eg 18741225
TRANSCRIPT
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7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
1/19
OUR INDIAN TROOPS
HIPS.
TIIE ships of our I ndian t ran
sport fl
eet some weeks
ago r esumed their season's runn
ing
; and the to
some extent , experimental stage
th r
ough which ' th o
machine
ry
of th ese sister shipa
is
passing with
varying success renders any account of th eir al
t erations and tr ials of value t o the marine
en
-
...
-.-
- . -
. .
F ig .
1 .
H M $ C U P H R
AT
C
Ski::vn
16 .
Va.cu.u.rrt
. . . . . :V .
Z 6
R..D
olu J.iqns .
. . . 3 9
-
-
-
--
.-
-
--
-
- -
__
.,...,__
............. ---
.
--
--
---
-----
-
---
-- ................ .. ..-
-:
-
-
J
H M S . MALABAR .
St -rm. . . . . . . . . . .
44 .
Va.cr..u.an
. . . . . . . .
Z 7 .
Revotub..o u . . . . . . .
S 3
.
Cu..t.
-
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. . . . .
6 i.nch.u
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orf 1.anu.M
r r ~ fiF bcn.L.er
11
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6
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T
ubu
cf o.Ju .
pn,u., 6 .
11
I I t A
Wuil:h
firC.
bo
.e
__ _ _ _ .
z., 5
f 1 t
t .
Waur bpaa.
1
bcJv..n,d
1vt-
bOx _
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/
E N G I N EE RIN G.
of over
24,000
miles per season, but that four only,
the Euphrates, Malabar , Ju mna, and Crocodile, are
in use during the pres
ent
sea.qon-we proceed to
deal with t hem in detail, beginning wi th the firs t t o
leave home.
?-,he E uphrates retains the original engines and
boilers. Tb. e en gines are horizont al, non-com
pound, with t wo 91 n. cylinders 4 ft. 6 in. stroke,
'
'
'
F i
G
'
,
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7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
2/19
E N G I N E E R I N G.
TABLE I
. -TRIALS
OP TBE hmu. .N
Tn
ooPSntPs AT AN
APPROXIMATE
SPEED
OF
10 K NoTs .
Name of sh ip ..
Euphrates.
Malabar
I Jumna..
Croc
odile.
Uld or new screw
Old
;:
-
------------
Y
. pu
blished
an account of the
.rumna's
trials
durmg th e summer;
and
in
view of our account
t
hen* of her
mac tinery and it
s
work
it
is
scarcely
necessary
for us to
say
much D O \ \ ~ ..
'
may
repeat,
~ o w e v e r
t l ~ a t
th e c s s ~ ~ a s o r ~ . g r n a l l y fitted with
s1mple engtnes, th ree t7-In.
cyhnders,
horizontal
return
00nnect
ing rod s, and
surface
condensers that
Old New I New Old j
Griffitba
l l
irsch Griffitbs
New
Kind of propeller
Griffi.tbs
{
Griffi
ths }
modified
New
Hirsch
Nmnber of blades
2
P1tch
...
. .
27 ft. 6 in.
2 4 I 4
27 ft. 6 in. 27 ft. in. t32ft. 6 in
4
27 ft. 6 in.
Griffiths
2
27ft.
4 ~ h e s , , e
were. compo.unded by
reducing n-od "t;unk
-
1.7 ft. 7i in
th
ddl 1
1 ~ g em1
ecy.mde
r , andsorenderingitseffective
Din meter
...
. .
21 ft.
'Length
.
.
4
ft.
I
0
;}
in.
I
mmersino
91 in.
21 ft. 2 io.
4ft.
4
in.
in
2L ft. 20ft. 11 io. in
5
ft.
2i
io. 2ft.
4i
in. 4ft.
5i
iu.
20ft. 1t in.
4
ft
in
.
:W ft.ll ~ i n . d t ~ m e t e r t o 57.96
10 . ;
and
that each cylinder is fitted
2 ft.
3
1n.
wtth
a
cu t
-off
va
lv
e.
The
old
boilers were
at
the
...
.
Sc
rew ab
ove
water
...
...
31\
in
10.98
.
.
- io.
in. same
time
replaced
by eight
circular boilers of
which
we give in Fig. G an outline end view.
1
T hey are
pressed to 70 lb.,
and
fitted with steam domes and
Sept.,
1874
Se
pt., 1872
Se
pt., 1 8 / ~ Oct., 1872 Jan., 1873 are
n?t
given to priming; but their power dcveioped
at
in.
1 ft.
in .
21.61
lip per cent ..
...
When trit.>d ... . .
Number of days out of
..
2.'17
5.2
October, 1872 October, 187 3 Oct., 1872
...
...
...
. .
7.98
8.Ul
13.
61
6.56
dotk ... ..
:
\It.>nn
draught .. .
11 2
19
ft. 6 in.
19 ft.
9 in.
)
H 2
48
19f
t.3i l.
9 f t . l l i o . l 8 f r . 7io.
4 ft. 10 10. 4ft. 9 io. 5 ft. 1 in. 3ft. 10 in.
1
19 ft.
3
in.
ft. 6 in.
lb.
on tnal, namely, 2903 horse power, was much less
2 than that (4894
horse
power) of the
boilers
they
19 f&. in. replaced.
Ship by the 6tern ..
Load on fafety valve ...
Prt>ssure on boilers ...
Mean pressure in
6 ft. 6 in. 6 ft.
lb. lb.
17.5
17. :)
Jh.
lb. lh. lb.
5
f
t.
8
in. The safety a l v e s are ordinary conicn.l valves,
t ~ o to
each
b o ~ e r , but
lo
aded as
shown in Fig 7
18.3 16.5
1: 1 1\:3.1 I 15.0 17.5
16.6 49.3 I 14.4 15.9
17
: )
18.6
17.5 E ~ c h has two sp1ral
springs, one
inside the other
c01led in opposite directions, both of round s e c t i o
cyI
nde
rs .. ..
Vacu um
...
..
.
11
.3
25 5
in.
11.5
26.4
io.
11.2 12.02:
5.82
1
2.
7 12.R
28
in.
26
io. 25io.
22.8
io
10
5
2
6.5
in.
11
il -one T
9
11
,
and the other
in diameter. Th ey
2
8.0 in. have. given satisfaction during
the
pas t season.
Rev
ol
uti
ons
per mi-
nute
. .
...
Indicated ho
rse power
~ p e e in knots ...
ApproximateindicatPd
horse p
owe
r
at
10
ku ots ...
...
40 .4:
173
10.742
1
399
41. 2
1797
10.600
1
509
4.1 .2
1625
10.436
HoO
36 7
1
08.)
9.213
1
387
35.l
1507
10.3:)1
Vl58
4 )
, t
2054
10.255
1905
46.G
1582
10.726
1282
4
l.
9
1531
10.681
1256
Calc
ul
ated on the aassumption that the indicated horse p
owe
r va1ie3
as
the
cube
of the
speed
.
. l'ABL"B H
The
Indian
Tr
oopships
Apprnxtm ate distance in knots steamed per ton of coal
at
1\0 average of 10.knots an hour : calculated
fr
om t.heir per
forman ces at an average speed ofabout 9 knots an hour.
.
.,
Q,)
Q,)
::=
work is all very well
, but considering
that
the real
work of
the eng ineer is
to
design machinery
and
n
ot
to
make it,
it ce
rt
ai
nly
see ms
the
r
everse
of prac-
tical to
teach
him the la
tt e
r
without, or
at the
ex
pense of, the former. vVe, therefor e, hope
that
as
ti m
e
go
es on it
may
be
found practicable to modify
t he
cur
riculum at the
Crystal Palace
in
the
direc
tion we ha.'e indicated. \ Ve
feel
sure that this
would comluce to
th e re
al
in ter
est
of the school as
well
as
help
f o r ~ v a r d
the cause of
sc
ieo tine edu ca
tion,
while
it would
ce
rtainly
make t he
work
of
the
P rincipal
at
once
more
agreeable
in
i
tself
and
more
satisfactory
in
its
re
s
ul
ts.
As
a
step
in the
rig
ht
dire
ct iou, ho
wever, although
p e
rhaps
a
timid
oue,
we
are
gla
d that the
Cr y
stal Palace School is
pro
s
pering, and
co
rdially wish it
success
in
the f
utu
re.
POWE
R
FOR
DRIVING
TOOLS.
O o n c Z ~ u l e d f r o m page 40
1.)
IN
the
case of
those
to ols whi ch
ope
ra te
by
re
moving shaving
s
from
th e m
at e
rials
un
der
treatment,
t he
weight
of
the
sh
av
ings
produced,
or th e cubic
cont
ents
of
the materials reduced to shavings,
afford
units of
comparis
on for
ascertaining pow er
required
to
do
the work
as
di
st
inguis
hed fr
om
that
necessary to run the machines when em
pty.
vVh
at
ever
m
ay
be the ma te
rial under treatm
e
nt
the size
or section of the sh avin
gs
removed is
found
to
in
fluence
the power
r
equired to do
a
certain amount
of
work,
but
both the extent and nature
of
th i
s
influence are f
ound to
vary
in
diff
erent
materials.
This p ortion of the subj
ect
was partially
invest
igated
by
Dr. Hartig, and
altho
ugh
th e rese
arch
es in
th i
s
direction were
n ot e
xbausti
ve,
it
may be
stated
that
as
a general r
es
ult materials of a
brittle
or crumbling
natur
e, s
uch
as
cast
iron, can
be r
ed
uced mo3t
economi
cally by heavy
c
ut
s, while w
it
h materials
which give tough curling
shavi
ngs the
o
pp
osite
app
ears to
b e t
he
case . \
Ye may
r
ema
rk here
that
this subject has
also
re
ce
ntly
been
in-vest
i
gate
d b y
M. Tr esca,
an
d
we hope on
some' fu
ture
occasion
to
be
able to compare
his
conclusions
with th o
se
arr ived
at by Dr. l:i
artig.
F orty-eight
trial
s
were
c
arried
out by D r.
l lartig
to d
eter
min e
th
e
power required
to plane per
hour
from cast ir
on a kilo
gramme of shavings of
various
sections.
Redu
cing the re
sult
s 0btained t o
Engli
sh
wei etht s
and
meas
ur
es,
and exp
r
essing the
mean sec
tion
0
al
ar
ea s of
the
shavings
r e
moved in squa
re inches,
we have t he followin g fo
rmul
a expressing the
po
wer (P)
require.d
to rem?ve
a given we
ight
('
)
in pounds of cast
1ron sh
avmgs
p er hour:
P=
w.
( o.0155 +
1
) . .
(26)
H
,VOu s
In the ca
se
of
st
eel,
wrought
iro
n,
and
g
un metal
,
ENGINE E R IN G.
th
e re
lation
between
the
p ower
required and the
sectional area
of
the
s
havings
r e
moved could no
t
be
s
atisfactor
ily
ascertained; bu
t
the
gen
eral
resul
ts
when
planing
with
cut
s of
an average
character
were found
to b e
as
follows :
For plan
iog steel P
= 0.112
W .
2
1)
, ,,n-
ought iron
P
= 0.052
W . (28)
, gu n-metal
P
= 0.0127
W .
(29)
A
r
emarkab l
e
result
s
hown
by
Dr. II
a
rt ig's
ex
periments
was
that
for pl
aning the values of P
were
fa
r
higher than when
similar
shavings were
removed
in
a lathe.
Th u
s
in
tu r
ning the
average
r
esults
were as foll
o'
'S,
\
presenting,
as before,
th
e
number
of po
und
s
of shavings removed
per
hour:
Ftrtu rnin
gto
nes.
run at High Speeds.
run ut
Slow Speeds.
-
Oast iron ...
8te
el
...
Wrought
ir
on
..
.
...
ValLles of
K.
0 . ~ 2
1.29
0.4 L
, I
Values of
K.
0.72
0.9 t.
1.00
Thus i f v equal th
e
surf a
ce ve
locity
of
th
e
stone
in
fe
et per
minut
e,
an
d p
equal th
e pr e
ssure in
po
unds
exerted
upon the ma terial to be
gro
un d
, th en the
pow
er
required
to overcome th e
resistance due
to
this pressure will of
cour
se
be
P=P
K .
v
3a,uvv
(47)
T o
obtain
th e total
power requir
ed to
drive
the stone, th e po wer calc
ul
ated by th e
formula
(47) will h
ave to
be added to
that
r
eq
ujred
to
driv
e
the
stones
e
mpty
,
f\S given by
formulre
(9),
(10), (11),
or
(12)
on page
431
ante.
l n conc
ludin
g
our
su
mmar
y of
Dr.
H
ar t
i
g's
r e
sea
rches we
may
give
the
r
esults
of so
me ex
pe
ri
men
ts ma
de by
him on
spe
cial ma
chines, which
cou
ld sca
r ce
ly
be
includ
ed in
any
of the classes
previ
ous
ly dealt with.
F or
inst
ance,
in the
ca
se
of
a screw
-cutting machin
e
on
Seller
s's syste
m,
it wa
s
found that
the
pow
er re
quired to
cut
scre
ws of
diffe
r
ent diamet
e
rs or
wrought-iron bolts,
might
be
ex
pr
essed by the following f
ormula:
P=5.
l.d
3
64
(48)
in whi
ch
l= t
he
length
of
screw in ft
et cut per
hour and d =diam
ete
r of bolt
iu
inches. " rhen the
-
7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
13/19
49
6 ENGINEE RING. L0EC.'l5, 18
14
~ ~ ~
~
~ = =
= = = = ~ ~ ~
~ = =
machine is
becomes:
employed in tapping nuts
the
f
ormu
la
P=
1d 3
28.78
Hl
Both thC'se formulro ( 1S) and (49) give th.e
p w ~ r
nqnir
-
7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
14/19
'
ENGINE FOR DRIVING
FORGE TRAIN,
AT THE
KING
OF
BURMA.H'S
IRON WORKS, NEAR MANDALAY,
Bl
JRMAH.
,
-
0
NOTES FROM SOUTH YORKSHIRE.
SHEPPIBLD, Wednesday.
Contemplated
Br eah'P of
tile Nine H
01.trs
S Jstem.-At
several
of
the chief steel and iron works
in
the Sheffield dis
trict notices have been given to the
men
that they will , with
the beginning of
he
new
year, be required to work 69 hours
per
week instead
of
54 as
at
present. The labourers are
mainly affected by these notices up to now, but it is supposed
that s1milar acti on will
shortly
be taken
in
those departments
where skilled workmen are e n ~ a g e d At the Atlae, Cyclops,
Sheffield, Phcenix, o n f i e Carlisle, Brightsi de, and
other
CONSTRUCTED BY MESSRS. CLARIDGE AND CO., LIMITED,
(FO I Descript-ion, P age 489.)
ENGINEERS, BILSTON.'
'
0
L-
r
~
0
-
/
c:@: D)(
0
1 l
l o
lcJQXI
oj
-
iron and steel works wag
es
are being reduced by from
10
to
26 per cent., and large numbers of
men
are being discharged.
In
two instances the workmen are on strike against the re
ductions and are being supported by their
trade
union.
Plux:nix B essemer Steel Company L imited).-
The share
holders of this company have received circulars intimating
that the directors deem it desirable
that
the dividend recently
declared should not be paid at
pr
esent. owing to a heav,loss
which
has
been incurred o
wing
to the breaking down o part
of the machinery
in
the works .
S1mdry Engin
ee
ring Movcmcnts.
- T wo new shafts have
0
L..
'-----
110 @ 0
T
r
,
"----
-----
J
0
i
llS:J
been commenced at the Wharncliffe Woodmoor Colliery, near
:Barnsley, and
the
Silkatone, or lower, seam is be
ing
sunk to
at H oyland Nether. The new shaft of the Yorkshire and
Derbyshire Coal and Iron Company at Carlton is
making
good progrees. A large coalfield
at
South Xirby is on
the
p
oint
of being opened
up
, the price
to
be
paid
for
the
:Barnsley coal being 35l. per foot per acre, and
261.
per foot
per acre for the minor seams.
Th
e Midland RailwaY. Com
pany
are about to lay
an
additio.nal double line of rails
part
of the distance b
et
ween Sheffield and Masborough. The
Maneh
es
ter, Sheffield, and Linco
ln
shire Railway Campany
are on
the
eve of laying down a pair
of
through goods lines
0
0
--
,.-I -
D
_ _ _ _ _ ;
0 0
at Sheffield, so as to i a t e the necess
ity
of carrying on shunt
ing
on the
main
lines.
Th e Pr ice of Steam Coa l.- The pri ce of Eouth Yorkehire
steam coal has been reduced l s. per ton, owing to the very
general depression of trade.
N ew Water
1Vorh
at Doncaster.-Tbe
fir
st
stone of a
new
reservoir for the
water supply
ofDoncaster was laid last week.
Its capacity will be 270,000,000 gallons, and area of water
surface 56 acres. Its site is in the Silverwood Valley, near
Thryburgh. There will be two other
sn::
nU
er reservoirs in an
adjacent valley of a joint caJacity
of
about
22,
000 gallone.
~
trJ
)
t.>
Lrt
-
00
-l
t
J
t Ij
z
Q
z
t =j
t =j
~
.
z
Q
\0
4
,
-
7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
15/19
-
7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
16/19
-
7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
17/19
soo
give an increased
range
of a t.
6
in. ; the ebb
current is
conaeq.uently inoroaae
d.
All thie, aided bY, a eyeteme:tic
dredgmg
of
shoale,
h s produced
a correspond1ng progross1ve
improvement of the Port of
L o
ndon,
and
the still greate
r
extension
of
these benefits is only restrained by the com
J
la
rativo
emall funde a t the disp
os
al of the Conservancy
Doard.
As
regarda the
general
increase
of r a n ~ e an examination
of the la
st iseue
of the
Admiralty
chart
g1ves
even
a higher
reault ta-n estimated in
my letter
of 6th October
last,
Tiz.,
a
fall
of
hlgh water from London
to
Sheerness
of
3
ft
. 9 in. in
lieu
of a ft.
6l in.
for springs,
and a
fall of a
t. 1 in.
in
li
eu
of 3ft. for the fall of
high-water neaps- tho same
fall
for-half tide range,
viz.,
14 in. ; but the
l
owwatr
r
neap
dif
ference
is 18
in.
rower
in
L ondon
instead of
the
same as
at
Sheerness,
and
lo
w-water springs 11 in.
l
ower in London in
lieu of 13 in., and the
mean
low-wat
er difference
in
fav
our of
London 14 in
.
in lieu of
1
3. in .- th
ese differences
ari sing
from
a variation in the
mode of
estimating
the
neap ranges.
I t
ia, howe
ver,
difficult to tie
in the Gravesend rang
es,
given aa 17 ft.
6
in. for springs and 10 ft
. 6 in.
for
n
eaps, or
14f t. averare ra nge, whereas a series
of
nearly three years'
obse
rvations
(181.2-45) show
that the
range
of
tide
th
ere
thirty
}'ears
back averaged
l G ft.
for the
en tire
year.
.An
analysl8 of these tides
(1848-44) shows
that
during
th
ose
years
tho mean spring range
was 19
ft. 2 in. and that of
ncaps 12 ft . 6 in. , and
the
mean ha.lf-tide range
was
11
ft.
8 in.
below
Trinity
as c
ompa
r
ed with 10 ft. in
London
and
11
ft. 2
in. at
Sheerness.
At that time low
water
of springs
would therefore
be l
ower
at Gravesend than L ondon by 6 in.
and
Sheerness
by 20 in., wherea
s
the
ranges
giv
en in the la st
chart would
make
Gravesend low
water
of springs
4
in
.
above London and
that
of neaps
1
ft.
5
in
.
above and
th
e
mean
low
water
would be
10 in.
a b o v ~
L ondon
low
wa ter ,
and respectively
10 in., 1
in.,
and 6
1n. lower than
the low
water springs, low-water
n eaps,
and
me
an
low
water at
Sheernesa.
I
am, Sir, yours truly,
J . B.
RBD.MA.N,
Me
mb.
I
.C.E.
11,
Gr
eat Queen
street,
Westminster,
S.W.,
December,
1874.
NOTES FROM CLEVELAND AND
THE
NORTHERN COUNTIES.
MIDDLBBBROUGH, Wednesday.
Th6 Cleveland Iron Market Yesterday there
was
a
thin attendance
on 'Change,
at Middlesbrough,
and
vory
littl
e business
was
done.
The
market was decide
dly
flatt
er.
At
this season
of the
year there is generally a weakness
in
pr ices,
but
yest
erday the down
ward
tendency was marked. There was
a considerable
diff
erence
in
the
qu
otations. A merchant
de
-
r
olared
to our
re
presentative that he
would sell
pig and
finished
"iron. at th
e following pr i
ces: No
. 3 Cleveland
pi
g 61s.
per
ton,
No. 4 forge 66s.,
white
63s.
delivery this
m
onth
. Rails
n.
per
ton, angles Sl. l Oa., plates 9l., and crown
bars
Sl.
1 0 ~ .
per ton less 2} per
cent.
For de
livery in
January No. 3
Cleveland pig can be bought
at
60s. per too. Within the
last few
days puddled bars have
been off.,red
as
low
as
6t
2s. 6d. p
er
ton.
Tlte Finished Iron
Trade.-In
illustration of the condition
of the
finished iron
trade,
we may state
that
at
th
e Cleveland
ir
on mark
et yesterday
10,000
tons of Welsh rails
were
offered
as low as 6t
per ton f.o.b
at
a
Welsh
port, aod
did
not
find a
buy
e
r. t s said that
these-
rails
cost more t
han they
are
now
offered for. Although
th
ere is a
speciality
about
those rail
s, yet the
fact
that they are in the market at such a
low figure
s h o w ~ that th ere
is n
either
.a d ~ m a n d for nor
sp
eculation
in
ra1ls. M
ost of the large
rail
mlll
s are off
for
want of orders
,
and
a great number
of
men are
out of
employ
ment. At Darlington,
Stockton,
Mi
ddlesbro
ugh
,
and
B1shop
Auckland,
there is such an amount of distress amo
ngst
iron
workers
and othera,
that
r elief committees are
kept fully
occupied
in
obtaining
assistan
ce to prevent many families
going into the workhouse.
The Coal
md
Coke T,-ades.-
In
the coal and coke
trades
there ia
little alteration.
Ma n
ufact
uring coal can be bought
a t
Ss.
per ton, and it
is
expected that
prices will be lower.
Engineering
and
Shipbuilding.-On the nort hern
rivers
there is
still
a good
deal of work on hand at
the various
ship
yards. On th
e Tees
the
builders
are
so
busy
that
they have
sufficient orders
to
occupy
th
em fully
for
several months.
Tlte
Future
of t te
Iron Prade.
-M any inquiries are made
of
experienced
ironmaste
rs and. merchants.
as
to
the
future
the iron
trade,
and more e s p c o u ~ . l l y as to
1ts
probable
condl
tion during
the
year 1876.
S e v e r ~ l
.
of th
e l e a d i ~ g com
me rcia l men
of th
e North, whose optruon
generally
1s ,worth
having,
say
that
on
this question
they have .
no
opinion,
and
that it is
impossible to predi
ct with any feehng
of
assurance
that trade
will
materially
improve
during the
n
ext tw
e
lv
e
m
ontha.
There are others, however , who a re
more
hopeful.
They
beHove
that the present dep
ression
w i l ~
~ s ~
Jike
y
continue till about
February
or Mar
ch ,
when
mqumes
w11l
begin to be made
for
finished iron,
an
d
that by May next
a
)llrge number
of
rail orders will
have
been plac
ed
in theNorth
of England
,
and that
co
nsequently
trade
generally
will
be in
a
fairly
healthy
state
.
I t is earne st ly
h o
ped that these pre
dicti
o
ns may be
realised.
L oNDON
Asso
c
uTION o ~ r Fo
n
EMBN
ENGINEBRB AND
DnA.UGRTBMBli.-The
twenty
-
third annual meeting
will be
he
ld
at
the
City Terminus
Ho t
el on Sat
urd
ay,
a n u a r y
2, ~ 8 7 5 ;
On
this
occasi
on the balan
ce-sheet,
togeth
er wt
th
the
aud1to
rs
report thereon, will
be presented,
a
President, Vice-Pre
s
ident,
and other officers
will be
elected, and
the ~ o i n g
P resi
dent (Mr. J. Newton) will d e l i v ~ r
a':l
a ~ d r e ~ s . ' he n t y -
third anniversary fcst1val
of
the lOStltutl?n 1a
now
de.6.mtlvely
fixed
for Saturday
the 13th
Ma r
ch, m stead
of th
e
20th
February as previ
oualy announced.
Mr. John
Hi
ck
s, M.P.,
has conse
nt
ed
to preside
on th is
latter
occasion .
E NGI NE E R I NG.
D A V I S S
l \1 INING
DIAL.
Wg p
ubli
sh an illu
st
ration of an in
st ru
ment la t
ely perfected by
M
essrs
. Davis
and Son,
of De
rb
y , and possessing
many
advantages
over the
ordinary
Il
edley
dial.
In
this
latter the vernier
cannot
be
used
in
conjuncLion with
th
e
ne
edle,
wi t
h
out
first cl
amping
the
body of the
dial,
wh i
ch
involve
s a loss
of
time,
while
th
e r
epeate
d
operati
ons
of clamp ing and uo claropiog
i
nduce
wear, and throw
th
e instrument out
of adju
s
tment.
The
impr
ove
ment in 1\Iessrs. Davis's dia l
consists
in
the addition of
a plate under
the
body
of t he ins tru m
ent,
which
projects
be
yond the body,
and the circ
umference of
whi ch is
divided in t
o
360
deg.
This
plate
is
clamped
to
theball
-and-
socket
j o
int, and
re
main
s rigid. r
rh
c
swing
s ig
hts mov
on
axes
fixed
to the body, on the outside rin
g
of whi
ch is
attached
a v e
rni er
,
which
r
eaus
upon
the plate A to th ree
minutes.
By this
arrangement,
on taking a sight
the angle
can either be read
fr om
tbe ve
r
nier or the
needle.
Tbe figuring of the
nee
dle ring is
reyersed,
th
at is the east and west points
change places, so
that
the angles are r e ld
off
correctly,
and the figures on the vernier
ri ng are so arranged that the reading of the
needle
and the verni
er
ring
coincide.
An
effective mutual check is thus established,
and any error arising from incorrec t
read
ing,
or
from any
local
attraction is readily
d
etected
. Accurate surveying with this
inst
rum
ent
can
thus be
reli
ed
u pon, so far
as the magnetic bearings are concerned.
The ar
c sho wn at C works as in
th
e
ordinary Hedley dial,
being fixed
a t the side
of
the instrument, so that it eau be
eas
ily
read a t
any
time, and is not
in
the way.
One
great advantage possessed
by
this
ar
rangement is, that
if
the instrument
be
out of
adjustment, the error is at
once detected by
comparing th
e needle and
th
e vern ier
readings.
:NOTES FROM
THE
NORTH.
GLASGOW, Tu esday.
Glasgow Pi g-
Iron
Ma1'ket.-During the last
fe w
days
th
ere has been no new feature of any importance in con
nexion with the pig-iron trade except the reducti
on
in price
fr
om
843. 6d.,
wh i
ch was the closing quotation
a . ~ t Wednesday,
to
82s. 3d. sellers,.
and
82s. bu yers,
yesterday afternoon,
and
8ls. 3d. to
81s. th1a forenoon.
Makers
we
re unwilling to
re
duce
quotations on Friday and
yesterday
, but to-do.y
they showed a more willing disposition
to go
w1 th
the tid
e so
far as
the
price of
warrants was conce
rn
ed. A good business
was
done to-day a t the
reduced
rates. During the
latter
part of la
st
week the stook of pig
ir
on in Messrs. Connal and
Co.'s public warrant stores was inc reased at the rate of from
400
to 600 tons per
day, and on Saturday it amounted
to
31,619 tons.
Th r
ee
of the
bran
ds of
No. 1
ir
o
n-Coltness,
Langloan, and Calder- w hich were quo
t
ed at
100s.la.st week,
are now down at
05s .,
wh ich
is also
the
q,uotation
fo
r
Gart
sherr ie, Summ er ee, and
Shotts,
otherw1se
th
ere is no
ma.
terial change
to
note
in ma kerd'
quotations. Last week's
shipments
amoun
ted
to
7824 tons as against
9166
tons
in
the
co
rr
esp
onding
week
of last
y
ear.
The MaUeable
I r o 1 ~ Trade.- Th is branch
of the
iron
trade
is
in
an
exceedingly dull and
un
satisf
act
or
y
st
ate. Sl\les a
re
being made only at rare intervals
and for
small quantiti
es,
while th
e hop
eful
fee
ling that trade
would
impr
o
ve towards
the end
of the
year has entirely
died
away. The dul'ness has
n ow become
ch
ronic. Severe comp etition
for order
s causes
a co
ntinu
ous
s l i p p
aw
l y
in
price
s,
which
are
already
n
ow
below a remu ne
ra t
1ve p
om t
.
The Dispute
in the Shipbuilding Trade.
The
strike among
a
porti
on
of the
s
hip carpenters and joiners on the Clyde
ha
s
now quite terminated. After
learning-
that
th e
em
ployers
were
willing
to modify the reduct10n
from
ld. per
h our, as orig
inally ann
oun ced, to
d.
per hour, the men took
a
day or
two to think over the matter,
and
finally resolved
by
a
large majority to
acce
pt of the
modified
terms.
They
are all
n ow
again at
work,
at
lea.at so
many of
them
as the
employers had
r
oom
for.
Mine1's' D elegate Meewng.- At a m eeting- of miners' dele
gates,
h
eld
,in Glasgow
to-day
,
from the
pr1ncipal
organised
districts of
Scotland, Mr.
MoDonald, M. P
.,
announced that
he had
rece
ntly had an in t
e
rview
with
th
e Ho
me
Secr
etary,
by
request of that
gentlemtLn,
an
d that, amo
ng
other things,
the question
oflegislating regarding gunpowder in and ab
ou
t
collieries
was
seriously discuss
ed
. Th e
right
hono
ur
able
gentleman is
opposed
to miners having
to
carry home and
store
their
suppli
es
of gunp
owde r in their own houses, an d
he
is disposed
to make it
compulsory on
the part of min
e
ow
ners
to provide
suitable
magazines
in
conne.x.ion
wiLh
all
collieries
wh
ere that explosive material has
to
be used
in ordi
nary
working.
TAe
Hi g
ltland Socieftg's Forthcoming Show in Glcugow.
-
At
a meeti
ng
held
in
Glallgow
last
w
eek
r
ega
r
ding the
great agricultural show wh ich is to Lake place in this city
next summer,
Mr. Flet
che
r N. M enzies, the Secretary of the
Highland
Society, mentioned with regard to
th
e implement
A
c
0
department, that it
was proposed to
give
special
premium
which would
be awarded on the
report
of the Impl
eme
nt
Com
mitt
ee-fo
r machines for thinning turnips, and machines for
sp
r
eading manur
es.
That
idea
had been adopted in cons
e
quence of the
scarcity
and
high price of
labour in the
agri
cul
tural districts.
Th
e Dwnifries Peat
Fu
el o n ~ p a ~
(L i
1ni.ted).
In
th
eir
first
annual
report
the
di rec
tors of this
company
state that
they
ha.ve
lab
o
ured
under
peculiar
difficulties
- p ropr
i
etors of
mosses withdrawing pr oposals after several months' negotia
tions, confli
cting stateme
n
ts
as
to
the
merits of various
p
eat
machines,
and th
e o
rg anisatio
n
of another
peat
company in
Dumfries.
They
had acquired
a moss, however, 450 acres, on
a 21 years' lease, in th o parish of Ro
thwell,
and commenced
cutt
ing
in
May.
Those
cut
in
J
une
were r
eady
for fire
in
21
days; and altogether 371 tons were cut and dri
ed
at a cost
of
63l. 16s. lOd.,
or
7s. p
er
ton,
being 73l. la
.
2d. profit
on
the
cost
of labour. All these
p
eats were cut with the spade and
dr ied in
t h ~
open
air;
as it was deemed inexpedient to pur
chase machinery
in the m ean
time.
The
company are unable
to
de
liver peat in Dumfrie
s
under
16s. a
cart
.
NOTES FROM THE SOUTH-WEST.
Wa t
er Suppl;y of
JJ'rome.
A
sch
eme
f
or improving the
wa ter
supply of From
e
has
been
abandoned for the present.
T
he pr
oj
ect
would
have inv
o
lv
ed
an outlay of at
least
20,000l.
S t a t i O t ~ ccommwdaUon at Ca1 dijf.- vVe understand that
the
Great Western Railway Company have determ ined to
pro
ceed with
th
e erection of a new station at Cardiifin March,
whether
an ar rangement is
arrived
at with
the
Tafl'
Vale
Rail
way
Company or not
upon
the subject.
Blaina I1onwo1kers.-.A novel strike is re ported from
Blaina,
the
strange fea ture co
nsisting in
Lhe motive, wh ich
is alleg
ed to
be due to
the
non- s
upply of top
-coa
ts
to
ce
r
tai
n
wo
rkmen. Six of those
con ce
rn ed in the st
o
ppage hav
e,
in
consequence,
been oharg
ed
at the Tredegar
police co
urt
with
absenting
themselves
without having given proper notice.
The prosecutors did not presa
th
e charg-e, and
the defendants
were fined
only la. and
costs,
in
addit10n to
being ordered
to
pay ll. towards cover ing
th
e damages which had resul ted
fr
om
their conduct.
New Works on tlte
Gr
eat W estern.- The est imated ex
penditure for new works
on
t.he
Grel\t
Western R ail
way
for
the half.year ending January 31
,1875,
is 323,012t. This
ex
pe
nditure has
hPen
made up
on new
stat
io
ns, new sidings and
inc
rea
sed
accommod
ation,
locking
junctions,
poin
ts and
signals,
mixed
gauge arrang
ements,
new engine sheds, &c.
-welsh Jlai/;w I J Traffic.- ln tbe
coureo
of
th o
half-yea
r
now closi
ng,
th
e
.M
o
nmoutbshire
liail
way
Com
pany has
.ac
quired 88,263l.
against
90,360t.; the
Hhymney
53,8U ll . agam
st
60,725l.; the Cambriao
95,8 10t.
again
st 90,0ts4l.; and
th
o
T d
f
Vale
207,720Z. against
187,429t
.
m t Tra1nwags
.-Colnn
el llutchins
on
has made an
inspect1on of the Newpo
rt
tramways. t is expected
that
his
repo
rt
will bo received
in
a few
days, and that
then card
will
be run
every ten m inutes.
-
7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
18/19
ENGINEERING.
C O C K B U R N S
E Q U I J . . , I B R I U M
SA
CONSTRUCTED
BY
MESSRS.
D. COCKBURN AND SON, ENGJ
? 1
c
c
r
. Z
l i the concluding po
rt i
on of
the
report on Safety
Valves., recently made to the Inst itution of
Engineers
aud
Shipbuilders in Scotland, and published by us on page
'68 of our
number
of
the
11th instant, reference is made
to
an
arrangement of
va
lve
bl
owing into the aea
without any
in
crease
of
pressure. This arrangement is
illustrated by Figs. 6, 8, and 9 given on the page ju
st
re
ferred to, these sketches being reproduced from tbe com
mittee's report, but the report
itself
cont
ains
no detailed
description of
the valve
used,
while
the views
given are
drawn to too small a scale
to explain
some points in
its
construction properly.
Un d
er these circumstances, com
bined
with the fact that the valve has been a very suc
cessful one, we have thought
it advisable
to illu
st ra t
e
and describe it
more
fully.
The valve in question is one
patented
and
made
by Messrs.
D.
Cockburn and
Son, of
Crawford
-street,
Port
Eglinton,
Glasgow, and the annexed Figs.
1, 2,
a and
4
show three
nrieties
of
it.
A description of
Fig
s.
1
and
2,
which refer to
the
valve fitted
up with
the
silent
di
scha
r
ge already
mentioned,
will serve to explain
the wh
ole. This
va
lve, which is 1t
in.
in diameter, was applied to the boiler of the steam
yacht
Griffin, this boiler being worked
at
60 lb. pressure, and
having three furnaces containing
60
square feet of fire
grate area.. The steam
escaping
through the valve waa not
discharged freely into the atmosphere,
but
was led down
through a pipe and di:fcharged through
the
vessel's side
below the wa ter line. The arrangement and details of this
discharge pipe
are shown
by
F i g : ~
6 and 9 on page 463 of
our
number
of the 11th
instant,
already referred to. Not
withstanding this arran
gement
of the discharge,
and
the
large fire-grate area, this valve
was
found capable
of
pre
venting any accumulation of steam pressure beyond tbat to
which it was loaded.
Th
e manner in which this r
ed
ult is
obtained is as follows: Referring to
Fig. 1
it will be seen
that the safety valve proper,
BB
, is an
ordinary valve
with
feather guides and bea
ri
ng
upon
a narrow
fiat
seat. Below
the tiange c mying th e seat of the valve is formed a
chamber C
and
the feathers of the valve are prolonged
downwards so to
carry
a disc A A, which nearly fits
an
opening fo
rm
ed in
the
bottom of the ch amber C. Tbe resul t
of
th i
s arrangement is, that on ita way to escape through the
valve when the la t
te
r is li fted,
the
steam has to pass through
the narrow
annular
apace
0 0 ,
and
in
doing eo it becomes
wire-drawn, causing
the
r e s ~ u r e in the chamber C to be less
than
the boiler preisure. The upper aide of the disc A is
thus, as soon as the valve opens, exposed to a less preasur e
than the lower side, and thus the valve as it lifts is assisted
in opening by the excess of
pres
sure on the under aide of
the disc A.
The disc
A
h u
a thickness equal to the li ft of the valve,
and its periphery is
turn
ed to such a form as to
in
crease
the
annular area
0 0 as
the
valve rises, the ratio
of
this increase
varying
according to the
way
the valve is loaded. I n the
case of the va lve fitted to tbe Griffin, the bottom disc was
originally mad
e as
shown
at
D,
Fig.
2;
but
this
form,
although suitable for a spring-loaded valve discharging into
the a tmosphere, was f
ound
not to
give
sufficient lifting
power to overcome
the
resi
stance
of tbe water in
the
case of
the discharge below the water line. In this latter case it was
f
ound
that,
wh
en the valve commenced to rise, a good deal
of
power was requ
ired to
set
in motion
the wat
er in
tbe
pipe,
and he n
ce a disc
was
applied hav
ing
the
edge
fo
rm
ed
as shown
at
E E,
Fig.
1. This form was fou
nd
tJ an swer
perfectly, as we have already stated. Wl.lile spe
aking
of
tbis
silent
di
scharge,
we may mention also
that it was
found
necessary to fit to
the
pipe an air valve o
pening
inwarda to
prev
ent the
waste
steam pipe, &c., from be
ing
filled with
water when
the
bl
owing
off of the
steam
ceased.
Of the remaining figures, Fig. 8
shows
one of Messrs.
J
Cockburn
and
Son's valves
loaded with dead weights, and
in
this case it will be seen a different form of relieving
disc is employed ; while Fig. 4 shows a spring-loaded valve.
Of course other modifications can
be arranged
to suit
various
circumstances.
Al toge
ther Messrs.
Cockburn and
Son's
valve is a very
simple
one,
and
it appears
in the
recent trials to have shown
an
e ffi ciency which en titles it to
special attention.
PROTECTION
FOR
INVENTIONS.
y
F. J .
B.IU.MWBLL,
C.E., F.R.S.
{O )Jitinued om page 483.)
BuT
in
the large class of inv entions, where the product is
an
improved one, and
the
very inspection
of
it reveals
the
improvement, secrecy is obviously imposeible. Let me, as
an
illustration, refer you to the Gitfard injector. Th is invention
(to which l shall again have to allude) is one applicable to
the supplying of steam boilers with their feed wa ter,
and
re
places the steam donkey pumps forme
rly
used for that
pu r
pose. The very first mechanical engineer into whose hands
one
of
these injectors came would take it to pieces,
and
at
once ucertain
the
nature
of
ita constr uction. In such
an
instance thie there can be no reward
by
secret manu
facture.
In the
caee I have aesumed, where it may pe
rhaps
be pos
sible for an inventor to carry on a secret
ma
nufacture, I have
taken (in favour of the adv ocates
of
such
a
syetem)
the
in
etance
of
a man having made an invention in hie own trade,
and being posseesed of every facility for b r i n ~ i n g that
in
vention to a commercial r esult ; but I believe it 111
not
among
inventors
and inventions
such
as these that we must look
for
great impr
ove
ments;
th
e fa
ct
is,
that the
bulk,
one
might almost say the whole, of r
eal
substantive inventions
have been made by persons not engaged
in
the particular
pu r
suit
to which thoee inventions relate.
Take
a few instances. Watt waa n
ot
a maker
of
steam
enginee, the fire-engines
of
hie day, but be was a
mathe
matical instrument maker ; Arkwright, the inventor
of the
'
1
wa ter twi
st,
wae a
barber;
Cartwnght,
the
inventor
of
the
power loom, w as a parso
n;
Neilaon,
the invento
r of the bot
blaet, was who
lly unc
onnected with
smelting
operations,
he
w s the manager of a gas worke;
Wheat
atone, who has done
so much for electric telegraphs , was engaged
in
the manu
facture of musical instrum
ents;
and Ronalde, the ver1 origi
nator
of the
electric telegraph,
ha
d nothing to do
WJth the
visual telegraphs
in
use
in
hie time; Beseemer, who has so
Paper
read before the Society of Arts.
enormously increased the
manufao
last quarter of a
century,
was in
no
industry. The fish.joint for railwa
ment
in permanent way
that has
were introduced, wae
the inventi
o
trust
I have given
inetances eno1
that the great
substantive inv(
unconnected with
the
manufa
inventions relate,
and
we can ,
The person who has been brou
manufacture hae even befor.
be able to appreciate the
pr
ocesses
he
was
taught
to
that
certain ends
are
to J.
U nder such circumstan
mind to break through
posed upon it, and '
subj
ec
t of the particv
aod power of dete
up
on which that .
mind
devoting it,
the
man untau
to
make a sub
trained
in
it
Improvew
there, in all
Ono
cat
from his l
tion,
that
containi'
to consi
ducing
m p r o ~
th
o
ugl
the trr
procet
mind
prob/
woul
11
ea
thin
tain
whe
wrc
cast
aeel
the
of
t
T
wou
-
7/23/2019 Eg 18741225
19/19
E N G I N E E R I N G
aid
of
n royalty it was poaaiblo for Bessemor to ob
y a small percentage on the price ot all steel, a sub-
.i l
reward, b11t
I
do not seo how tb1 . could hafe been
.rod to him by the profits derived from. being him
manufacturer of
that
which, oven on the
lar
geet
pmont
of
his works, could only have been a small
lo of the whole. The very magnit11de of the resulta
.ns invention would be a bar to an adeq11a l;e reward, unless
~ . n a t roward wore
sp
read over the whole manufacture.
, Thoro is ono other class of in v
ont
ion
s, th
e
nature
of which
.
renders
it
impossible for tho
pa t
entee to be adequately re
must warded (even under the most favourable circumstances) by
.acturer. manufacture. I will instance tho regenerative
f11rnaco
of
e d ~ o of Or. Siemens. This f11rnace, of wh ich thoro is a diarrram on
nt
in
sm
nlting the wall, has for ita object the
suing
of
f11
el and t h ~ attain
have
s11pp
osed, ing of h1gh heat. L ~ 1 1 d a b l objects
th
ose. Lot us seo how
1
and
the
many Dr
. Siemens attains the
m.
He makea a largo ohambor,
wo11ld know that called
th
e
11
Producer," capable
of
holding, say,
3
or
4
tons
th
e actual f11rnace of coal or ooke. At
th
e bottom of this chamber there is a
not be frustrated
by
small fire-grate,
imm
ediately above which a portion of the
>inventor to
do?
Forego
property which uauan,
..o
the erection of
an
expert
honour
of
n manufacture
r;
ink the probability is, he
and
that thus the invention
. minnry difficulty
of
a practi
?r example thaL he invention
lG Gifftud e c t o already
'ubst.an tivo of tbe prese
nt
day .
.1 priv11to by its inventor witho
ut
although
ho wero
wh
olly unco
n
~ b a n i c a l ar t
s, and
ho mig
ht
have
1
every detail.
But
when he
had
o beon hie chan co
of
reward, how
a ~ th,. pecuniary benefit which
1io .ould be his reasonable
du
e ?
:n( to forego all his usual habits of
t u r e r
1
that
in spite of
th
e difficulties
to
rt, he aucceeded in making a certain
for sale,
and th
at then he knew
cl
in purchasers for them, what would
As 1hav e already said, when taking
ment aa
C\
ne impossible
to
make the
ufacture, the ve
ry
first mechanical
J-
mak
er)
into
whose hands one of
i say,
11
H ere ia an implement that
.e se
ri
ously with
the
use of
steam
ot I
make it
P
At
present I know it
by the inve
nt
or onfy, a person who
o trade,
and
who is living in a pu rely
t is a hard case if cannot hold my own
o-
pump
mak
er goes to W
)
rk, with all
established factory, wi
th
its befitting
ntendenta,
it
s foremen,
and
ita body of
jectors, and with a whole system
of
d the advantage of a large connexion,
:s
when mad e.
~ b e inventor havo, in his capacity of
"gainst such an oganisation as this ?
,
aa it aeema to me (equally ob
is)
would I)Ot have beatowed tbe
t,
and
even if he had. he would not
\d expenao of experimenting upon
have) that in those caaea where
d be e&41rciaed by the inventor,
'l
rity
of inata110es would be
but
"'
D
a secret manufact11re,
it
is
r am about to d
o,
that thoro
h (whatever might be the
uds
command of capital,
n nppropriate locality) it
1\ture of
thing
s for him to
=nt on railways. This
ing out, at each joi
nt
nuts. Those can be
o
rld, witho
11t the
) ; they
ar
e mere
1plied to raila in
after years of
hnittodly de
If ,
it makes
Nay
and
of
ree to the
fuel is unde rgoing comb11stion in
th
e ordinary manner . The
heated carbonic acid r es11lting passes up th ro11gh thq fuel ,
takes up carbon from it, becomes conve
rt
ed in to carbonic
oxide, and escapee
(with any hydr
o-carbon that may have
boon driven oil' by
th
e heat, if the fuel be coal)
th r
o
ugh
an
ascending pipe, an d is led nway by mains to any place where
a regenerative furnace is to be in operation. 1.he regene
rative furnace has below it two pairs of stacks of cell11lar, or
pigeon hole, brickwork. Thro11gh one division of one
pair
tbo ~ a s from the prod11cor is asoonding; th rough
th
e other
divistoo of the aame J>&ir atmospheric
air
is also ascending ;
the air
nod
gas
m
oo
t m the chamber of the f11rnace, comb l1s
tion ens es, and
heat it
developed.
In an
ordinary furnace
tho heated products of combustion escape int o the nir by a
chimney, and, as they
mu
st loafe the f11rnace
at
a higher
tempera
t11
re
than
that
at
which
it
is necessa
ry
to
ma
intain
the material under operation (or otherwise they w
o11
ld cool
that material), the prod cts of comb11stion of ord inary fur
naces must in all cues whore high temperatures are neces
sary, carry in to the air, and wa
st
e a large amo11nt of heat.
Bllt in tho Siemens' furnace those 011tgoing prod11cts are
compelled, on their way to
th
o chimney, to pass downwar
ds
thr ough
the tw
o divisions of the second pair of blocks of
pigeon-hole br ickwork, anti i n th eir passage they give up
th
eir heat to
th
is brickwork 10 ell'octually that, altho gh
th
ey may have been ias11ing from a furnace above
th
e tom
perat l1re of melted steel, they will, on reaching
the
chimney,
not have heat enough remaining in them to char a piece of
woo d. At the e
nd
of a certain time, say
half
or
th
ree
quarters of an hour, valves, which control
the
dire
ct
ion of
the
o11rrents
of gas a nd air,
and
of the 1 1 t ~ i n g
pr
od11cts of
combustion, are shifted, and the gas and atr are now caused
to ascend th rough the pair of masses of cellwar brickwork
wh ich have
just
been heated by the outgoing pro
dl.l
ete of
combustio
n,
while those prod cts are directed downwar
ds
th ro gh the other pair of cellular str11ct11re
s,
which have
been cooled by
the
pa
ss
age thro11gh
them
of
th
e gas and air,
and thus are fit, being cool, to take out from
th
e prod cts of
combustion tho heat which is in them,
and
to store it to heat
p the gas and air, when they, on the next reversal
of
tbe
vatves, again pass thro1gh them.
The success of this plan has been complete;
th
e adnn
tarres
in
economy of fuel, and
in th
o capacity to
iive
high
ho';.t , b a v ~ been all that
co
uld be desired. Mo
rc>
ovor, thoro
are
larg
o contingent benefits, into
wh
ich
I
will
not
:ab tlr
enter. No one will dispute that this i.
o
IXlost meruorie'*
inven tion; it eaves o11r coal,
and
it renders possible eeat 'ill
processes, which, with the temperat11ros formerly attaiqa,bl9,
coulll not bo carried
011t. But
how, in the absence of pro-
tection for inventio
n,
co
11ld
Dr. Siement have derived any
adeq11a te .-award ?
Not
by practising his invention, for that,
from the very universality of its application, would have
been an imJ?ossibility. Hie furnaces are used by
the
manu
fac
tl1
rors of wro11ght
ir
on, by the makers of
stee
l, by the
pr
od 11cers of plate
and
flint glas11, by enamellers, by
copp
er
smelters, by nail makers, potters,
and
by those engaged in
o11mero11s other branches of industry requiring f11rnaco
power.
1 should like to
ask th
e adv
oc
ates of
the
eyetem of re
warding inventors, by letting
th
em carry out,
as
manufac
tl1rors, the objects of their invention, whether they would
suggest that Dr. Siemens waa to embark in all
the
b l1si
nessea to which his invention is applicable. They might say,
11
No; we never in tended anything eo absurd.
His
inven
tion is a f11rnace, and he should embark in the manufacture
of furna
ce
s,
as the inventor of an improved loom should
embark in
the manu
facture of l
oo ms
.
B11t the answer to
tbi