egcsa workshop & agm 2016 · egcsa workshop & agm 2016 25 th & 26 february 2016 –...

EGCSA WORKSHOP & AGM 2016 25TH & 26TH February 2016 – Brunel University

Vessel Technical Services srl Luca D’Addio – TECHNICAL and R&D Responsible Via Fausto Coppi, 11 80010 Quarto – Napoli, Italy Email: [email protected]

Highlights:

- Particulate emissions from heavy duty diesel engines – focus on soot and black carbon

- Particle number concentration measurements - Particle removal in wet scrubbers - Strategies to capture fine particles in wet scrubber

Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements:

particle capture

Università Federico II of Naples Francesco Di Natale, Assistant Professor

Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" P.le Vincenzo Tecchio, 80 80125 - Napoli (Italy)

Email [email protected]


Additional benefits of the scrubber technology from results of exhaust gas measurements

Luca D’Addio

IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Emissions of Particulate matter



Luca D’Addio

Impact of maritime transport emissions on air quality in Europe

Viana et. al.[21], 2014

On average, shipping emissions contribute with 1-7% to annual mean PM10 levels, with1-20% to

PM2.5, and with 8-11% to PM1

PM0.5

>8%

>11%

• The impact of maritime transport on air quality is high.

• The contribution of maritime transport on fine particle is even greater.



Luca D’Addio

IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Particle emission characteristics

PM of diesel exhaust gas comprises:

(a) a mass dominant, coarse, fraction made by sulfates and water associated to sulphates (dp>2 μm)

(b) Ash, the combustion product of lubricating oil and minor amounts of metal compounds in the fuel (dp>1 μm)

(c) An organic fraction, dominant by number,

made by elemental (EC stable T>350°C) and organic matter (OM unstable at T>350°C) coming from lube oil and fuel

Black Carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material […]. BC contains more than 80% carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths. The strength of the light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Marine transportation accounts for : 1-5% BC g.e. Black Carbon: 0.07 MTons/year Particulate Matter: 0.7 MTons/year

20nm

20μm

Ash,Sulphates...

EC

10nm

100nm

dp - [µm]

OM

Di Natale and Carotenuto (2015)



Luca D’Addio

IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Particle Size Distribution

Ref. [3]

2.2% Sulphur [23]

1.6 % Sulphur [7]

0.05 % Sulphur [6]

PM of diesel exhaust gas:

1. Is affected by sulphur and ash contents of the fuel 2. EC and OM depend on combustion conditions 3. EC and OM is almost unchanged using biodiesel, LSO or ULSF [4]



Luca D’Addio

IFO fuelled marine diesel engine – Particle Toxicity

Nose

Larynx

Bronchi

Secondary Bronchi

Terminal Bronchi

Alveoli

Associated Pathologies Rhinitis Tracheitis Bronchitis Asthma Reduced Lung performances Cardiovascular illness Lung and cardiovascular cancer (WHO 2012)

Soot particles are related to severe pathologies and classified as carcinogenic of Class I by the World

Health Organization. 3-8% mortality correlable to shipping [8]

Researches are still ongoing, but several authors highlighted the impact on air quality in port cities, expecially in USA & EU. (e.g. [8-11])



Luca D’Addio

How to make particle measurements?



Luca D’Addio


What? Where? How?

Mass concentration, mg/Nm3

- Easy to measure – filtration - Mirror the S content of the fuel - Not related to DPM toxicity

Total number conentration, 1/Nm3

- Count by condensation particles counters (CPC) - Gives the overall picture - May be an effective term of comparison

Particle size distribution, PSD - Requires specific instruments - Available online - Experience allow correlation with toxicologic effects Chemical analysis + PSD - Provide deeper insigths on DPM properties and associated exposure risk - Typical of scientific studies - Partially offline



Luca D’Addio

What? Where? How? www.brighthubengineering.com

Ship engine exhaust - Hot fumes - Larger number of finer

particles which evolve later (coagulation/condensation)

- On-board technique

Ship stack - Cold fumes - More effective to

assess toxicity - On-board technique

Ship plume: - Plume aging effects; - Better for climate and

atmospheric studies and for long distance toxicity

- Stationary or travelling (helicopter/airplane) facility

cheme.caltech.edu




Luca D’Addio

What? Where? How?


The choice of a particle instrumente depends:

• Particle size • Particle concentration • Acquisition rate • Sampling flow rate • Laboratory or field measures? • Instrument cost



Luca D’Addio

How measure PM – The sampling procedure

• The sampling must be isocinetically

• All the sampling pipes must be metal made

• Sampling poin up to the thermodenuder must be heated to avoid water condensation.

• Particle sample need to be heated at ≈350°C to eliminate volatile particles (about 2/3 of the total particles [23]).

• Due to the high particle number concentration, the particle analyser generally requires a particle dilution.

• The first dilution must be carried out at T>100°C to avoid water condensation.

Heating at 350°C

Dilution

PSD measurement

Thermodenuder T>100°C Dilution



Luca D’Addio

How scrubber remove PM?



Luca D’Addio

Etot<1

How scrubber remove PM?

Impact

cone

Collisional

efficiency Particle

concentration

Scavenging

rate

Droplet

concentration

tdr p , pdn pdtDE ),( )()( 2

4tUdtD p DtDN )(

• Inertial impact: Ein ↑ - dp ↑ - U ↑

• Directional interception: EDI ↑ - dp ↑ - U ↑

• Brownian diffusion: EBD ↑ - dp ↓

• For large dp inertial forces prevail • For small dp diffusion forces prevails



Luca D’Addio

Wet Scrubbers performances

Venturi Scrubber • ΔP (mbar) – 25-200 • Energy (KWh/1000Nm3) – 0.5-6 • Capital costs (1000Nm3) – 1.9-17.0 k$ • Operating costs (1000Nm3) – 2.4-70k$/y • Application limits – Gas up to

100,000Nm3/h, temperature up to 370°C, scrubbing water 0.5-5L/Nm3

IPPC- Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector McKenna [17]

Scrubber • ΔP (mbar) – 5-12 • Capital costs (1000Nm3) – 0.5-2.2k$ • Operating costs (1000Nm3) – 0.8-28k$/y • Application limits - Up to 170,000Nm3/h,

scrubbing water >3L/Nm3, Gas up to 170,000Nm3/h

Are wet scrubbers able to capture PM?

Considering mass (PM>1)

YES

Considering numbers (PM<1)

NO



Luca D’Addio

Potential alternatives - DPF

Diesel Particulate Filters – DPF - Conceptually identical to Fabric Filters.

- New car DPFs capture 30 to greater than 95% of soot.

- Regeneration by combustion of carbonaceous particles:

• Passive filters use flue gas heat and catalytic surface; • Active regeneration uses other heat sources, such as fuel burning or electric heaters • Considerations on nanometric particles emissions during regeneration!

- Developed for ULSF (S<15 ppm) was adopted to resist sulphur percentage in fuel up to 500

ppm (MDO/MGO are 10.000ppm!!)

- Pressure drop before regeneration up to 100 mbar.

- Size concerns.



Luca D’Addio

Potential alternatives - ESP

Electrostatic precipitators – ESP

IPPC- Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector

• ΔP (mbar) – 0.5-5 • Energy (KWh/1000Nm3) – 0.5-2k$ • Capital costs (1000Nm3) – 8.5-18k$ • Operating costs (1000Nm3) – 2.4-27k$/y • Application limits – Gas up to 1,800,000Nm3/h, temperature up to

700°C, Resistivity: 5x103-2x1010 ohm cm. High Voltage needle Corona charging

Grounded wall

Mostly, they were experienced for particles with size larger than 2 mm, to comply with regulations for stationary sources. Often retrofitted with Fabric filters to allow compliances. ESP has great potentialities in reducing PM2 particles but are far less effective for particles finer than 200 nm, due to physical limitaion in particle charging. Complex functioning for sticky particles as OM or EC. Need for high space volumes and high voltages (30-70 kV).



Luca D’Addio

Wet Scrubber (open or closed loop)

The wet electrostatic scrubbing allows increase the particle capture by adding electric droplet-partcles interactions to hydrodynamic and diffusion forces active in conventional scrubbers.

+ Water recycle

Gas

Water

• Inertial impact: Ein ↑ - dp ↑ - U ↑

• Directional interception: EDI ↑ - dp ↑ - U ↑

• Brownian diffusion: EBD ↑ - dp ↓

-

+

Wet Electrostatic Scrubber (open or closed loop)

• Electrostatic interaction: EEI ↑ - U ↓ - Qp∙Qd ↑

Cloud Chamber Scrubber Tri.Mer corp.

Jaworek and Krupa (2010)

Improving scrubber technology for particle capture –

Wet electrostatic scrubbing



Luca D’Addio

DEECON: Innovative After-Treatment System for Marine Diesel Engine Emission Control

The aim of this project is to create a new, modular, on-board, after-treatment unit that combines different sub-units, each of which is optimized to remove a specific primary pollutant (SOx, NOx, PM and VOC ).

Targhet Reduction of NOx > 98% Reduction of PM 90% in number; > 99% in weight Reduction of HC > 80% Reduction of CO > 80% Reduction of SOx > 98%

1

10

100

1000

10000

11

.5

15

.4

20

.5

27

.4

36

.5

48

.7

64

.9

86

.6

11

5.5

15

4

20

5.4

27

3.8

36

5.2

dN

/dLo

gD [

N/m

3]

DPM diameter [nm]

Pilot scale prototypes – WES Experimental efficiency DEECON tests at VTS Free Gasoline flame in air at 50°C and 1 bar Pressure drop <3 mbar Water-to-gas mass ratio: ~1.2 kg/kg charged water We developed robust models for WES PM<1 abatement!

Di Natale et al. (2015)

DEECON tests at Southampton Patented component design Diesel particles (2% S fuel) Pressure drop <5mbar Water-to-gas mass ratio: ~1.5 kg/kg charged water

SWS outlet WES outlet

D’Addio et. (2014)



Luca D’Addio

Conclusions

• Maritime sector emit large amounts of toxic particulate matter close to coastal areas and in port cities.

• Fine and ultrafine particles are the most dangerous on the human body. Recent studies are focusing

on black carbon as a climate forcing agent rather than on particulate matter and its toxicological effects: The WHO officially classified diesel particulate matter as carcinogenic.

• In spite of its relevance, this sector remained largely unregulated until the last years. The same IMO

indications are relatively mild when compared with actual regulations in force for industrial activities or automotive transport.

• Fuel switching or use of biodiesel is ineffective toward PM emission. • After-treatment systems, based on industrial system design are very effective in removing PM2.5, but

have several drawbacks when applied on-board and they are largely ineffective towards PM<1. Specific devices as DPF are available only if ULSF is used.

• The capture of fine and ultrafine particles still remain a challenge, especially in the ship sector.


Vessel Technical Services srl Luca D’Addio – TECHNICAL and R&D Responsible Via Fausto Coppi, 11 80010 Quarto – Napoli, Italy T: +39 081 876 42 76 - F: +39 081 806 30 00 Email: [email protected]


Thank you!



Luca D’Addio

References

[1] E. Fridell et al. / Atmospheric Environment 42 (2008) 1160–1168 [2] EPA Report: Analysis of Commercial Marine Vessels Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data, EPA420-R-00-002, February 2000 http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/quantify/ [3] The Second IMO GHG Study 2009, http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=27795&filename=GHGStudy [4] Wang et al., CHINA PARTICUOLOGY Vol. 3, No. 5, 243-254, 2005 [5] P. Kumar, A. Robins, S. Vardoulakis, P. Quincey, Particuology, Volume 9, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 566-571 [6] S. Ushakov et al., Fuel Processing Technology 106 (2013) 350–358 [7] H. Winnes and E. Friedell, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 59:1391–1398 (2009) [8] Corbett J.J. Et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 8512–8518 [9] Eyring et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 757-780, 2007 [10] Eyring et al., Atmospheric Environment 44 (2010) 4735–4771 [11] Gonzales et al. Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011) 4907e4914 [12] D. A. Lack and J. J. Corbett Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3985–4000, 2012 [13] Litehauz, Lack, D.A. et al., Investigation of appropriate control measures (abatement technologies) to reduce Black Carbon emissions from international shipping -Study Report, 20th of November 2012 [14] C. Carotenuto, et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 165(1), (2010), 35-45 [15] E. Santini et al., Colloids Surf. A. 365 (2010) 189. [16] E. Santini et al., Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Volume 413, 5 November 2012, Pages 216-223 [17] McKenna, Fine Particle Emission, Wiley ed [18] Tammaro M., et al., Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 74, 28 May 2012, Pages 124-134 [19] Byun J. C., et al. J. Aerosol Sci., 1998, 29 (1), S479-S480. [20] L. D’Addio et al, XXXVI Meeting of the Italian Section of the Combustion Institute Isola di Procida – June 13-15, 2013 http://www.combustion-institute.it/proceedings/XXXVI-ASICI/papers/36proci2013.VI4.pdf [21] Viana et al, Atmospheric Environment 90 (2014) 96-105 Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe [22] Di Natale et. al. Capture of fine and ultrafine particles in a wet electrostatic scrubber, J. of Env. Chem. Eng. 3 (2015) 349–356 [23] A. Petzold et. al. - Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2387–2403, 2008

http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/quantify/

http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/quantify/

http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=27795&filename=GHGStudy

http://www.combustion-institute.it/proceedings/XXXVI-ASICI/papers/36proci2013.VI4.pdf





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