effects of impact and heating on the properties of clays on mars patricia gavin v. chevrier, k....
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![Page 1: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Effects of Impact and Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Heating on the Properties of
Clays on MarsClays on Mars
Patricia Gavin Patricia Gavin
V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. HasegawaV. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa
![Page 2: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
IntroductionIntroduction Clays surrounded by Clays surrounded by
lava flows and in crater lava flows and in crater ejectaejecta Heat and shock effectsHeat and shock effects
Possible effects on claysPossible effects on clays Loss of waterLoss of water Structural changeStructural change New phases formedNew phases formed
ExperimentsExperiments Heat in ovenHeat in oven Impact in light gas gunImpact in light gas gun
Poulet et al., 2005 Mangold et al., 2007
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Heating experimentsHeating experiments 2 relevant clays2 relevant clays
Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay)Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay) Nontronite (FeNontronite (Fe3+3+ clay) clay)
Thermal treatment in tube ovenThermal treatment in tube oven 350350ooC < T < 1150C < T < 1150ooCC 4 hr < t < 24 hr4 hr < t < 24 hr Air and COAir and CO22 atmosphere atmosphere
AnalysisAnalysis XRDXRD ESEMESEM Reflectance spectraReflectance spectra
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Color ChangesColor Changes
Nontronite
Untreated Heated
Montmorillonite
![Page 5: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nontronite: Low temperatureNontronite: Low temperature
T < 750T < 750ooC: C: Loss of Loss of interlayer peakinterlayer peak
Collapse of Collapse of structurestructure
Loss of waterLoss of water ~25% mass~25% mass
UntreatedAir, T = 630oCCO2, T = 475oC
Counts/secCounts/sec
![Page 6: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
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tan
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Nontronite: Low TemperatureNontronite: Low Temperature
Untreated
T = 475oC
T = 630oC
OH band Water band
Metal - OH band
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Nontronite: Intermediate Nontronite: Intermediate TemperatureTemperature
800 < T < 800 < T < 10001000ooC: complex C: complex mixture of mixture of secondary secondary phasesphases
Large peaks = Large peaks = nanocrystalline nanocrystalline phasesphases
Solid-solid Solid-solid transformationtransformation no meltingno melting
Counts/sec
Offset by 100 units
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Nontronite: High temperatureNontronite: High temperature
Counts/secCounts/sec
T > 1100oC: melting and crystallization of high temperature phases sillimanite hematite cristobalite glass
![Page 9: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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% R
efl
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tan
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Nontronite: Intermediate Nontronite: Intermediate and High Temperatureand High Temperature
Untreated
T = 1130oC
T = 975oC
T = 810oC
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Montmorillonite: Low Montmorillonite: Low TemperatureTemperature
T < 750T < 750ooC: C: most peaks most peaks still intactstill intact
More resistant More resistant to thermal to thermal alterationalteration
QuartzQuartz AlbiteAlbite
Untreated
T = 630oC
Offset by 400 units
Counts/secCounts/sec
![Page 11: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Montmorillonite: High Montmorillonite: High TemperatureTemperature
T > 1100T > 1100ooC: C: formation of high formation of high temperature temperature phasesphases silimanitesilimanite cristobalitecristobalite micamica amorphous amorphous
glassglass
Counts/secCounts/sec
![Page 12: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
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Montmorillonite heated in Air Montmorillonite heated in Air
T = 1130oC
T = 630oC
T = 880oC
Untreated
![Page 13: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Impact ExperimentsImpact Experiments Same claysSame clays
Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay)Montmorillonite (Ca, Al clay) Nontronite (FeNontronite (Fe3+3+ clay) clay)
Impact with light gas gunImpact with light gas gun Velocity 2 - 3.3 km/sVelocity 2 - 3.3 km/s SUS projectileSUS projectile
AnalysisAnalysis XRDXRD Reflectance spectraReflectance spectra Autodyne softwareAutodyne software
Max pressure and temperatureMax pressure and temperature
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Impacted nontroniteImpacted nontronite
No real changeNo real change All peaks still All peaks still
visiblevisible Interlayer peak Interlayer peak
intactintact Peak intensity Peak intensity
decreasedecrease
Counts/secCounts/sec
v = 2.47km/s
v = 3.27km/s
Offset by 400 units
![Page 15: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6Wavelength (m)
% R
efl
ec
tan
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Impacted NontroniteImpacted Nontronite
Untreated
v = 2.5 km/s
v = 2.07 km/sv = 2.15 km/s
v = 3.27 km/s
![Page 16: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
10ms time step
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Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
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Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
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Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 20: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 21: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 22: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 23: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 24: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 25: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 26: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 27: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 28: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 29: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 30: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 31: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 32: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 33: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 34: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 35: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 36: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Shock Wave Propagation ModelingShock Wave Propagation Modeling
v = 2.47km/s
![Page 37: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
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% R
efl
ec
tan
ce
Impacted MontmorilloniteImpacted Montmorillonite
Untreated
v = 2.5 km/s
![Page 38: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Clays in Craters on MarsClays in Craters on Mars
Mangold, et al., 2007
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% R
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Crater Ejecta
Crater Central Peak
![Page 39: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Clays in Craters on MarsClays in Craters on Mars
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T = 630oC
T = 475oC
![Page 40: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Magnetic PropertiesMagnetic Properties
T < 600T < 600ooC: C: paramagnetic Feparamagnetic Fe3+3+
T > 1000T > 1000ooC: C: Low saturation Low saturation
magnetizationmagnetization High remanent High remanent
magnetizationmagnetization High coercitive fieldHigh coercitive field Similar to hematiteSimilar to hematite
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-10 -5 0 5 10
Counts A10293aSum Data A10293a
Rest DataSextet 1
Doublet 1
velocity (mm/s)
S1D1
A10293inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Applied Field (T)
Mag
netiz
atio
n (A
m2/k
g)
![Page 41: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Magnetic PropertiesMagnetic Properties 800800ooC < T < C < T <
10001000ooC: Wasp-C: Wasp-waistedwaisted Two or more Two or more
components components presentpresent
Multidomain and Multidomain and paramagnetic paramagnetic particlesparticles
Maghemite?Maghemite?
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Counts A10289c_#6Sum Data
Rest DataSextet 1
Doublet 1Sextet 3
inte
nsi
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%)
velocity (mm/s)
A10289c, #6
S1
D1hem.
Applied Field (T)
Mag
netiz
atio
n (A
m2/k
g)
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Counts A10291cSum Data A10291c
Rest DataSextet 1
Doublet 1
velocity (mm/s)
S1
D1
A10291
inte
nsi
ty (
%)
Mag
netiz
atio
n (A
m2/k
g)
Applied Field (T)
5.1 A
![Page 42: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ConclusionsConclusions No distinctive effect of CONo distinctive effect of CO22 on clay on clay
transformationstransformations Heating: intense effect on claysHeating: intense effect on clays
Loss of water at relatively low temperaturesLoss of water at relatively low temperatures Melting and recrystallization at high temperaturesMelting and recrystallization at high temperatures Disappearance of bands in FTIRDisappearance of bands in FTIR
Impact affects smectitesImpact affects smectites Decrease in band depth (impact glass?)Decrease in band depth (impact glass?)
Magnetic propertiesMagnetic properties Possible new phase at intermediate temperaturesPossible new phase at intermediate temperatures Non-stiochiometric phaseNon-stiochiometric phase
![Page 43: Effects of Impact and Heating on the Properties of Clays on Mars Patricia Gavin V. Chevrier, K. Ninagawa, S. Hasegawa](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032521/56649d5f5503460f94a3fa8c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Implications for MarsImplications for Mars Clays detected in small crater ejecta were Clays detected in small crater ejecta were
pre-existingpre-existing Different spectral features from untreated samplesDifferent spectral features from untreated samples Large impacts may generate enough heat to induce Large impacts may generate enough heat to induce
transformationstransformations Contact with lava flows should strongly affect claysContact with lava flows should strongly affect clays
Heated nontronite may explain origin and Heated nontronite may explain origin and magnetic properties of red dustmagnetic properties of red dust Hematite (superparamagnetic phase)Hematite (superparamagnetic phase) MaghemiteMaghemite