayers
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Brief Period of Monotheism
• The Belief in ONE god
Mono = one
Theism or theistic = religion
The sun disc Aten shining on the names of the royal family
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Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE
• Tut = The King
• Ahnk = Living
• Amun = god
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King Tut:Tutankhamen
• Became Pharaoh after the death of Akhenaton.
• Restored the old religious practices
• Has the only tomb to be found intact
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VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE
• (King Tut)• child ruler• ruled nine years, died at
18• young death meant burial
in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation
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He fathered over 100 children
Some think he’s the Pharaoh of Hebrew Exodus
Think he is the face of the Sphinx
Ramses II
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Abu Simbel: Temple of Ramses the Great
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VI. Ramses II (1279-1213)• greatest New Kingdom ruler• military leader of Egypt• expanded into southern Turkey• built many monuments to
himself• last gasp of Egyptian power.
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VI. Ramses II (1279-1213)
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Ramses the Great
today
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Abu Simble: Ramses II (1279-1213)
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Invasion of the “Sea Peoples”
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Decline
• Egypt fell into a period of decline and foreign invasion.
• Conquered by the Greeks, Persians, & Romans.
• The last Pharaoh was Cleopatra VII
• committed suicide rather than surrender to the
Romans.
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Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River.
Hatshepsut encouraged trade.
Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria.
Egyptian power declined.
Large drainage project created arable farmland.
Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete.
Corruption and rebellions were common.
Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region.
Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods.
Egyptians built pyramids at Giza.
Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom.
NEW KINGDOM
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
OLD KINGDOM
Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt1
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