Presented byAmbreen ZulfiqarMahnoorSikandar abbasKaran

“THE NILE”

It's Been The Nile All The While

The geography of Egypt can be quite

confusing because it's very much

related to the Nile. In fact, ancient

Egypt's other name is "The Nile

Valley."

Oh and what about the ancient Egyptian

name for the Nile Valley you say?

It's called "Kemet", which means the

black land.

Why is it called the black land? That’s

related to...

yes,

the Nile. It's always about the Egyptian

Nile.

THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS THOUGHT OF

EGYPT AS BEING DIVIDED INTO TWO

TYPES OF LAND

“Red Land”

•the barren desert

•protected Egypt

•precious metals and semi-precious

stones

The Nile River runs vertically through

the middle and splits the land in two

Egypt is located in northern Africa along

the Mediterranean and Red Seas and

shares borders with Gaza Strip, Israel,

Libya and Sudan. Egypt's boundaries also

include the Sinai Peninsula

The geography of ancient Egypt is divided

into 4 main parts, although there are

many other subdivisions..

First there is the north and south. Lower

Egypt is the northern part of the land and

Upper Egypt is the southern part.

The Nile runs from the source (which is in

the south) up to the north and flows into

the Mediterranean Sea. So the beginning

part (upper part) of the Nile is in the

south, and vice versa...

It originates in Burunndi, south of the

equator, and flows northward through

northeastern Africa, eventually flowing

through Egypt and finally draining into

the Mediterranean Sea

...And as you now know, Egypt is all

about the Nile.

The other division of the geography of

Egypt is (I hate to say it) also related to

the Nile. We've got the east and west

banks of the Nile River.

The ancient Egyptians thought of the east

bank as "the land of the living“

They thought of the west bank as "the

land of the dead“

Other than these 4 main divisions, there

were 42 nomes, or provinces. 22 of them

were in Upper Egypt, 20 in Lower Egypt.

The ancient Egyptians called these nomes

"sepat".

Each nome had a mayor, a local temple, a

capital, a deity and religious beliefs and

rituals.

There were no flags to represent all the

different nomes however, but there were

staffs with the local deity's statue for each.

As for Upper Egypt, it was represented by

the white crown, the sedge and the Goddess

Nekhbet.

Lower Egypt was represented by the red

crown, the bee and the Goddess Wadjet.

Economic system of

Ancient Egypt

Agriculture was main economic activity

for Egyptian.

They built dykes, tanks and canals for

storing water and irrigating land.

•The main crops of ancient egypt

were wheat and Barley, lettuce,

beans, onions figs, dates, grapes

melon and cucumber.

•They used to grow flax.

There was no typical money system

in egypt.

Trade around Mediterranean sea and

red sea

Cairo is financial center of egypt.

Social system of Egypt

•Egyptian religion was based on

polytheism.

•Akhnaton introduced the concept

of monotheism among them.

god on earth

Pharoah

Pharoah’s chief advisor

Vizier

Scribes

Responsible for

keeping records

Soldiers

Responsible for the

defence of country

Craftsmen

Skilled workers

Farmers

Slaves

Works in mines, quarries and in

temples

Heiroglyphs

Greek word

Heiro = sacred

Glypho = inscription

•Writing in Egypt have been dated

to 3400 BC

•Latest dated inscription in

heiroglyphs was made on the

gate post of a temple at philae

in 396 A.D.

RIVER NILE

The longest river in the world.

Nile River, Arabic Baḥr Al-Nīl or Nahr Al-

Nīl, river, the father of African rivers.

It rises south of the Equator and flows

northward through northeastern Africa to

drain into the Mediterranean Sea.

NILE

It has a length of about 4,132 miles

(6,650 kilometres) and drains an area

estimated at 1,293,000 square miles

(3,349,000 square kilometres).

Its basin includes parts of Tanzania,

Burundi, Rwanda, the Democratic

Republic of the Congo, Kenya,

Uganda, South Sudan, Ethiopia,

Sudan, and the cultivated part of

Egypt.

PYRAMIDS

a monumental structure with a square or

triangular base

final resting place

belief that pharaoh will be united with sun,

138 pyramids

PYRAMIDS

Sneferu’s Pyramids

Khufu – 2575-2566 BC

Khafre 2558–2532 BC

Menkaura 2532-2503 BC

SNEFERU’S PYRAMIDS

The fourth-dynasty king, Sneferu 2686 –

2667 BC,

was the first to create the pyramid shape

built three pyramids

first two were glorious failures.

SNEFERU

first, the pyramid at Medium,

step pyramid

it was unstable and the limestone blocks

began to slip.

SNEFERU

King Sneferu then moved to Dahshur

built a second pyramid,

which we now know as the “Bent Pyramid”

because its upper part rises at a shallower

angle of incline than the lower part.

angle of incline was decreased from 54º 31’

13’’ to 43º 21’.

But the bent pyramid was never used.

SNEFERU

Sneferu began a third pyramid about a mile

way.

This one is called the red pyramid

because of the red limestone blocks used in

its construction.

It became the world’s first successful true

pyramid.

1Medum pyramid surrounded by rubble

– 2The Bent Pyramid –3 The Red

Pyramid.

THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

Sneferu set the standard.

included burial chambers,

a mortuary temple,

a causeway leading down to a valley temple.

model followed by his son, Khufu, who built the first and largest pyramid at Giza.

The Giza pyramids on the west bank of the Nile in northern Egypt.

THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

The sides length of each side at the base is 755 feet (230.4 m).

The faces rise at an angle of 51º 52’

original height was 481 feet (147 m).

It was constructed using around 2,300,000 limestone blocks, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons. Some blocks weigh as much as 16 tons.

Center of land

KHAFRE

Khufu’s son, Khafre (also known as

Chephren).

His pyramid, on a nearby site at Giza,

appears taller than his father’s, but this is an

illusion;

it is built on higher ground and was in fact,

originally at 447 .5 feet (136.4 m),

33.5 feet (10.2 m) shorter than the Great

Pyramid.

It represents Ra-Harakhte, the sun god,

as he rises in the east at dawn

but the face of the Sphinx is a portrait of

Khafre himself,

THE GREAT SPHINX

The Great Sphinx has the body of a lion and the face of a man.

It is a giant limestone sculpture in the Giza Plateau near modern Cairo, Egypt,

measuring 73.5 m. in length by 20 m. in height.

The Great Sphinx is the earliest known monumental sculpture.

The statue has been missing its nose since at least Napoleonic times.

Probably helping to preserve it, the sphinx was nearly buried in sand.

The sphinx stands in the Egyptian necropolis at Giza that contains the 3 monumental pyramids:

the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops),

the Pyramid of Khufu's son Khafra (Chephren),

the pyramid of Khufu's grandson Menkaure (Mycerinus).

It is believed the Great Sphinx's head was modeled on Pharaoh Khafra.

MENKAURA 2532-2503 BC

Khafre’s son, Menkaura built the third

pyramid at the Giza necropolis .

With an original height of 228 feet (70 m),

it is less than half the height of the pyramid

built by his grandfather, Khufu.

The lower layers consist of red building

material from Aswan and the upper courses

were originally made of polished white

marble.

VALLEY OF KINGS

Valley of the Kings, Arabic Wādī Al-Mulūk, long, narrow defile just west of the Nile River in Upper Egypt.

part of the ancient city of Thebes

was the burial site of almost all the kings (pharaohs) of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties (1539–1075 bce), from Thutmose I to Ramses X.

Located in the hills behind Dayr al-Baḥrī,

the 62 known tombs exhibit variety both in plan and in decoration.

At the end of the corridor is a burial chamber with a stone coffin in which the royal mummy was laid

store chambers around which furniture and equipment were stacked

The walls covered with sculptured and

painted scenes depicting the dead king in the presence of divinity, the kings use in the next world.

Some were present but few were robbed by new kingdom.

In the 1st century bce, Greek travelors visited 40 of the tombs.

The wonderful treasures that were exhumed from Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922 and that now reside in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo vividly indicate how rich the burial of a great pharaoh of the empire’s heyday must have been.

VALLEY OF QUEENS

Valley of the Queens, Wādī al-Harīm,

in the hills along the western bank of the Nile

River in Upper Egypt.

It was part of ancient Thebes and served as

the burial site of the queens and some royal

children of the 19th and 20th dynasties

(1292–1075 bc).

more than 90 known tombs,

The earliest may be that of Sitre, wife of

Ramses I.

The most notable are those of Nefertari, the

favourite queen of Ramses II;

Khufu (reigned 2589 - 2566 B.C):Khufu was the second pharaoh of the fourth dynasty.

He was the one who was famous for building the Great Step Pyramid or in other word, the Great Pyramid of Giza.

This is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Khafra (reigned 2558 - 2532 B.C.):

He was the pharaoh of Egypt in the fourth

dynasty.

According to the historian and Egyptologist

he was the son and successor of Khufu.

Khafra was famous in Egyptian history for

building the Second Pyramid at Giza

and the Sphinx that guards it.

AKHENATEN (REIGNED 1379-1334 B.C.):

He was the pharaoh of the 18th dynasty,

and was famous in history for religious revolution.

introduced the worship of one god that is the Sun God Aten.

He built many massive complexes in honor of the Sun God Aten.

The style of art which flourished during this period was certainly different from the other Egyptian arts.

Tutankhamun (reigned 1334-1325 B.C.):

He was the youngest pharaoh in the

Egyptian history.

He ascended to the throne at an age of

nine or ten and died at an age of 18.

Tutankhamun was famous for his tomb in

the Valley of the Kings, which was laden

with many amazing treasures.

Death or murder theories

Married to half sister

Life style

Struggles

Hatshepsut (reigned 1498-1483 B.C.):She was the fifth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty.

she was one of the most successful pharaohs.

She reigned longer than any other women of the Egyptian dynasty.

she was very ambitious and had crowned herself as the pharaoh of the Egypt.

The walls of her temple at Deir el-Bahri, show the exotic tips of her famous trading expeditions in the land of Punt.

CAIRO

Cairo is the capital of Egypt

and the 2nd largest city after lagos in the Middle East. Its metropolitan area is the 16th largest.

Although Cairo itself is only about 1,000 years old,

back to the time of the Pharaohs. The Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza, for example, are visible evidence of the Ancient Egyptian civilization around the Nile river.

The first Muslim settlement of Egypt was Al-Fustat,

later, Cairo was conquered and controlled by a

host of invaders including the Mamluks, the

Turks, and Napoleon Bonaparte of France.

In the 19th century, one of the city's rulers,

Khedive Ismail (1863-1879), sought to transform

Cairo into a European- style city.

By the turn of the century, most commercial

activity was also moving in to modern Cairo.

Surface waters from the Nile River are the major

source of bulk water supply in Cairo.

ALEXANDRIA

One of the largest cities of Egypt

about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country.

It is also the largest city lying directly on the Mediterranean coast.

Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving approximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports.

an important tourist resort.

Alexandria was founded in 331 BC by

Alexander the Great.

best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria

one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient

World; its Great Library is there

EGYPT’S CURRENT SITUATION.

11 Feb 2011: Hosni Mubarak the

President of Egypt hands power to

military.

Islamist and secular group: Islamist

group wants fair election first but

secular party wants constitution first.

28 Nov 2011: Muslim Brotherhood

sweeps the election.

23 May 2012: Presidential elections

begins.

Mohamed Morsi

Nov 29 2012: Islamist finish first draft

constitution.

“Women, Christians, intellectuals, all these were sidelined in the new constitution. They would say, ‘You can have liberty of expression, freedom, etc. — if it is in conformity with Sharia.’”

4 Dec 2012: Egyptian march to

presidential palace. - The next day islamists group attack on anti Mosri sit in,

sparking street battles which leaves at least 10 dead.

-During that protest 8 people were killed in

clashes outside Muslim Brotherhood’s Cairo

headquarter.

30 June 2013: Protests

Ignite.

July 1 2013: Military give ultimatum.

-Sisi appears on national television ordering

Morsi to come up with a political solution

within 48 hours.

“I will not allow anyone to dispute my

legitimacy. This is unacceptable.

Unacceptable! Unacceptable!”

-President Mohamed

Mors

July 3 2013: Military removes Morsi

from office.

Sept 10 2013: “Run Sisi run.”

-Egyptian encourages Sisi to run for presidency.

- The 2014 Egyptian constitution bans parties

based on religious grounds.

-Since June 8 2014: Abdul fattah el-Sisi is the

president of Egypt.

Thankyou