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3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators -

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy

Final Document

June 2008Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document September 2008


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CE 6-29 (E)

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Rod el-Farag Water Treatment Plant

El-Sahel, CairoEgypt

Document title: Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy

Short title: NRSS

Date: June 2008

Status: Final Document

Reference No.:

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document September 2008


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Table of Contents

Preface 1

1. Current Situation 1-1

1.1 Problem definition 1-4

1.2 Problem dimensions 1-5

1.3 Problem analysis 1-61.4 Opportunities 1-7

2. Objectives, Tasks, and Elements of the Strategy 2-1

2.1 Objectives 2-2

2.2 Tasks 2-2

2.3 Elements of the strategy 2-2

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators 3-1

3.1 Implementation considerations 3-1

3.2 Outputs and Indicators 3-2

3.3 Responsibilities 3-5



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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

BCWUA Branch Canals Water Users' Association

BVS USAID Basic Village Services Project

CAOA Central Agency for Organization and Administration

CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics

EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

EHP USAID Environmental Health Project

EPADP Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects

FaDWaS Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Project

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FC Fecal coliform

FSSTS Fecal Sludge/septage Treatment System

FST Fecal sludge treatment

GIS Geographic Information System

GTZ German Technical Cooperation

GOE Government of Egypt

HCWW Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

HWT High water table

ISSIP Integrated Sanitation & Sewerage Infrastructure Project

ITF Integrated Treatment Facility

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

KfW Kreditanstalt fr WiederaufbauLD II-P USAID Local Development II Provincial Project

LSDF Local Services and Development Fund

LWT low water table

MALR Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation

MIS Management Information System

MHUUD Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development

MLD Ministry of Local Development

MOF Ministry of Finance

MSW Municipal solid waste

MWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation

NGO Non-governmental organizationNOPWASD National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage

NPV Net present value

O&M Operations and maintenance

OOM Order of magnitude

ORDEV Organization for Reconstruction and Development of the Egyptian Village

PD presidential decree

PPI private participation in infrastructure

PS Pump Station

RBC Rotating biological contactor

R&D Research & development

RFP Request for proposals



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RRA Relative risk assessment

SOPs Standard Operating Procedures

ST Strategic Task

SOW Scope of WorkSSC Sanitation Service Cluster

SWM Solid Waste Management

TOR Terms of Reference

UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USD United States Dollars

WHO World Health Organization

WSP UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program

WUA Water Users Association

WTP Water Treatment Plant

WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant



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Preface



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Preface

The process of disposal of wastewater in Egyptian villages represents a dangerous challenge

to environment and public health. In spite of the fact that at least 85% of rural residential

buildings have some type of sanitary facility, a limited percentage of villages have recent

facilities for safe collection, conveyance, and treatment of wastewater. Water pollution in

canals and drains still represents the greatest threat to public health. Currently, wastewater is

finally discharged (with or without treatment) to agricultural drains and sometimes to canals,

where its use becomes unsafe. Also increased subsurface water level within boundaries of

human settlements in villages makes many septic tanks (house vaults) a useless (not effective)

mean, in addition to damages they cause to the houses. The challenge imposed by sanitation

problem in rural Egypt was developed from wastewater collection only to how to safely

dispose of wastewater, and the domain of the problem was enlarged from the house level tothe irrigation system level.

The Government of Egypt, increasingly aware of the rural sanitation problem, is committed to

implement the National Program for Rural Sanitation in Egypt through the Ministry of

Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development (MHUUD). The Government allocated LE

Million 20 for this program as a first stage, which is considered an unprecedented level of

funding for such a program, the scale of the program is national, and program interventions

are expected to touch nearly every village and household in the Nile Valley and Delta. A

well-conceived strategy based on an informed analysis of problems, participants, objectives,

and alternatives is needed to ensure that the limited program resources, plus additional

resources leveraged by the program, achieve the programs objective; as the hazards of thisproblem do not affect only environment and public health, but also the objectives of water

resources management strategy in Egypt1.

To activate the role of the Government of Egypt towards the final solution of this problem

through a scientific approach and sound planning, the Holding Company for Water and

Wastewater (HCWW) developed the proposed national strategy for rural sanitation in Egypt

This strategy emphasizes the objective of waterways protection against pollution and

considers means of collecting and conveying all types of rural wastewater (through public

networks or evacuation trucks) to treatment plants, in addition to eliminating any other causes

that may maintain the status quo or return it to its previous case. Therefore this strategy

comprises inclusively strategic tasks relevant to the solution of solid waste problem (domesticwastes and agricultural residues) in villages because solid wastes are currently considered one

of the important factors causing pollution of residential areas, agricultural drains, and

waterways in rural Egypt. The role of local administration should also be activated.

1 See Water for the Future: National Water Resources Plan 2017(MWRI, January 2005)

Although primary responsibility for program planning and implementation rests with the

Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development (MHUUD), the program is truly



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national in scope. The program is envisioned to utilize whatever measures---legal/regulatory

measures, capital investments, technology transfer, education, institutional, etc---it deems

effective, and to engage the cooperation of any organization (governmental, private, or civil

society) it deems necessary. Substantial involvement by the Ministry of Water Resources &Irrigation (MWRI), Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Local

Development (MOLD), Governorates, communities, civil society organizations, and

households is anticipated.

After developing the proposed strategy, HCWW took the following measures:

1. Held meetings to preliminary discuss the presented ideas in the attendance of a choice of

experts and professionals.

2. Examined the proposed method for wastewater planning in villages which is based or

"sanitation service cluster" concept, through the integrated wastewater project in El-

Mahmodiah Canal and Meet Yazed Canal. The results of this trial explained and proved

the economic, technical, and environmental feasibility of implementing rural wastewater

projects in accordance with the proposed strategy.

3. Held an expanded workshop on 3/2/2008. The minister of Housing, Utilities, and Urban

Development attended this workshop. A variety of entities, experts, and officials

participated in the workshop discussions which led to important results, namely:

a. Approving the proposed method for rural wastewater planning based on "sanitation

service cluster".

b. Emphasizing the importance of implementing solid wastewater projects to achieve

complete protection of waterways against pollution, and emphasizing the importance

of governorates and local rural units involvement in this regard.

c. Emphasizing the importance of developing an investment plan to strengthen thereturn of available investments, provided that this plan shall take the following into

consideration:

- Implementing the projects on stages, when possible.

- Determining the priority based on some considerations, the most important of

them are those related to location of village and surrounding waterways, water

uses in the area, and pollution level.

4. Held a meeting on 4/3/2008 with the National Organization for Potable Water and

Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD) to discuss the final formulation of the proposed

strategy. It was agreed upon the following:

a. Redefine wastewater service cluster to be "rural wastewater service cluster is a zone(area) of geographic bounds including a group of villages which if linked together in

one project would represent the optimal solution as regards technical, economic,

environmental, and institutional aspects.

A master plan for each service cluster shall be developed clarifying the method of

wastewater collection and location of central treatment plant. The master plan shall

consider achieving optimum utilization of existing wastewater networks. It shall also

propose the method of wastewater collection, conveyance, and treatment of small

human settlements that can not be linked to sanitation service cluster system.

b. It was agreed upon the necessity of preparing standard specifications and typical

designs for all rural sanitation system elements. All concerned entities shall comply



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with the application of these approved specifications and typical designs in all

national program projects.

c. The following projection was set for implementation:

- Preparing a detailed plan for rural sanitation projects as a complementary part ofmaster plans currently developed in each governorate under the supervision of

HCWW. In this stage, the consultant shall prepare maps clarifying the

boundaries of sanitation service clusters and shall develop the master plan for

each service cluster individually. In this stage, the consultant shall prepare a

short list identifying a number of appropriate treatment technologies according

to the conditions of each cluster. The consultant shall present his technical report

to a committee formed for this purpose (consisting of representatives of

subsidiary companies, HCWW, and NOPWASD) and discuss it with the

committee to select the optimal alternative.

When selecting wastewater treatment technologies at the service cluster level, itshould be considered to minimize the number of technologies at the governorate

level to facilitate O&M, training, and spare parts provision.

- Networks and pump stations works at the level of each service cluster shall be

implemented based on a complete design with the help of qualified consulting

offices. These projects shall be tendered based on "Design-bid- build" system.

- Treatment works shall be implemented through tendering documents based on

"Design build" system. Tendering documents shall be prepared by a qualified

consulting office.

5. A copy of the strategy was presented to the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency for

review. The Environmental Affairs Agency studied the strategy in detail and presented

its comments and recommendations to HCWW on 18/3/2008. These comments andrecommendations were taken into consideration when preparing the final formulation of

this strategy.

6. HCWW received the vision of MWRI as regards the priorities of rural wastewater

treatment plants.

7. Some experts, participating in the workshop held on 3/2/2008, presented their opinions

and suggestions to HCWW.

All opinions and suggestions were taken into consideration during the final formulation of the

strategy as clarified hereinafter. This document consists of three chapters, in addition to this

preface, as follows:

Chapter 1 works toward a definition of the contemporary rural Egyptian sanitation problem

and analyzes its root causes and challenges. Noting the high level of access to sanitary

facilities by rural households, the chapter argues that shortcomings in wastewater and solid

waste conveyance, treatment, and disposal under conditions of intensified water use by all

sectors has transformed the locus of the rural sanitation problem from the household level to a

river basin level. Challenges and opportunities for developing solutions are discussed.

Chapter 2 defines the focal rural sanitation objective and sets out policy, technological, and

institutional missions and elements of solution strategy. The chapter begins with the

objectives and strategic directions motivated by the challenges and opportunities reviewed in



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the situation analysis. The chapter then moves to consider engineering solutions appropriate

to the environmental, economic, and financial context. The chapter concludes by outlining

institutional arrangements for investment programming, facilities management and financing,

stakeholder involvement, system regulation, and sustainability.

Chapter 3 sets out the implementation considerations, outputs, and indicators for the rural

sanitation program to be implemented in rural areas to achieve the goals of this strategy, and

sets out a suggested arrangement of implementation responsibilities and program works

coordination.



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1. Current Situation



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1. CURRENT SITUATION

1.1 Problem Definition

Conventionally, sanitation is measured by the possibility of connecting houses to systems

constructed for wastewater collection and transfer to a site far from the house or public

activity zones, or transferring wastewater outside human settlement boundaries 1. Table 1.1

indicates that 85% of rural residential buildings in rural governorates had some type of

sanitary facility in 2002. Nearly 10% of buildings were sewered, the other 75% had some

type of on-site storage (Septic tanks or house vaults). Coverage levels have improved

steadily, and data obtained from the ORDEV Information Center show that in 2003, the

percentage of rural households without any type of sanitation latrines had decreased to

between 2% and 6%.

These data indicate that sanitation coverage did not usually keep pace with water supply

coverage. 1996 census results showed that 84% of rural households in rural governorates had

access to water supply in the home 2:

40% house connections

17% yard or building top

27% handpump.

But in spite of this, Egyptian villagers remain at risk of water- and excreta-borne diseases.

Visible manifestations of unsanitary conditions include heavily polluted waterways, street

damp and occasional wastewater ponding, and solid waste accumulations in settled areas andwaterways. In the absence of wastewater treatment and safe disposal, wastewater returns to

the human environment through a number of pathways, as indicated in Figure 1.1.

Solid waste accumulations can pollute groundwater or surface water through leaching of

contaminants or pollutants, and they attract insects and vermin which may transmit disease.

Increasing population densities and rising water tables in the Nile Valley and Delta allow for

the increased movement of pollutants between groundwater and surface water bodies.

1 Sanitation is defined as the process of separation of human excreta and other waste products from contactwith man and the environment through hygienic collection methods and safe management practices.Egypt

Human Development Report 2005, p 178.2

The remaining 16% obtained drinking water from public standpipes (14%) or unspecified other sources(possibly trucked supplies).


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Table 1.1 Sanitation Coverage in Rural Egypt

Rural Areas

Sewered On-Site Facilities No facilityGovernorateNumber of

Buildings in

Villages Number % Number % Number %

Lower Egypt

Governorates

Beheira 490,822 19,633 3% 402,474 82% 68,715 14%

Gharbiya 439,688 1,759 0.4% 406,711 92.5% 31,218 7.1%

Kafr el-Sheikh 299,376 44,607 15% 229,322 77% 25,447 9%

Dumyat 114,516 15,689 14% 76,153 66% 22,674 20%

Daqahliya 555,684 187,821 34% 320,630 58% 47,233 8%Sharqiya 673,846 130,052 19% 426,545 63% 117,249 17%

Ismailia 92,205 7,469 8% 77,176 84% 7,561 8%

Qalyubiya 349,421 31,098 9% 290,718 83% 27,604 8%

Minufiya 454,444 2,272 0% 409,454 90% 42,718 9%

Lower Egypt

Governorates 3,370,004 440,400 13% 2,639,183 78% 290,419 9%

Upper Egypt

Governorates

Giza 335,492 52,337 16% 260,677 78% 22,478 7%

Beni Suef 298,643 14,335 5% 188,742 63% 95,566 32%Fayoum 300,327 8,109 3% 111,421 37% 180,797 60%

Minya 550,192 106,187 19% 431,901 79% 12,104 2%

Asyut 394,609 395 0% 317,266 80% 76,949 20%

Sohag 480,785 0 0% 365,397 76% 115,388 24%

Qena 407,804 1,223 0% 327,467 80% 79,114 19%

Aswan 139,322 1,951 1% 99,337 71% 38,035 27%

Upper Egypt

Governorates 2,907,174 184,537 6% 2,102,208 72% 620,431 21%

Total Rural Areas 6,277,178 624,937 10% 4,471,391 76% 910,850 14.5%

Source: General Secretariat of Local Administration, 2002. Data for Luxor City Council area not

available.



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Direct disposal to streets

Direct disposal to water bodiesSullage

("gray water'')

VaultSeepage

Disposal to

Vault as

collection tank

Water bodies

(mixed with septage)

Fecal sludge

(Septage, "black

water'')

Direct disposal to water bodies (e.g.,

Vault

Disposalto water

Septic tank Disposal to water bodiesafter desludging

Mixed Septage

and Sullage

Interceptor & Treatment

Treatment



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Figure 1.1 Municipal Wastewater Pathways to theEnvironment

1.2 Problem Dimensions

The old human settlements, in most Egyptian villages, were horizontally expandedwithout any compliance with urban planning rules. The population density was

increased by the transition from houses made of adobe into multi-story houses made

of backed bricks. This random growth of old human settlements resulted in contacting

the boundaries of neighboring villages and satellites.

The infrastructure in Egyptian villages was developed in terms of electricity, roads,water supply, and telephone networks; in addition to the availability of schools andhealth units. This led to a significant improvement in living conditions in villages.

This improvement led to more need for expansion in the number of residential units

and more need for water supply and sanitation services.

Water supply systems were provided to villages on multistage bases, through differentprojects and entities. This expansion in water supply was not associated with

correspondent consideration of wastewater problem and providing practical solutions

for it.

The conventional system for dealing with gray water or wastewater at the rural houselevel depended on direct discharge to vaults of permeable bottom and walls which

consequently discharge to soil or subsurface water layer. These vaults are evacuated at

rates depending on soil porosity and subsurface water level.

Various factors collaborated and led to a complete failure of this system in hundredsof villages, in which the subsurface water level was raised to reach approximately the

ground surface level within the human settlement boundaries. This matter requires

evacuating house vaults many times per month. The evacuation costs of vaults

represent an economic burden at the family level in villages.

Households resorted to various means to face the increase of vault evacuation costs,such as:

- Constructing gravity lines to collect wastewater from many houses, then direct

discharge to neighboring waterways.

- Digging wells to directly discharge wastewater to groundwater.

In absence of any practical alternative, vaults evacuation products are discharged toneighboring waterways by means of different types of evacuations trucks.

Village households dispose of solid wastes by throwing them to waterways causing

the increase of their pollution.



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Pollution sources in villages can be identified in five sources, as follows:a. Different types of wastewater collected in collection networks and discharged

without treatment to agricultural drains.b. Vault evacuation products directly discharged to waterways.

c. Direct discharge of wastewater from vaults to groundwater through digged wells.

d. Pouring gray water to village streets or surrounding waterways.

e. Disposal of solid wastes to waterways.

The previous studies discussed the quantitative and qualitative determination ofimpacts of the deterioration of wastewater problem in villages. The most important

conclusions are as follows:

- The pollution of subsurface water leads to the increase of possibility of pollution

of water networks and subsurface water sources.

- The level of water pollution in agricultural drains in some areas reached limitspreventing the reuse of this water after mixing it with canal water, which is

considered a serious waste of an important water resource.

1.3 Problem Analysis

The first root cause of the problem of pollution and hygienic and environmental hazards in

rural Egypt is the discharge of most rural wastewater to the environment with little or no

treatment. The number of rural wastewater treatment plants in operation may not exceed 500,

while the total number of villages exceeds 5,500. The number of village sewer systems is fargreater than the number of village wastewater treatment plants. Many State-funded village

sewer systems were constructed without treatment facilities in order to solve urgent problems

of widespread septage ponding in streets and house collapse.

Moreover, an undetermined number of villages, especially villages in areas of high water

table, which are prone to these types of wastewater upflow, have used self-help to resolve

their problem by installing informal sewers on a household, neighborhood, or village scale.

The public sewer systems discharge to agricultural drains, but the informal systems may

discharge to drains or canals.

The second root cause of the contemporary rural sanitation problem in Egypt is thatpopulation growth, water scarcity, and expanded residential area are bringing wastewater

disposal points into closer proximity with water abstraction points. The nexus of factors

associated with this root cause is complex:

a) Population growth has led to an expansion of settlements over the waterways. Thepossibility to dump wastes into a waterway has been increased than before.



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b) Water tables are rising as a consequence of perennial irrigation and increased provisionof drinking water. These factors lead to the failure of on-site sanitation systems and to

the increased exchange of pollutants between surface water and groundwater.3

c) Water demands are increasing, resulting in increased need to reuse drain water forirrigation, particularly by tail-end farmers who suffer increasingly from shortages as

water scarcity grows. Drain water reuse is not a marginal or deviant phenomenon in

Egypt. With growing water scarcity, drain water reuse is now a central GOE strategy

for increasing Egypts water efficiency, and MWRI expects drain water to supply 10%

of Egypts water requirements by the year 2017. Drain water pollution is a threat to this

goal.

1.4 Challenges

These challenges are related to the following aspects: financing, land availability, disciplinary

and professional labor, village-centered bias in project planning, and weak environmental

health enforcement.

1.4.1 Financing

The need for investment in rural wastewater treatment facilities and improved conveyance

systems (sewers or trucks) is massive. Although villages can be ranked in terms of their

pollution exposure, in the final analysis all quantities and types must be treated and safely

disposed. Ultimately, every rural Egyptian households sludge, septage, and sullage has to be

transported to treatment facilities, treated, and then disposed. Solid waste should also besafely managed and the role of local administration should also be activated, otherwise it

contributes to surface water and groundwater pollution and absence of obvious results

(outputs) of the implementation of the national program for rural sanitation in Egypt.

1.4.2 Land Availability

In wastewater treatment, there is a generally inverse relationship between land area

requirements and construction cost. This is because lower-cost technologies rely on exposure

to sunlight for biological treatment, consequently this requires larger areas for treatment

basins and more stay time in these basins. Vacant land is scarce in the Delta and it's cost is

high.

1.4.3 Disciplinary and Professional Labor

For the most part, the three disciplines of on-site sanitation, wastewater pollution control, and

water resources management have been professionally, organizationally, and financially

bounded from one another. Solid waste management and trucked wastewater conveyance are

also bounded from one another and from the other three disciplines. A sustainable

institutional framework requires engineers, local officials, technicians, professional laborers,

3There have always been instances of cross-connection between drains and canals, especially in the Delta.MWRI monitoring stations are now detecting high fecal coliform levels in canals and even the Nile. See

Development Alternatives International & International Resources Group,Nile River Water QualityManagement Study, June 2003 (MWRI/USAID)


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and community participation specialists; each to apply his/her knowledge and skills within an

integrated water resources management framework that ensures stopping the causes of current

deterioration and transition into new situation after implementing the National Program for

Rural Sanitation.

1.4.4 Village-centered Bias in Project Planning

Until recently, investments in rural wastewater treatment were directed to single villages,

although it is technically feasible and cost-effective to implement treatment facilities which

serve clusters of villages. Focus on single-village service areas is probably an effect of the

structure of the State budget and the five-year planning system, in which local councils are

both political constituents and budget entities.

1.4.5 Weak Environmental Health Enforcement

Law 48/1982 regulations which forbid the discharge of untreated wastewater to surface watersare rarely applied and can hardly be applied, given the shortage of wastewater treatment

facilities.

1.5 Opportunities

Alongside of the challenges noted above, these are opportunities for breakthrough in rural

wastewater and solid waste management.

1.5.1 Increased Government Attention

The government has made a strong commitment to tackling the problem. LE 20 billion has

been allocated as a first stage for rural sanitation projects implementation.

1.5.2 Decentralization and Participation

State budget planning processes are paying greater attention to local demands. MWRI efforts

to establish water users organizations at the branch canal and district levels are providing

local forums for water issues. Cases of informal sewerage show that communities can

mobilize local resources to address wastewater problems.

1.5.3 Appropriate Technologies

In the course of the last twenty years, the Egyptian governmental, academic, and consulting

sectors have become familiar with all low-cost, unconventional technologies for wastewater

conveyance and treatment.

1.5.4 Economies of Scale through Regionalization

As will be discussed below, significant economies of scale can be achieved by building

wastewater treatment facilities to serve clusters of villages rather than single villages. These

facilities can be designed to receive trucked liquid wastes as well as sewered wastes and to

receive and co-compost solid wastes, thus generating a revenue stream to offset O&M costs.



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1.5.5 Sector Reform

The water/wastewater sector in Egypt has not been institutionally static, with several waves of

reform, usually involving some degree of local utility corporatization, having taken place

since the 1970s in different governorates. However, in 2004, the GOE embarked on a

systematic nationwide reform agenda. This means to improve the operational and financial

performance of utilities through corporatization; regulation, private sector participation. The

first step in this agenda is to establish a holding company for water and wastewater (HCWW)

by virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 135 of 20044. Fourteen already semi-corporatized

governorate utilities were transferred as subsidiary companies affiliated to HCWW. HCWW

is basically an asset management company, responsible for operating the local utilities as

financially viable businesses. The framework enables performance management (each utility

is a profit/cost center) and revenue retention (which provides an incentive for collection).

The solid waste sector has not been the subject of a comparable reform agenda, but theseare opportunities for reform in the context of the current interest in decentralization. In some

governorates, the service has been corporatized, as what happened in Cairo and Alexandria

Governorates, or a fund has been established to increase solid waste management revenues, as

what happened in Qena Governorate. Under the proposed Ministry of Finance (MOF)

Performance Based Budgeting System, it should be relatively easily to constitute local solid

waste management (SWM) as a distinct cost center and even as an enterprise fund, which can

help local administration units in villages to raise the level of these services.

4

PD 249/2006 made it clear that the utilities in the remaining 15 governorates are also to be corporatizedunder HCWW, and the corporatization process has begun in two of these governorates.


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2.Objectives, Tasks, and Elements of the Strategy



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2. OBJECTIVES, TASKS, AND ELEMENTS OF THE STRATEGY

The target year for this strategy is 2040, where the population is estimated at 37 million in

Delta villages and 33 million in Upper Egypt villages. The total population will be 70 millioncompared to 2006 census results of 20.8 million in Delta villages and 18.5 million in Upper

Egypt villages; with a total of 39.3 million in all rural Egypt. According to 1996 census

results, the average population density reached 177 man/feddan in about 29% of the villages

that are dwelled by more than 10,000 people as per the said census. Applying the maximum

holding capacity defined by Urban Planning Law (150 man/feddan), the urban possessions for

existing villages shall not have capacity for more than 60 million people in the target year

2040. This strategy was built on the basis of this number, taking into consideration that new

villages will be found outside the old valley to be able to take in the other expected 10 million

people.

Data of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Stastics (CAPMAS), on 2006 census,

showed that the total number of buildings in Egyptian villages was 7.96 million (they are

assumed to have house connections to public wastewater networks), 92.9% of which had

access to potable water networks (93.5% in Delta and 92.5% in Upper Egypt); where 24.3%

of these buildings were sewered (33.7% in Delta and 11.65% in Upper Egypt). The last ratio

does not represent the actual wastewater coverage in rural Egypt because many of these

networks are not connected to wastewater treatment plants, but they were constructed through

self efforts and most probably discharge untreated wastewater to an agricultural drain or even

a waterway in some cases; i.e. they are a pollution producer not a pollution prohibitor.

2.1 Objectives

The main goals of Egypt national rural sanitation strategy were specified in three objectives:

First Main Objective: Ensure household hygiene through achieving complete

compliance with requirements of Law No. 48 of 1982 regarding

the discharge of wastewater (of different types) to waterways and

groundwater.

Second Main Objective: Upgrade environmental health through protection of waterways

entirely from negative environmental impacts resulting from thedisposal of solid wastes onto them.

Third Main Objective: Reserve Egypt water resources through utilizing all sources

including the best ways for reuse.

2.2 Tasks

The national strategy adopted seven tasks to achieve the above objectives at the strategic

level. They include:



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Strategic Task 1: Implement projects necessary for wastewater collection, conveyance,

and treatment in rural Egypt in all governorates; dispose treatment

residuals safely; and maximize the utilization of treatment process

outputs. This will be achieved through the National Organization ofPotable Water and Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD) in collaboration

with Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) and its

affiliated companies.

Strategic Task 2: Operate wastewater projects in rural Egypt effectively and in a

sustainable manner through companies affiliated to HCWW in

governorates.

Strategic Task 3: Implement projects necessary for collection, transfer, and safe

disposal of solid wastes generated in villages of Egyptian

governorates through Ministry of Local Development (MLD) andgovernorates, and make maximum use of outputs of sorting out and

treatment processes.

Strategic Task 4: Operate rural solid waste management projects effectively and in a

sustainable manner by rural local administration units.

Strategic Task 5: Enable civil community to play its role in solving problems of rural

sanitation and solid wastes through all agencies concerned in

implementing this strategy.

Strategic Task 6: Support the role of institutions responsible for environmental

monitoring and enforcement of environmental health criteria; and

activate their ability for calling to account and taking corrective

actions.

Strategic Task 7: Support the role of institutions responsible for providing and

development of human forces and conducting applied researches that

serve the implementation of this strategy.

2.3 Elements of the StrategyStrategy elements are summarized in the following nine elements:

2.3.1 Planning

This strategy depends on planning as a basis to specify how to implement the aforementioned

seven tasks and hence achieving the goals. This will be done by dividing rural Egypt into

sanitation service clusters (SSC) defined from both geographical and institutional prospective

as follows:

Geographical Prospective: SSC is an area of geographical bound that include a group of

villages which the planner is sure that their inclusion in one

project is the optimum solution from technical, economic,



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environmental, and institutional points of view.

A master plan will be prepared for each service cluster

showing the wastewater collection approach and the site ofthe central treatment plant. The planner shall work towards

making maximum use of existing wastewater networks and

plants. He shall also propose the collection, conveyance, and

treatment approach for small residential clusters that are

difficult to be connected to the sewer system.

Institutional Prospective: SSC is an administrative unit of rural wastewater sector;

which is a part of the organizational structure of HCWW

companies. Responsibilities at the level of SSC management

shall be specified to include:

Operation and maintenance (O&M) of sewers and pumpstations in served villages.

O&M of the treatment plant.

Technical supervision of septage evacuation system.

Technical supervision of sewerage systems in villages thathave projects at house or street level.

Implementation of self-monitoring program.

This approach for planning SSCsin villages depends from the economical point of view on

the so called "economies of scale", which could give the following advantages:

- Minimize problems of providing and purchasing the land required for treatment plants.

- Reduce cost and problems of providing access roads, power supply feeders, and water

connections at each treatment plant level.

- Minimize equipment required for laboratories and environmental monitoring of effluent of

treatment plants.

- Reduce number of leadership positions.

- Save labor.

- Minimize O&M cost in general.

These advantages are faced with some increase in cost of pumping force mains and crossingsunder main roads and waterways; in addition to an increase in the running costs of pumping

stations due to pumping to probable longer distances and higher levels.

This approach also ensures the provision of integrated services and hence achieving

objectives of this strategy, since it realizes the following integration dimensions:

Technical DimensionBy establishing a system that accommodates wastewater collected from sewered villages,

to be treated in a central treatment plant. This plant would be able to receive the four

possible types of polluted water that be generated from unserved villages. They include:

- Stabilized local sludge.



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- Not-stabilized local sludge.

- Settled sewage.

- Fresh sewage.

This dimension should take into consideration the following factors:

- All over years of program implementation; ratio of houses depending on vaults

evacuation, as a means of wastewater disposal, would decrease.

- An enforcing system would be applied to direct evacuation trucks to definite

points, to dispose in special manholes (Makabb) connected to the manholes or the

vaults of the pumping stations.

- At early stages of the program, units to treat septage may be established in a part

of the treatment plant site. These units would be developed in the future to be a

part of the treatment process.

Environmental DimensionSince failure in solving rural solid waste problem may lead to shortage to achieve or not

achieving the main objectives of the rural sanitation strategy; this strategy should

accommodate solid wastes and take into account the following factors:

- Rural solid waste management lies within local units and local community

responsibilities; regarding collection and transfer.

- Integration in treatment stage could be achieved by applying co-composting

technologies for both sludge and the organic part sorted out from the solid wastes.

- Local units have to provide sanitary landfills to accommodate solid wastes to be

buried (Rejects) and solid wastes generated from treatment plants (Screenings).

Figure 2.1 gives a schematic representation of SSC according to said approach, which was

tested within Integrated Sanitation Project in Mahmoudiya Canal and Meet Yazid basin.

Results of the experiment showed and assured the economical, technical, and

environmental feasibility of implementing sanitation projects in villages according to it.

2.3.2 Integrated Treatment Facilities

Integrated treatment facilities (ITFs) are designed for modular expansion. The designer should

consider adequate flexibility to accommodate wastewater conveyed by any type of collection

systems such as septage evacuation trucks, conventional sewers, or nonconventional sewers.

It is also possible to design a treatment plant including a unit for receiving and co-composting

municipal (and a portion of agricultural) solid wastes generated in the SSC. (Co-compostingis a fecal sludge treatment technique in its own right and may be an appropriate treatment

technology in some villages.)



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ITF = Integrated Treatment Facility



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Figure 2.1 Schematic SSC Representation

Standard characteristics and modular designs should be prepared for all rural sanitation

system elements. All concerned agencies should apply those approved standards and modulardesigns in all projects of the national program to solve rural sanitation problems.

Although the wastewater and solid waste facilities would be expanded modularly, this does

require that the long-term land requirements for each facility are secured, in order to ensure

the availability of lands required for future expansion. A layout for a fully-developed ITF is

shown in Figure 2.2.

3.2.4 Flow Composition Diagnostics

The concept of flow composition links the treatment and collection/conveyance 2.3.3


Figure2.2

SchematicLayoutofaModelforIntegratedTreatmentFac

ility(ITF)


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2.3.3 ITF Sitting Criteria

Preferred characteristics of integrated facility sites are:

a) Close proximity to a drain, to minimize cost of effluent disposal.b) Proximity to roads wide enough to carry garbage and septage evacuation trucks.c) Low elevation, to minimize sewage pumping costs.d) Distance of 500 m from nearest residential area, to spare residents from odors.

2.3.4 Appropriate Wastewater Collection & Conveyance Approach

This approach does not require a village or community to unanimously adopt a homogeneous

collection technology. Although a certain threshold of demand for sewerage and pumping

must be present in a community to satisfy basic feasibility criteria, some neighborhoods may

be content with their on-site facilities. Moreover, hybrid sewerage systems (combining

conventional and nonconventional sewers) may be appropriate in some communities, e.g., a

village with an existing conventional sewer system may expand coverage by installing

condominial or small-bore sewers in unserved narrow lanes or neighborhoods. The approach

requires close community involvement guided by utility-based outreach teams whose

members are informed about alternative system designs, O&M requirements and costs; and

are receptive to planning methods based on dialogue with users5.

On-site sanitation remains a viable and appropriate option in communities with low

subsurface water levels as long as treatment and disposal systems are made available. The

principal impact of the strategy on such households and communities is to ensure that the

carted septic wastes are treated and safely disposed. Over time, as communities with high

subsurface water levels are sewered, the allocation of septic evacuation trucks can be re-

balanced within and between SSCs to correspond to changes in flow composition and

increases in water consumption.

No more than 5% of families are expected to lack any type of sanitary facility. Each water and

5

We refer here primarily to costs related to sewer system construction, operation, and maintenance, includingcosts of community or household level maintenance in condominial sewerage.


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wastewater company should analyze the geographical and spatial patterning of such

deprivation and analyze causes. If the primary cause is income poverty, as is probable, the

company could establish a support fund and technical service.

Table 2.1 summarizes the key concepts of the approach.

Figure 2.3 provides a schematic showing the linked flow composition, collection,

conveyance, and treatment relationships of a hypothetical SSC.

2.3.5 Accommodation to Existing Facilities

Several wastewater treatment plants have already been built or are being built in rural Egypt,

in cities and villages. In most cases, these facilities have ample design capacity for many

years to come. To the extent possible, existing treatment facilities should be adapted as SSC

centers. In largely unsewered rural service areas, additional land may be needed around the

existing treatment plant site to build the fecal sludge anaerobic pond and receiving facility for

trucked septage from SSC residents not connected to the sewer system. The effluent from the

anaerobic pond would drain to the existing facilitys first-stage treatment process.

Table 2.1 Key Concepts of Wastewater Collection and Conveyance Apprach

Sanitation Service Cluster (SSC) Diversion Plan

A geographically defined area (including

communities and waterways) for the

management of municipal wastewater and solid

waste conveyance, treatment, and safe disposal.

A package of infrastructure and institutional

measures aimed at eliminating all rural municipal

wastewater and solid waste discharges to

waterways by ensuring their conveyance to a

treatment facility, by:

Provision of conveyance from existing sewersystems to a treatment plant

Provision of sufficient septage and garbagetrucks

Re-routing of septage and garbage trucks to

dispose their wastes at an existing pumpingstation or treatment plant

Wastewater Flow Composition Integrated Treatment Facility (ITF)



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The characterization of communitys or SSCs

wastewater flow in terms of its volume and

relative composition includes four types of flow: Stabilized fecal sludge:

conveyed by truck from properly

functioning vaults

Fresh fecal sludge:conveyed by truck from

malfunctioned vaults in areas of high

water table

Settled sewage:conveyed from condominial or

small-bore sewerage

Fresh sewage:

conveyed from conventional sewers

Typically, an appropriate area secured to receive,

treat, and dispose of all of an SSCs liquid and

solid wastes. An ITF is made up of a number ofunits, each of which is expanded as SSC demand

approaches successive flow thresholds.



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2.3.6 Solid Waste Management

Solid wastes are an eyesore, a public health hazard, and a source of waterway obstruction.

The SSCs will be responsible for the treatment and disposal of all municipal solid wastes in

their service areas. Local administration will continue to be responsible for solid waste

collection, conveyance, and all system relevant issues including landfills; but the garbage

trucks would convey the wastes to their designated ITFs, where they will be sorted.

Recyclables can be sold. Organic wastes will be mixed with some agricultural wastes

obtained from the ITF cultivated area and/or nearby farms and then composted or co-

composted6.

Nondegradable wastes will be collected and shipped to each SSCs nearest suitable sanitarylandfill. If a suitable landfill is not available, one can be constructed for a group of SSCs in

agreement with area local units.

Community campaigns will be planned and implemented to motivate and organize Branch

Canals Water Users' Associations (BCWUAs) and/or community groups to participate in an

initial surge of waterway-clearing activities to clean up accumulated deposits.

2.3.7 Desert and Desert-Fringe Communities

The distinctive feature of desert communities and Nile Valley/Delta communities which

border on desert land is the abundance of nearby waste land.

Under these conditions, there is no constraint to the widespread adoption of waste

stabilization ponds as the wastewater treatment technology of choice. Given the availability

of land and the relatively low cost of treatment, there is also less need for regionalization,

which would only be appropriate where it offers significant conveyance economies.

Communities would have the same latitude of choice regarding their collection and

conveyance facilities as in typical SSCs.

2.3.8 Diversion Program

TheDiversion Program concept makes pollution abatement the first priority in this strategy.

Therefore all the municipal sewage, septage flows, and solid wastes of each SanitationService Cluster (SSC) should be directed to a central Integrated Treatment Facility (ITF), thus

eliminating (diverting) unsanitary habits of discharging liquid and solid wastes to canals

and drains in the service area. SSC treatment and conveyance facilities are planned on the

basis of an SSCs flow composition.

The Diversion Program would be implemented in two stages. The first stage would involve

three types of investments:

6 Co-composting of fecal sludge and municipal solid waste (MSW) is a common practice in many countries.

The first large-scale co-composting plant in Egypt was built in Port Said city to co-compost sludge andMSW.

Figure 2.3 Schematic Conceptual SSC Design


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a) Construction of a first-stage fecal sludge/septage treatment facility (plus a solid wastemanagement "SWM" facility) in each SSC

b) Reorganization (and where necessary, purchase or contracting) of SSC septage evacuation

truck services, ensuring conveyance of all septic wastes to the treatment facilityc) Construction of pumping stations and force mains to convey wastewater from existing

gravity sewered areas (and selected on-site systems) to the SSC.

Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development (MHUUD) would undertake, through

HCWW and its affiliated companies and NOPWASD, all responsibilities of liquid wastes;

while Ministry of Local Development (MLD) would undertake all responsibilities of solid

wastes, through governorates and rural local units.

The second stage of the Diversion Program involves the completion of full wastewater

treatment trains in SSCs and planning and implementation of appropriate sewerage

interventions in unsewered villages or clusters of villages. Criteria for village and communityprioritization might include:

Subsurface water level

Population size and density

Water consumption levels

Ability and willingness to participate.

This prioritization scheme recognizes that high water table poses a serious public health and

building risk in many villages. But the treatment facilities have the absolute priority and must

be set in place first, and when funds become available, some sewerage projects can be

introduced in parallel with ITF construction.

2.3.9 Institutional Aspects

The institunal aspects include: planning and investment program, service provision, financing

and cost recovery, environmental health enforcement, and hygiene education and promotion.

2.3.9.1 Planning and Investment ProgramNOPWASD undertakes tasks of planning, design, and construction of wastewater treatment

facilities, including possession of lands required for these facilities. Although local

administration in some villages has undertaken sewer extensions, new sewerage systems have

to be implemented within a detailed plan for rural sanitation projects, which represents a

complementary part of the master plans currently under preparation in governorates. Sewerand pump station works would be implemented at each SSC level based on complete designs

prepared with the aid of qualified consulting offices.

The economies of the strategy can only be achieved if the array of treatment and conveyance

facilities is optimized. The flow composition data on each community is only a starting point,

because SSCs do not necessarily correspond to existing administrative units The flow

composition data do not by themselves reveal SSC boundaries. The flow composition data of

groups of adjacent communities need to be considered in the context of several other

variables, including:

a) The availability of suitable ITF sites (see Section 2.3.3 above).



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b) Local topographical variables such as the locations of waterways, roads, and otherfeatures which will affect the cost of conveyance, particularly the need for

undercrossings.

c) The possibility of treatment economies which might arise from maximizing the numberof SSCs whose treatment needs can be fulfilled by fecal sludge treatment facilities

alone.

d) Proximity of existing urban or rural wastewater treatment plants.

Optimization of SSC infrastructure will depend on good flow composition data, relatively

sophisticated algorithms for SSC identification and facility sitting, and close knowledge of the

local topography.

With respect to project prioritization and investment programming, investments of the first

stage of the Diversion Program, as said earlier, have the priority, since sewerage without

treatment is a health and environmental hazard. Sewerage investments in wastewaterconveyance for already sewered villages which are not connected to existing WWTPs are an

integral part of the Diversion Program, as is the reorganization of the vehicle-based

wastewater conveyance systems as tributaries of the SSC central treatment facility.

2.3.9.2 Service ProvisionThe Sanitation Service Clusters (SSCs) would be organized as units of the governorate

water/wastewater company. The companies have the mandate for wastewater treatment and

conveyance, and have assumed the responsibility for septic developing and supervising tank

evacuation system.

Solid waste management is currently a local administration responsibility. Under this strategy,

local administration would remain responsible for solid waste management.

There is a scope for private sector participation in several O&M functions of the Sanitation

Service Cluster. Adequate tariffs or user charges will encourage private sector involvement as

well as keeping the system financially viable. Private sector might participate in the

following:

Septage evacuation concessions.

Garbage collection concessions.

Vehicle maintenance.

Sewer maintenance. Interceptor/collection tank maintenance.

Compost production and marketing.

2.3.9.3 Financing and Cost RecoveryIt is a standard practice in Egypt for beneficiaries to pay all the costs of on-site facility

construction, whether a vault or a septic tank, and to pay for sewer connections to public

systems, if any. There is willingness to bear or participate in costs of sewer system

construction in areas with high subsurface water levels; most community-wide informal sewer

networks have been financed by the local community without government or donor

assistance.



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Charges of service should be set to recover O&M costs. Ideally, each SSC could identify the

method of beneficiaries participation based on actual cost of service, and ideally users would

be billed according to the types of facilities and services they enjoy. Utility customer records

and billing systems will have to be adapted to calculate the sanitation charge based on a usersSSC affiliation and level of service. This strategy would help to minimize costs through the

combined effects of:

a) Economies of scale through regionalization of treatment facilities.b) Modular technology allowing for incremental expansion of treatment capacity in response

to demand.

c) Use of natural wastewater treatment technology wherever possible.d) Reliance on existing conveyance facilities and equipment, to the maximum extent.

compatible with public and environmental health.

e) Promotion of low-cost sewerage alternatives.

This approach allows for differences in costs of service, according to level of service providedto a community or each individual house, as shown in Table 2.2, where all users benefit from

wastewater treatment and safe disposal.

Table 2.2 Cost Allocation by Level of Wastewater Collection and Conveyance Service

Collection, Conveyance & Treatment System

CostOn-Site

Condominial

Sewerage

Small-

Bore

Sewerage

Conventional

Sewerage

Wastewater treatment 9 9 9 9

Sewage pumping 9 9 9

Sewer maintenance 9 9 9

Vault evacuation 9

Collection tank maintenance 9

Interceptor tank evacuation 9

The following principles of comparative competition should be applied by HCWW to the

subsidiaries and by the subsidiaries to the individual SSCs: Each Sanitation Service Cluster should be treated as a cost center.

Unit functional costs should be compared across SSCs.

Incentive systems should be applied7.

2.3.9.4 Environmental Health EnforcementWith the provision of liquid and solid waste treatment and disposal facilities under this

strategy, any justification for unsanitary practices and lax enforcement is removed. The key

7Provided that sanitation service charges are set at the company level, a modified price-cap (or revenue-cap)incentive system could be applied, in which SSCs keep a share of excess revenues generated through

operational or management efficiencies. Alternatively, inefficient departments could be replaced bycontractors.


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elements for successful enforcement are reporting of violations and consistent application of

effective sanctions.

Detection and reporting are responsibilities of relevant inspection authorities, but should also

be understood as rights and responsibilities of the public at large. The public should knowwhom to contact and how to contact to report a violation. Septage evacuation trucks and

garbage collection trucks should have their SSC affiliation and an identification number

painted in large letters on the vehicle so that illegal dumping by a truck operator can be

reported by any observer.

Sanctions (penalties) should be large enough to act as a genuine deterrent. Lists of penalties

should be widely disseminated, penalties must be applied consistently, and penalty actions

should be publicized to reinforce the message that the government is committed to rural

environmental health.

2.3.9.5 Hygiene Education and PromotionThe provision of public facilities does not by itself guarantee achievement of the strategys

public health objectives. There is a need for community and household level interventions to

improve hygiene awareness and practices, to address the needs of households which lack any

type of sanitary facility, and very small communities. HCWW is not mandated to work in this

area, so there is a need to allocate responsibility for this component of the strategy. It is likely

that schools, mass media, and qualified NGOs can play roles in implementation. Programs

should focus on:

a) Hygiene and health education. Sanitation project experience allover the world hasshown time and again that project benefits are not realized without changing hygiene

knowledge, attitudes, and practices8. Principal subjects include handwashing and

indoor water storage/use practices.

b) Proper usage of sanitation facilities. Education packages will be prepared for specifictypes of project, such as condominial and small-bore sewerage, particularly on the

importance of not using interceptors for solid waste disposal or disposal of animal

wastes.

c) Provision of latrines. As noted above, the percentage of rural households without anytype of sanitary facility is probably no more than 5% nationwide. These households

need to be found out, and their needs assessed and addressed. Several NGOs in Egyptare experienced in this type of work.

d) Small community-operated systems,e.g., communal composting schemes.

8 See Ahmad Gaber, Stock-Taking of Egypt Rural Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Final Report

(World Bank, August 2004). Chapter 4 of that report provides a concise review of key areas for sanitation-related hygiene interventions.


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3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and

Indicators



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3. IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS, OUTPUTS,

AND INDICATORS

3.1 Implementation Considerations

The following considerations shall be taken into account when implementing the proposed

rural sanitation program.

3.1.1 Volume Considerations

Number of village residents in Delta and Upper Egypt(projections in light of scenarios of population growth,

immigration, village accommodation capacities, and

economic conditions of old land): 60 million habitant

Cost of rural sanitation infrastructure provision (based onpreliminary studies, implementation phase conditions,

demand increase, and 2007 prices): LE 1000/capita

Volume of investment required for the national program(2007 prices): LE 60 billion

3.1.2 Primary Project Segments

Number of probable sanitation service clusters (SSCs): 600 clusters

Average population in each SSC in 2007: 65,000 habitant

Average population in each SSC in 2040: 100,000 habitant

Average estimated investments for implementing the integratedSSC project: LE 100 million

Estimated time span for project implementation (three five-yearplans):

15 years

Required finance for each five-year plan (2007 prices) LE 20 billion

3.1.3 Basic Program Requirements

Finance.

Land.

Temporary and permanent labor. Additional power necessary for operation

Local consulting firms: program and project management, design, and constructionsupervision.

Contractors sector.

Requirements of building materials for civil works construction.

Local and foreign supply of mechanical and electrical equipment.

3.1.4 Program Requirements of Permanent Labor

a) Labor requirements at SSC level:



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-3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Sewer maintenance in served villages 40persons

O&M of pump stations 45 persons

O&M of integrated treatment facility (ITF) 25 persons Operation of sanitation systems in unsewered villages

including evacuation truck operation 40 persons

Total 150 persons

b) Labor requirements at the national level (600 SSCs) 90,000 persons

3.1.5 Labor Opportunities Through Construction Phase

a) Assumed labor required for the contractor company carrying out construction in one SSC:

Five (5) wastewater networks 40 laborer for 36 months

Five (5) pump stations 15 laborer for 36 months One (1) treatment plant 25 laborer for 36 months

Supervision and management 20 laborer for 36 months

Total 100 laborer for 3 years

b) Assumptions at the national level:

Construction phase in each five-year plan 3 years

Number of tendered SSCs in each five-year plan 200 SSCs

Generated work opportunities in each five-year plan 20,000 opp. for 3 yearsEquivalent to 60,000 laborer. year

Equivalent to180,000 laborer. year throughout 3 five-year plans

3.2 Outputs and Indicators

As previously identified, focal objectives of the rural sanitation strategy are to ensure public

health and environment, and protect water resources through the provision of safe and

effective wastewater and solid waste collection, conveyance, treatment, and disposal services

to all Egyptian rural communities through systems designed to achieve these objectives by

the year 2040 (strategy target year).

For planning and management purposes, seven strategic objectives were determined to

achieve the overall objectives. The seven strategic objectives are listed in Table 3.1 with their

key performance indicators and their main outputs. The strategy has the following structure:

Strategic objectives (SOs) 1 and 3 refer to facilities construction

(SOs) 2 and 4 refer to operations and maintenance.

In relation to these objectives implementation and service provision, SOs 1 and 2 refer tothe wastewater intervention and are implemented by MHUUD and affiliated HCWW,

subsidiary companies, and NOPWASD; while SOs 3 and 4 refer to the solid waste

intervention and are implemented by MLD and affiliated governorates and rural local

administration units.



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3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Table 3.1 Strategic objectives, Outputs, and

Strategic objectives Outputs I

Strategic objective 1:Implement projects

necessary for wastewater

collection, conveyance,

and treatment in rural

Egypt in all

governorates;

dispose of treatment

residuals safely; andmaximize the

utilization of treatment

process outputs.

1.1 Rural wastewater master plans prepared

1.2 Finance plane (throughout a number of five-yearplans) prepared

1.3 ITF and PS sites acquired1.4 Projects implemented

1a. No. of operational SSC1b. % of villages affiliated to a1c. .No. of treated wastewater o1d. Rate of annual rural wastew1e. Annual rural wastewater pro

Strategic objective 2:

Operate wastewater

projects in rural Egypt

effectively and in a

sustainable manner

2.1 Standard operating procedures developed for alltypes of SSC facilities

2.2 Fecal sludge trucking services reorganized.2.3 Maintenance programs, plans, and budgets

developed and applied for all types of SSCfacilities

2.4 Administrative and financial systems developed for

governorate, rural wastewater services2.5 Organization staffing, and training plans preparedand applied for governorate rural wastewaterservices

2.6 Tariff and billing systems adapted2.7 Performance management systems designed and

2a. % of ITFs which consistent2b. No. of cases of wastewater 2c. No. of incidents of fecal slu2d. % of SSCs identified as

companies accounts2e. Cost recovery ratio of SS

services

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document


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Strategic objectives Outputs I

implemented.

Table 3.1 Strategic Tasks, Outputs, and Indica

Strategic objectives Outputs


Implement projects

necessary for collection,

transfer, and safe

disposal of solid wastes

generated in villages of

Egyptian governorates

and make maximum use

of outputs of sorting out

and treatment processes

3.1 Rural solid waste master plans prepared3.2 Finance plane (throughout a number of five-year plans)

prepared3.3 Landfill or compositing sites acquired3.4 Works constructed3.5 Solid waste trucking services re-routed.

3a. Civilized confvillage streets cserved areas.

3b. Number of soestablished.

3c. Number of so

eliminated.3d. Change in qua

solid waste bur


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Strategic objective 4:Operate rural solid waste

management projectseffectively and in a

sustainable manner.

4.1 Standard operating procedures developed for solid wastecollection, conveyance, and landfilling (or compositing)facilities

4.2 Maintenance programs, planes, and budgets developed andapplied for solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfillingfacilities

4.3 Administrative and financial systems developed for SWMservices

4.4 Organization, staffing, and training plans developed and appliedfor SWM services

4.5 Revenue systems adapted4.6 SWM performance management systems designed and

implemented.

4a. No. of waterwareported

4b. No. of villages w4c. Amounts (tons) 4d. Cost recovery ra

and landfilling s

Table 3.1 Strategic Tasks, Outputs, and Indica


Strategic objective 5:Enable civil community

to play its role in solving

problems of ruralsanitation and solid

wastes

5.1 Assessments of household hygiene and sanitation facilities,knowledge, attitudes, and practices conducted

5.2 Household hygiene and sanitation communication andmobilization programs planned and budgeted

5.3 Involvement of experts and civil community in projects aimingto originate a route change in environmental health attitudesand practices

5a. % of rural ressanitary facility.

5b. Average scoresawareness and a

hygiene and psanitation faciliti


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Strategic objective 6:Support the role of

institutions responsiblefor environmental

monitoring and

enforcement of

environmental health

criteria

6.1 ITF effluent monitoring program implemented6.2 Solid waste accumulation survey and reporting system

implemented

6.3 Citizen environmental health violations reporting systemimplemented

6.4 Waterways pollution monitoring program implemented6.5 Groundwater pollution monitoring program implemented6.6 Penalties for water pollution strengthened and applied

consistently

6a. Actual rural WW% of required nu

6b. % of fecal sludname and enviro6c. % of garbage co

name and enviro6d. Total revenues

solid waste dum


Support the role of

institutions responsible

for providing and

developing human forces

and conducting applied

researches

7.1 Required labor for implementation phases provided.7.2 Required labor for continuous operation phase provided.7.3 A program for upgrading staff performance implemented.7.4 An approval program implemented

7a. Ratio of availabphase.

7b. Percentage of during operation

7c. Effectiveness ind7d. Number of gr

universities qual


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SOs 5 and 6 relate to more strictly institutional dimensions. SO5 relates to community-and household-level awareness interventions and support for small-scale waste

management solutions. SO6 relates to environmental health monitoring and enforcement

measures. SO 5 and 6 are implemented by numerous authorities (governmental ornongovernmental) including MWRI, Ministry of Health and population, Ministry of State

for Environmental Affairs, and Ministry of Social Solidarity.

SO7 aims to establish synergies between the program and the educational system, R&Dinstitutions, and private sector supply chains; and are implemented by Ministry of

Education, Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Scientific Research, and research

institutes.

3.3 Responsibilities

Hereinafter are the responsibilities for implementing the strategic objectives.

3.3.1 Strategic Objective 1: Implement Projects Necessary for Wastewater Collection,

Conveyance, and Treatment in Rural Egypt in all Governorates; Dispose of

Treatment Residuals Safely; and Maximize the Utilization of Treatment Process

Outputs.

The outputs of this Objectiveinclude the following:

3.3.1.1 Rural Wastewater Master Plans Prepared

The definition of SSCs is one of the major challenges in implementing the rural sanitationstrategy. ITFs and SSCs are interlinked concepts. The ITF serves as the center for the

collection and conveyance of wastewater and solid waste within the SSC villages. But neither

concept refers to a pre-existing geo-administrative entity, therefore the SSC delineation

process must be carried out for a governorate as a whole. This process, plus the process of

prioritization of ITF construction and new sewerage investments, is best conducted in the

context of a governorate rural wastewater master plan.

Water and wastewater master plans are being prepared for the governorates. Each master

plan will contain sub-plans for:

Urban water supply

Rural water supply

Urban wastewater

Rural wastewater.

The current master planning activity is an opportunity to jump-start the rural sanitation

strategy application at the governorate level. Recommended steps in rural wastewater master

planning include:

Conduct Initial Rural Sanitation Surveys and Prepare DatabaseThese surveys are intended to serve as a starting point for planning. Each community

must be surveyed for the following data elements:



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current population and settled area

number of buildings, classified by type of sanitation facility

water supply and consumption

water table level house type (red-brick or adobe, single- and multi-storey)

building sanitation facilities

number of raw sewage outfalls

annual volume of septage evacuation.

In addition, a district-level map and GIS must be developed to show:

village physical boundaries (these polygons would be linked to the village surveydatabase)

a map for residential block in each village

waterways (main and branch canals and drains) roads and bridges

drinking water abstraction points

locations of raw sewage outfalls

locations of sizable solid waste accumulations

locations and sizes of state lands

locations and sizes of vacant lands.

Identify SSC Boundaries and ITF LocationsThe initial rural sanitation survey permits setting the GIS-based polygons (representing

SSC boundaries) to a common scale and spatially positioning to provide a master

governorate GIS map, and marking potential ITF sites (as well as sites of existing

WWTPs) on the map, following the aforementioned definition and criteria.

This map provides a formulation for conceptual designs. But SSC boundaries can only be

finalizedafter the flow composition data have been collected and input to the database, the

prospective ITF sites have been identified, and villages which need sewerage are

consulted on their preferences regarding the type of sewerage.

Responsibilities

HCWW.

3.3.1.2 Finance Plan (Throughout a Number of Five-year Plans) PreparedPreparation of conceptual designs for each facility should be sufficient to prepare an initial

budget. Should the aggregate budget exceed program resources, the aforementioned

prioritization criteria can be applied.

Responsibilities

NOPWASD, in consultation with HCWW.

3.3.1.3 ITF and PS Sites AcquiredAcquisition of new ITF sites is a major milestone in program progress. All legal procedures

must be taken and adequate funds must be budgeted to purchase lands from their rightful titles



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and to negotiate transparently with them, otherwise the entire sanitation program might be

discredited and build local resistance.

Site area and dimensions must allow for future WWTP expansion. Survey works and siteprobing will take place in a coming stage.

Responsibilities

NOPWASD, in consultation with HCWW and Governorates.

3.3.1.4 Projects ImplementedConstruction here refers to the entire project management sequence, including:

Preparation of tendering documents for rural wastewater networks based on "Design-bid-build" system.

Preparation of wastewater treatment plants at the service cluster level based on

"Design-build" system.

Works permitting including the assessment of environmental impacts of the projects.

Construction supervision

Acceptance

Commissioning.

Responsibilities

NOPWASD, in coordination with HCWW and Governorate W & WW Companies for

construction supervision and project acceptance.

3.3.2 Strategic Objective 2: Operate Wastewater Projects in Rural Egypt Effectivelyand in a Sustainable Manner

The outputs of this objectiveinclude:

3.3.2.1 Standard Operating Procedures Developed for All Types of SSC FacilitiesSOPs are a basis for staffing needs determination, training, and operations budgeting. Each

type of ITF process unit, including the various units needs SOPs, so do pumping stations,

fecal sludge evacuation trucks, and laboratories. Emergency operations plans and

occupational safety plans should be added to or included in the SOPs.

ResponsibilitiesHCWW develops standards. W&WW companies apply standards to operations planning,

budgeting, staffing, etc.

3.3.2.2 Fecal Sludge Trucking Services ReorganizedAlthough the wastewater facilities construction program is expected to install substantial new

sewerage, especially in areas of high subsurface water table, trucked conveyance is likely to

continue to be the predominant means of wastewater conveyance in rural Egypt for many

years. Significant reorganization of these services will be needed to ensure that they meet the

strategys goal of diverting untreated wastewater from the waterways. Reorganization

involves the following measures:



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Evacuation truck routes need to be re-designed so that each truck carries its wastes to itsdesignated ITF. In other works, each truck will be affiliated to a given SSC.

Truck workloads and SSC trucking requirements need to be recalculated based on the new

service areas and routes and considering the impact of new sewerage on the workload. Since new sewerage is likely to alleviate the trucking requirement in some SSCs, trucks

may be redistributed to another SSCs according to workload.

There should be little need to purchase new trucks.

Responsibilities

HCWW and governorate water and wastewater companies.

3.3.2.3 Maintenance Programs, Plans, and Budgets Developed and Applied for All Types

of SSC FacilitiesComputerized maintenance programming software can be purchased or developed to support

task scheduling, spare parts budgeting, etc. Organizational design for maintenance and spare

parts warehousing and transport is another aspect of maintenance programming.

Responsibilities

HCWW develops standards. Governorate W&WW Companies apply standards to

maintenance planning, budgeting, staffing, and all operation and maintenance works and

tasks.

3.3.2.4 Administrative and Financial Systems Developed for Governorate Rural

Wastewater Services

Administrative systems refer to systems and procedures for work-ordering, spare partsmanagement, recordkeeping, reporting, etc. Financial systems refer to systems and

procedures for budgeting, accounting, cash management, procurement, etc. It is highly

desirable that each SSC be treated as a cost center for performance monitoring purposes.

Responsibilities

HCWW develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and

procedures development by individual subsidiary companies.

3.3.2.5 Sanitation Program Organization, Staffing, and Training Plans Prepared and

Applied for Governorate Rural Wastewater Services

The ITFs are expected to serve as headquarters for SSC operations. Core ITF SSCmanagement functions include:

treatment facility operat

egypt nationl

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