egg: european groundwater geochemistry : bottled water clemens reimann, manfred birke, david...
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EGG: European Groundwater Geochemistry : bottled water Clemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks, Alecos Demetriades & the EuroGeoSurveys EGG project group. EGG. Geochemical Atlas of Europe : 1 sample site per 5000 km 2 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EGG: European Groundwater Geochemistry: bottled waterClemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks,
Alecos Demetriades & the EuroGeoSurveys EGG project group
www.eurogeosurveys.org
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Geochemical Atlas of Europe: 1 sample site per 5000 km2
The natural variation of Uranium in European subsoils covers 3 orders of magnitude
( from Salminen et al., 2005)
EGGSample materials for the Geochemical Atlas of Europe:
-surface (stream) water - stream sediment-overbank sediment - Topsoil (0-20 cm)-soil C-horizon
Missing:
GROUNDWATER (impossible at reasonable cost?)
- difficult to sample (contamination issues)
- difficult to map (3D-regional distribution (aquifers))
- high local variation
- what is actually ”groundwater”?
Sample storage at BGR, Berlin
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Groundwater can be bought readily sampled at the European scale
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Analytical program, BGR-lab:
ICP-MS: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr
ICP-AES: Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, P, Si
IC: Br-, Cl-, F-, NO2-, NO3
-, SO42-
AFS: Hg
Titration: tAlk - HCO3- Photometric: NH4
+
Potentiometric: pH Conductometric: EC
72 analytical parameters/sample
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Issues when using ”Mineral (bottled) Water” as a proxy for groundwater:
- Mineral water is NOT drinking water (EU regulations)
- Mineral water may come from non-representative, quite special and unusual aquifers
- Mineral water is sometimes treated prior to bottling (filtered, carbonated, de-ironed etc.)
- The water samples can be contaminated from well and bottling installations
- The water samples can be contaminated from the bottle material
Comparison of the same bottled water sold Comparison of the same bottled water sold in glass bottles and sold in PET bottles in glass bottles and sold in PET bottles (N=126)(N=126)
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SbSb
GLASS:GLASS:Ce, Pb, Al, Ce, Pb, Al, Zr, Ti, Hf, Zr, Ti, Hf, Th, La areTh, La areseriously seriously affectedaffected
Many Many others others show show indicationindications for s for leachingleaching
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PbPb
ThTh
Uranium in European bottled water and tap waterUranium in European bottled water and tap waterEuropean surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586
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Arsenic and Vanadium in European bottled water Arsenic and Vanadium in European bottled water and tap water – and tap water – the majority of elements show a the majority of elements show a surprisingly comparable distribution in all 4 datasetssurprisingly comparable distribution in all 4 datasets
European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586
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A number of elements (Ag, B, Be, Br, Cl, Cs, F, Ge, I, K, Li, Na, A number of elements (Ag, B, Be, Br, Cl, Cs, F, Ge, I, K, Li, Na, Rb, Sr, Te, Tl, Zr) show a ”mineral water” specific Rb, Sr, Te, Tl, Zr) show a ”mineral water” specific enrichment (+ 1 to 2 orders of magnitude variation - brines enrichment (+ 1 to 2 orders of magnitude variation - brines and hydrothermal water)and hydrothermal water)
European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586
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Some few elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) show a clear indication that Some few elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) show a clear indication that tap water and Norwegian groundwater are contaminated tap water and Norwegian groundwater are contaminated from the well installations and water piping – over the whole from the well installations and water piping – over the whole observed concentration range.observed concentration range.
European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586
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Vanadium: young volcanic centres and basaltic rocks are clearly marked in the map.
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Lithium: Hercynian Granites, Carpathian Mountain Chain, Dinarides. High values are in the range of Li-medication but deficiency may also clearly be an issue.
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Conclusions
- For some few elements the water samples can be seriously contaminated from the bottle material.
- For MOST elements the data set provides a realistic picture of a likely median value and of the variation of the elements in (ground)water at the European scale.
- Natural variation is enormous for most elements, usually 3-4 orders of magnitude and up to 7 orders of magnitude were observed.
- When discussing water quality the focus on ”pollution” may be missguided.
- It may be necessary to consider element deficiency related problems more seriously.
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Conclusions
Geological features that are visible in the maps include:
ophiolites (Cr, V)
alkaline volcanics and in general areas with active volcanism (Al, As, Be, F, K, Mn, Mo, P, Rb, Se, Si, Tl, V)
Hercynian granites (Al, B, Be, Cs, F, Ge, K, La, Li, Rb, Si, Sn, tAlk, Th, Ti, Zr)
deep structures (Sr)
deep sedimentary basins (B, Ba, Br, Cl, I, K, Li, Mg, Na)
The EGG project: 38 European countries...Austria: G. Hobiger, GBA; P. Filzmoser, TU Wien; F. Koller, U. WienBelgium: I. Schoeters, W. De VosBosnia & Herzegovina: H. Hrvatovic, Geol. Surv.Bulgaria: V. Trendavilov, Min. of Environment and WaterCroatia: J. Halamic, Geol. Surv. Czechia: R. Kadlecova, Geol. Suv.Estonia: V. Petersell, L. Bityukova. Finland: T. Tarvainen, J. Jarva, GTKFrance: I. Salpeteur, C. Innocent , BRGM Germany: M. Birke, BGRGreece (& Cyprus): A. Demetriades, IGME Hungary: G. Jordan, Geol. Surv.Iceland: B. Wigum, Manvit HF Ireland: R. Flynn, Queens Univ. BelfastItaly: B. De Vivo, S. Albanese, A. Lima, U.Napoli; E. Dinelli, U.Bologna; D.Cicchela, U. Sannio; P. Valera, U. CagliariLithuania: V. Gregorauskienne, Geol Surv. Luxembourg: R. Maquil, SGLMacedonia: S. Stafilov, U.Skopje Montenegro: N. Devic, Geol. Surv.Norway: C. Reimann, B. Frengstad, R.T. Ottesen, NGUPoland: L. Smietanski, PGI Portugal: C. Lourenço, INETIRomania: A. Ion, Geol. Surv. Russia: N. Philippov, AS MineralSerbia: A. Gulan, B. Vukicevic, M.Z. Mandic, Geol. Inst.Slovakia: P. Malik, Geol.Surv. Slovenia: M. Gosar, Geol. Surv.Spain: A. Bel-lan, J. Locotura, IGME Sweden: K. Lax, SGUSwitzerland: P. Hayoz, SwisstopoUnited Kingdom: D. Flight, S. Reeder, P. Smedley, BGS; D. Banks, HolyMoore ConsultancyUkraine: V. Klos, M. Vladimirova, Geol. Surv. +samples from Albania, Belarus, Denmark, Georgia, Latvia, The Netherlands, Turkey
SEGH, Galway