effects of seed spacing and nitrogen rates on dry …...• nitrogen needed for early crop growth to...
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Effects of Seed Spacing and Nitrogen Rates on Dry Land Potato Production
Andy Robinson, NDSU / U of M www.ag.ndsu.edu/potatoextension
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Background
• N is most abundant element after C, H, O in biomass.
• Used in proteins, amino acids, etc.
• Too little N leads to reduced growth, too much N lead to unwanted increase in shoot:root growth.
• Nitrogen needed for early crop growth to develop canopy and for tubers growth – 60-65% of total plant N is contained in tubers
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ND and MN Potato Acres Planted
y = 137x - 241,297 R² = 0.02
y = -3490x + 7E+06 R² = 0.96
y = -2777x + 6E+06 R² = 0.89
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Acr
es
Year
ND irrigated
ND non irrigated
MN
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Production of Dryland Potatoes
y = 4.87x - 9388 R² = 0.48
y = 0.65x - 1112 R² = 0.03
y = 13.36x - 26,381 R² = 0.92
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Yiel
d (c
wt/a
cre)
Year
ND irrigated
ND non irrigated
MN
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2012 Cost of Production in SW ID Operating Inputs 2012 % of Cost Seed $370 13.0 Fertilizer $720 25.3 Pesticides & Chemicals $627 22.0 Custom & Consultants $337 11.8 Irrigation $117 4.1 Machinery $178 6.3 Labor $173 6.1 Transload $82 2.9 Other $150 5.3 Operating Interest $92 3.2
http://web.cals.uidaho.edu/idahoagbiz/files/2013/01/2012-Cost-of-Potato-Production-5-Year-Trends.pdf
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Nitrogen Requirement for Non-irrigated Potatoes
Nitrogen requirement for potatoes for various yield goals
Yield goal Nitrogen required
cwt/acre lbs/acre
200 80
250 100
300 120
350 140
400 160
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Cultural Practices • Most important and least expensive
considerations that affect yield – Planting/harvest date
– Crop rotations
– Seeding rate
– Cultivar selection
– Fertilization
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What was Done • Location: Grand Forks, ND • RCBD with 3 replications • Red Norland planted on 4 June 2012 • In-row spacing: 6, 9, and 12 inches
– 36 inch-wide rows
• N rates: 80, 120, 160, 200 lb N/acre – ESN broadcast prior to hilling
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What was Done
• Other fertility and pest management practices conducted according NDSU recommendations
• Vined killed by frost on 23 Sept. 2012 • Harvest: 2 center rows of each plot • ANOVA used to determine difference
between treatments (P = 0.05)
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Sizing of Potatoes
• Potatoes sized with Kerian Speed Sizer
– C: <1.5 in
– B: 1.5 to 2.25 in
– A: 2.25 to 3.5 in
– Jumbo: >3.5
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Grand Forks, ND Weather
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N Rate on Yield
• Nitrogen rate only affected total yield
Table 1. Effect of nitrogen rate on tuber yield. Means followed by the same letter are not different within column (P<0.05).
Nitrogen rate (lb/acre) Yield (cwt/acre)
80 197 AB 120 205 A 160 200 AB 200 183 B
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Seed Spacing • Seed spacing affected total yield and each size of potato
– Jumbo size was greatest at 6 and 9 inch spacing.
– A size was highest at 9 and 12 inch spacing.
– B and C size were maximized at 12 inch spacing.
Table 2. Effect of seeding rate on tuber yield. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different within column (P<0.05). Seeding rate (in) Total yield
Jumbo size
A size
B size
C size
———————————— cwt/acre————————————— 6 172 B 20 AB 112 B 38 B 2 B 9 202 A 21 A 131 A 47 B 3 B 12 215 A 13 B 126 AB 72 A 4 A
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Conclusions
• Dryland potatoes are affected by precipitation. At higher plant populations more water is needed for plant growth.
• The 12 inch spacing encouraged more tubers growth, causing more small sized potatoes.
• A lower tuber set from higher plant population resulted in larger sized potatoes.
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Questions?
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Thoughts on 2012 • Glyphosate in potatoes continues to be a
problem • Low disease pressure • Elevated populations of many insects
– Aster leafhoppers – Potato psyllids
• Harvest was challenging, but yields were high