EGYPT

1 Photo – National Geographic

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeV3Nb_hI4A&feature=endscreen&NR=1 (3:30)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXQHQbvwq70&NR=1&feature=fvwp (2:11)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJoEzwfFTng&feature=related (3:25)

Please . . . .

Vagabonds TrampingVagabonds TrampingThroughThrough

East AfricaEast Africa

Elephant Dung Paperhandmade by Rocky & Sandi

Tatia Discovery CenterTsavo, Kenya

Elephant Dung Paper made as part of a project with Kent State University, Elephant Dung Paper made as part of a project with Kent State University, teaching native people to create teaching native people to create guest books, notebooks, address books and other gift items from indigenous materialsgift items from indigenous materials. Participants collected the dung from the local area, dried it, mixed it with a binding agent (mud and paste), rolled it into thin sheets, dried the sheets, and bound the sheets into books.

AFRICA GAME VIEWINGAFRICA GAME VIEWING

Africa Adventure Company: Africa Adventure Company: www.africa-adventure.comOur website: Our website: www.vagabondgeology.com

SOUTH SOUTH AFRICAAFRICA

ANGOLAANGOLA

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

Week 1: living in AfricaWeek 1: living in Africa

EAST AFRICAEAST AFRICA

Week 2: ZimbabweWeek 2: Zimbabwe

Week 3: Tanzania (1)Week 3: Tanzania (1)

Week 4: Tanzania (2)Week 4: Tanzania (2)

Week 5: KenyaWeek 5: Kenya

Week 6: EgyptWeek 6: Egypt

TANZANIATANZANIA

KENYAKENYA

EGYPTEGYPT

WEEK 6: EGYPTWEEK 6: EGYPT

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Geography, History & Statistics

Nile Cruise

7

EGYPTEGYPT

• Nile Nile

•CairoCairo

• AswanAswan

• EdfuEdfu

• LuxorLuxor

• West BankWest Bank

• Abu SimbelAbu Simbel

• GizaGiza

EGYPT GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY

EGYPT GEOGRAPHYEGYPT GEOGRAPHY

EGYPTEGYPT

EGYPT GEOGRAPHYEGYPT GEOGRAPHY

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

SUDAN

LIBYA

660 miles

660 miles

600 miles600 miles

EGYPT GEOGRAPHYEGYPT GEOGRAPHY

Surrounded by Surrounded by 5 countries5 countries

GAZASTRIP

ISRAEL

RedRedSeaSea

SAUDIARABIA

Physical Dimensions

Disputed Areas

390,000 sq miles390,000 sq miles(1.45X Texas)(1.45X Texas)

EGYPT GEOGRAPHYEGYPT GEOGRAPHY5000

3000

1500

0

Great Sand Desert

Great Sand Desert Nile RiverNile River(Longest river on planet at 4,130 (Longest river on planet at 4,130

miles)miles)

Mt. SinaiMt. Sinai(7,497ft)(7,497ft)

Green Green means means lower lower

level on level on mapmap

Nile River DeltaNile River Delta

Isthmus of SuezIsthmus of Suez

Suez CanalSuez Canal

AsiaAsiaAfricaAfrica

This makes This makes Egypt a Egypt a

transcontinentatranscontinentall nation nation

Physical Highlights

EGYPT GEOGRAPHYEGYPT GEOGRAPHY5000

3000

1500

0

Population DistributionPeople per sq km

Approx. 99% of Approx. 99% of population uses population uses

only 5.5% of total only 5.5% of total land arealand area

5000

3000

1500

0

EGYPT GEOLOGYEGYPT GEOLOGY

Egyptian Geology

EGYPTFLAG & HISTORY

EGYPTIAN FLAGEGYPTIAN FLAG• RED symbolizes early struggle

against the monarchy

• WHITE symbolizes the bloodless nature of its former Revolution

• BLACK symbolizes end of oppression

• Tricolor is based on the Arab Liberation Flag; also used by Iraq, Syria & Yemen

• Egypt's national emblem, the Eagle of Saladin is centered in the white band (symbol of Arab Nationalism)

KEY HISTORY TERMSKEY HISTORY TERMS1. Upper/Middle/Lower Egypt

• Lower Egypt Lower Egypt is from Cairo to the Mediterranean

• Upper Egypt Upper Egypt is between the Sudan and Cairo

• Upper Egypt Upper Egypt has been broken up into a Middle Egypt & Upper Egypt

• Middle Egypt Middle Egypt stretches upstream from the Qena Bend to Memphis

UPPER UPPER EGYPTEGYPT

MIDDLE MIDDLE EGYPTEGYPT

LOWER LOWER EGYPTEGYPT

Cairo

Sudan to south

KEY HISTORY TERMSKEY HISTORY TERMS

2. Old/Middle/New Kingdoms• Old Kingdom Old Kingdom period,

c. 2700–2200 BC• Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom period,

c. 2055-1650 BC• New Kingdom New Kingdom period,

c. 1550-1070 BC

KEY HISTORY TERMSKEY HISTORY TERMS

3. Intermediate Periods• 11stst Intermediate Intermediate

c. 2181-2085 BC• 22ndnd Intermediate Intermediate c.

1650-1550 BC• 33rdrd Intermediate Intermediate

c. 1069-644 BC

If If Old Kingdom Old Kingdom period ended c.2200 BC and the Middle Middle

Kingdom Kingdom started c. 2040 BC, what’s in between? WHOA!

“period of disunity and relative cultural

decline”

KEY HISTORY TERMSKEY HISTORY TERMS4. Dynasties

Egypt1st dynasty (c. 3050 – 2890 BC)2nd dynasty (2890–2686 BC)3rd dynasty (2686–2613 BC)4th dynasty (2613–2498 BC)5th dynasty (2498–2345 BC)6th dynasty (2345–2181 BC)7th and 8th dynasties (2181 - 2160 BC)9th dynasty (2160–2130 BC)10th dynasty (2130–2040 BC)11th dynasty (2134–1991 BC)12th dynasty (1991–1803 BC)13th dynasty (1803–1649 BC)14th dynasty (1705–1690 BC)15th dynasty (1674–1535 BC)16th dynasty (1660–1600 BC)17th dynasty (1650–1549 BC)18th dynasty (1549–1292 BC)19th dynasty (1292–1186 BC)20th dynasty (1186–1069 BC)21st dynasty (1069 – 945 BC)22nd dynasty (945 – 720 BC)23rd dynasty (837 – 728 BC)24th dynasty (732 – 720 BC)25th dynasty (732 – 653 BC)26th dynasty (672 – 525 BC)Achaemenid dynasty (525 – 404 BC)28th dynasty (404 – 398 BC)29th dynasty (398 – 380 BC)30th dynasty (380 – 343 BC)Achaemenid dynasty (343 – 332 BC)Argead dynasty (332 – 309 BC)Ptolemaic Dynasty (305 – 30 BC)Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC – 68 AD)Flavian Dynasty (69 – 96)Nervan-Antonian Dynasty (96 – 192)Severan Dynasty (193 – 235)Constantinian dynasty (303 – 336)Valentinian Dynasty (364 – 457)House of Theodosius from 379Leonid dynasty (457 – 518)Justinian Dynasty (518 – 602)Sassanian DynastyHeraclian Dynasty (602 – 695 and 705 – 711)Rashidun CaliphateUmayyad CaliphateAbbasid CaliphateMamelukesOttoman SultanateMuhammad Ali Dynasty (1805–1953)

““a a sequence of rulers sequence of rulers considered members of considered members of

the same family. the same family. DynastyDynasty is also used to refer to the is also used to refer to the era during which a family era during which a family reignedreigned, as well as events, , as well as events, trends and artifacts of that trends and artifacts of that

period…”period…”

KEY HISTORY TERMSKEY HISTORY TERMS5. Divisions of Historical Egyptian Time

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORYBRIEF EGYPT HISTORY• c. 10th millennium BC, a culture of

hunter-gatherers and fishers is established in Egypt

• c. 8000 BCE-Sahara starts to form; tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society

• c. 6000 BCE-Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley; several pre-dynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt

• c. 3200 BCE-earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared

• 3150 BCE-Unified kingdom was founded by King Menes; leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next 3000 years!

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORYBRIEF EGYPT HISTORY• c. 1650 BCE-first foreign ruling

dynasty in Egypt; Semitic Hyksos

• c. 1550 BCE, start of New Kingdom, began with the 18th Dynasty; this dynasty sees the maximum expansion of Egypt

• Well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III,

Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II are from New Kingdom Period

• 343 BCE-Last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch; Falls to the Persians after the last native Pharaoh is defeated in battle

• 332 BCE-Ptolemaic Kingdom takes control; Alexandria becomes capital city and center of Greek culture and trade

• 1st century-Christianity brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist

• 639 CE-Egypt invaded and conquered by Muslim ArabsArabs; Cairo becomes seat of Califate; Arabs remain in control for next 600 years

• c. 1250 CE-MamluksMamluks take control; Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies

• 1517-Ottoman Turks Ottoman Turks conquer Egypt after which it becomes a province of the Ottoman Empire and remains connected to the Ottomans till 1914

• 1798-Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt; holds it for 2 yrs. Four years of anarchy follows

• 1805 Mohamed AliMohamed Ali (known as “Founder of Modern Egypt”) takes control and holds it for 43 yrs!

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORYBRIEF EGYPT HISTORY

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORYBRIEF EGYPT HISTORY

• 1875-Ali family sells their Suez Canal shares to the British Government; British & French appointed to Parliament to monitor finances

• 1879-1882-Foreign involvement leads to local uprising; British/French invade; Egypt becomes British protectorate; British involvement till 1954

• 1919-first modern revolution; UK government issues a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922; Republic 1954

• 1811-1831-Ali captures Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan and parts of Ethopia

• 1840-increasing power of Ali alarms European powers; they intercede in Ali’s forays

• 1847-Ali dies; string of family successions follow; debt increases to point that Egypt can borrow no more; Europe steps in

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORYBRIEF EGYPT HISTORY• 1956-Nasser assumes power as

President

• 1956 nationalizes the Suez Canal prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis

• 1967 Six Day War, Israel invades and occupies Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip

• 1970-3 years later President Nasser dies and succeeded by Anwar Sadat

• 1972-Sadat switches Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expels Soviet advisors; launches the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition

• 1977-Sadat makes historic visit to Israel; leads to 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Fundamentalist military soldier assassinates Sadat in Cairo in 1981. He is succeeded by Hosni Mubarak

BRIEF EGYPT HISTORYBRIEF EGYPT HISTORY• In 2003, Movement launched to oppose

Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms/greater civil liberties

• January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government; February 2011-Mubarak resigns

• Feb 2011-VP Omar Suleiman announces Mubarak stepped down/military assume short term control nation's affairs; Celebrations breaks out in Tahrir Square• February 2011, high level military command announces that both the constitution

and the parliament have been dissolved

• November 2011, Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power; in July 2012, new president Mohamed Morsi elected

• August 2012, Prime Minister announces new 35 member cabinet; 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood

EGYPT DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC

STATISTICS

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X 1.4X 0.8X 1.4X 14X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 43 43 83 312 people/sq mile 25 104 57 110 174 214 82

indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% 98% 98% 99% 1% European extraction 2% 9% 1% 1% 1% - 72% (Indian/Asian/other) 3% 11% 1% 1% 1% 1% 27% median age (years) 18 24 19 18 19 24 37 life expectancy (2008) 38 50 38 51 55 71 78 life expectancy (1990) 40 62 60 54 58 63 75ENGLISH? (official) no yes yes yes yes no yes RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% 73% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% -- -- Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% 7% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% 99% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% > 90% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0.5 T $1.5 T $1.8T $6.6T $49T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -- 1% 15% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- * 7% 8% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% 11% 2% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% 18% oil reserves (MB) 9,000 15 -- -- * 4 21,000 gas reserves (Tril ft3) 9.3 0.32 -- 10-25 * 77 272 diamond res (B ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3 0.05 -- -- -- coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1.5 -- 0.05 491 other fish platium platium gold tea,cof textiles coal

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X 1.4X 0.8X 1.4X 14X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 43 43 83 312 people/sq mile 25 104 57 110 174 214 82

indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% 98% 98% 99% european extraction 2% 9% 1% 1% 1% - (mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% 1% 1% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 18 19 24 37 life expectancy (2008) 38 50 38 51 55 71 78 life expectancy (1990) 40 62 60 54 58 63 75ENGLISH? (official) no yes yes yes yes no yes RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% 73% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% -- -- Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% 7% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% 99% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% > 90% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0.5 T $1.5 T $1.8T $6.6T $49T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -- 1% 15% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- * 7% 8% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% 11% 2% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% 18% oil reserves (MB) 9,000 15 -- -- * 4 21,000 gas reserves (Tril ft3) 9.3 0.32 -- 10-25 * 77 272 diamond res (B ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3 0.05 -- -- -- coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1.5 -- 0.05 491 other fish platium platium gold tea,cof textiles coal

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

OLDER & OLDER & LONG LIVEDLONG LIVED

GAS RESERVESGAS RESERVES

EGYPT

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X 1.4X 0.8X 1.4X 14X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 43 43 83 312 people/sq mile 25 104 57 110 174 214 82

indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% 98% 98% 99% 1% European extraction 2% 9% 1% 1% 1% - 72% (Indian/Asian/other) 3% 11% 1% 1% 1% 1% 27% median age (years) 18 24 19 18 19 24 37 life expectancy (2008) 38 50 38 51 55 71 78 life expectancy (1990) 40 62 60 54 58 63 75ENGLISH? (official) no yes yes yes yes no yes RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% 73% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% -- -- Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% 7% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% 99% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% > 90% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0.5 T $1.5 T $1.8T $6.6T $49T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -- 1% 15% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- * 7% 8% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% 11% 2% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% 18% oil reserves (MB) 9,000 15 -- -- * 4 21,000 gas reserves (Tril ft3) 9.3 0.32 -- 10-25 * 77 272 diamond res (B ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3 0.05 -- -- -- coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1.5 -- 0.05 491 other fish platium platium gold tea,cof textiles uranium

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

Let’s compare the USA!

Let’s compare the USA!

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X 1.4X 0.8X 1.4X 14X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 43 43 83 312 people/sq mile 25 104 57 110 174 214 82

indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% 98% 98% 99% european extraction 2% 9% 1% 1% 1% - (mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% 1% 1% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 18 19 24 37 life expectancy (2008) 38 50 38 51 55 71 78 life expectancy (1990) 40 62 60 54 58 63 75ENGLISH? (official) no yes yes yes yes no yes RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% 73% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% -- -- Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% 7% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% 99% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% > 90% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0.5 T $1.5 T $1.8T $6.6T $49T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -- 1% 15% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- * 7% 8% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% 11% 2% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% 18% oil reserves (MB) 9,000 15 -- -- * 4 21,000 gas reserves (Tril ft3) 9.3 0.32 -- 10-25 * 77 272 diamond res (B ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3 0.05 -- -- -- coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1.5 -- 0.05 491 other fish platium platium gold tea,cof textiles uranium

ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON

DIVERSEDIVERSE

LONGEVITYLONGEVITY

ENGLISHENGLISH

LITERATELITERATE

WEALTHYWEALTHY

RESOURCES!RESOURCES!

BIGBIG

USA

NILERIVER

THE NILE• Longest river on planet at 4,130miles; used to

be 870 miles longer; blocked by volcanic flows

• Runs through 10 countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt

• Drainage basin of 1,256,591 sq mi; approx 10% of the area of Africa

• Peak flow is approx. 290,000 cu ft/second (late August/Early September) (more on this later…)

• Has two major tributaries, White Nile & Blue Nile; they join near Khartoum, Sudan

• White Nile is longer and starts in the Great Lakes region of East Africa

• 90% of Nile water and 96% of sediment load transported by the Nile originates in Ethiopia

• Of the 90% Nile water, the Blue Nile supplies 65%

• Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and fertile soil; begins at Lake Tana, Ethiopia

THE NILE

THE BLUE NILE

THE BLUE NILE

EAST AFRICAN

RIFT THRU ETHIOPIA

250 mile long canyon!

Let’s go back and look at the NileLet’s go back and look at the Nile in more detail….in more detail….

Flows into

Sudan

THE NILE

(1000 cu km)

>70in

35in

< 1in

Rainfall/yr

THE NILE• Almost ZERO

rain annually

• Massive amounts of evaporation reduces output to the Mediterranean

(1000 cu km)

6000

4500

Elev

ation

(ft a

bove

sea

leve

l)

3000 2500 2000 1500 500

Distance from Mediterranean (mi)

3000

1500

THE NILE

Very high gradient Very high gradient (meaning it drops very fast in (meaning it drops very fast in

relatively short distance)relatively short distance)

Very low gradientVery low gradient

Low gradientLow gradient

NILE SUMMARY

In summary,• Without the Nile there would not be any delta;

(the delta provides 2X as much agricultural land as the rest of Egypt)

• Without the Nile, there would not have been agriculture and without agriculture, there would be no people

• Without the Nile there may not have been any Egyptian Civilization!

• Geology created the Nile therefore Geology is responsible for this early Civilization!

So, let’s started VagabondingSo, let’s started VagabondingAround Egypt, first Cairo…Around Egypt, first Cairo…

CAIRO

CAIROCAIRO

48

CAIROCAIRO

CAIRO SIGHTSEEINGTahrir SquareTahrir Square

Mohamed Ali Mohamed Ali MosqueMosque

Cairo TowerCairo Tower

Egyptian Egyptian MuseumMuseum

Coptic MuseumCoptic MuseumTo PyramidsTo Pyramids

AirportAirport

Khan Al-KhaliliKhan Al-KhaliliMarketMarket

EGYPT PEOPLEEGYPT PEOPLE

NILE CRUISE

52

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAPNILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP

ASWAN

54

NILE CRUISE BOATNILE CRUISE BOAT

55

ASWANASWAN

TEMPLEOF

EDFU

57

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAPNILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP

•Was known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo

• It is one of the best preserved temples in Egypt

• Dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE

58

TEMPLE OF EDFUTEMPLE OF EDFU

LUXOR

60

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAPNILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP

TEMPLE OF LUXORTEMPLE OF LUXOR

WEST BANK

63

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAPNILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP

• Hatshepsut translated means “Foremost of Noble Ladies”

• Fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt

• Regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty

64

HATSHUPSETHATSHUPSET

ABU SIMBEL

66

NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAPNILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP

• Construction of Abu Simbel complex started in approx. 1264 BCE and lasted for about 20 years, until 1244 BCE

• Twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari

• However, the complex had to be relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir

• New location is 215 feet higher and 600 feet back from the temple’s original location

• The entire temple was cut up into 20 ton blocks, blocks numbered, relocated and re-assembled at this new location

• Construction time was 4 years and cost $40 million

ABU SIMBELABU SIMBEL

PYRAMIDSOF

GIZA

PYRAMID OF GIZA

•Oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis

•Oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact

•Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BCE

•At 481 feet the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure on earth for over 3,800 years!

•Each base side is 755.9 ft long

•Mass of the pyramid is estimated at 6.5 million tons

•Building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 880 tons of stone every day

•It consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks

•Completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night

•Avg. opening of joints is only 1/50th of an inch wide!

PYRAMID OF GIZA

71

•Permissible to enter the Pyramid and make your way to the King’s burial chamber

•Only 300 Tickets per day sold

•Open from 8am till 1pm

We made it!!We bid farewell toWe bid farewell towonderful Egypt…wonderful Egypt…

PYRAMID OF GIZA

THANKS!THANKS!

- LynnLynn & & ChuckChuck for for computer supportcomputer support- CarolCarol for classroom for classroom supportsupport- AubreyAubrey for providing for providing ‘‘Ask the Geologist’Ask the Geologist’ ‘ ‘Geology in the News’ Geology in the News’ on on the websitethe website

THANKS!THANKS!

REMEMBER…REMEMBER…

GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS

75

EGYPTEGYPT

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

All class material either is or

will be on 1) the University’s website

and on

2) Our website at:

www.vagabondgeology.comANY QUESTIONS??

76

KENYAKENYA

REFERNCESREFERNCEShttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa#Egypt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545586/Sinai-Peninsula http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0487/report.pdf http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.H52A1182H http://www.sacred-destinations.com/egypt/cairo-egyptian-museum http://www.lonelyplanet.com/egypt/tours/small-group-trip/explore-egypt?lpaffil=fbta1 http://www.giscenter.gov.eg/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Upper+Egypt http://www.mapsofworld.com/physical-map/egypt-physical-map.html http://people.csail.mit.edu/hanna/Egypt/index06.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_066.jpghttp://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294201-d1725002-Reviews-Emo_Private_Day_Tours-Cairo.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hala%27ib_Triangle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ts0225BcL8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC_5qLRAX10 http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/pyramid-construction.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/explore-ancient-egypt.html http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf137/sf137p01.htm http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/Ghizaarchitecture.htm http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/Ghiza%20essay.htm http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/egyptghiza.htm http://www.utdallas.edu/geosciences/remsens/Nile/geology.html http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/79000/79253/ISS032-E-009123.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa#Egypt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_canal http://www.britannica.com/media/full/204 http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0560d/report.pdf http://www.utdallas.edu/~rjstern/pdfs/NubianSwell.pdf http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Africa/Egypt/Inland/Red_Sea/Marsa_Alam/photo933963.htm http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/africa/egypt/ http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/atlas/index_kv.asp?tombID=undefined (nice details on valley of the king tombs)http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/africa.html http://www.petroleum.gov.eg/en/ProjectsandActivities/StrategicProjects/Pages/GoldandElSoukry.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294201-d2108334-Reviews-Ayman_Ahmed_Private_Tour_Guide-Cairo.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMY1Ho8mwTA&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJoEzwfFTng&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXQHQbvwq70&NR=1&feature=fvwp http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/who-built-the-pyramids.html http://www.robertschoch.net/Redating%20the%20Great%20Sphinx%20of%20Giza.htm http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/khufu.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_river http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week9/wk9.htm

songshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUrVeRGo5IM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUvo6vrIzkg&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNXRn8d9jlk&feature=related

videoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDTyfm7Rp1g http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=r1inueBSwko http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=6Jz5s6YlD2U http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=gvXV17yWNtg

REFERENCESREFERENCES

Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… and narrow-mindedness…

Broad, wholesome, charitable views of Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by men and things cannot be acquired by

vegetating in one little corner of the vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. earth all one's lifetime.

~Mark Twain~Mark Twain

““Twenty years from now Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch sail away from the safe harbor. Catch

the trade winds in your sails. the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” Explore. Dream. Discover.”

– – Mark TwainMark Twain